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Desai S, Ibrahim NM, Garg D, Yadav R, Iacono D, Ugawa Y, Lk P, Sankhla C, Cardoso F, Schneider SA, Pal PK. Definition, diagnosis and classification of infection-related movement disorders: Consensus proposal. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2024; 124:106988. [PMID: 38705765 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2024.106988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infection-related movement disorders (IRMD) present a complex diagnostic challenge due to the broad phenotypic spectrum, the variety of possible infectious aetiologies, and the complicated underlying mechanisms. Yet, a comprehensive framework for classifying IRMD is lacking. METHODS An international consensus panel under the directives of the Movement Disorders Society Infection-Related Movement Disorders Study Group developed a comprehensive definition and a consensus classification system. Case scenarios were used for validation. RESULTS A definition for IRMD and a two-axis-based classification system consisting of six descriptors are proposed, intended as tools for researchers and clinicians. Collected information on clinical characteristics, investigational findings, the infectious organism and presumed pathogenesis facilitate the evaluation of diagnostic certainty. CONCLUSION The proposed framework will serve for optimised diagnostic algorithms, systematic aggregation of informative datasets across studies, and ultimately improved care and outcome of patients with IRMDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soaham Desai
- Dept of Neurology, Shree Krishna Hospital Pramukhswami Medical College, Bhaikaka University, Gujarat, India.
| | | | - Divyani Garg
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India.
| | - Ravi Yadav
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, 560029, India.
| | - Diego Iacono
- Departments of Neurology, Pathology, Neuroscience Program, F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University (USU), Bethesda, MD, USA; DoD/USU Brain Tissue Repository and Neuropathology Program, Henry Jackson Foundation (HJF), Inc. Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Yoshikazu Ugawa
- Department of Human Neurophysiology, Fukushima Medical University, Japan.
| | - Prashanth Lk
- Centre for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, Miller's Road, Bangalore, India.
| | | | - Francisco Cardoso
- Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Internal Medicine Department, The Federal University of Minas Gerais, UFMG, Brazil.
| | | | - Pramod Kumar Pal
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, 560029, India.
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Holla VV, Pal PK. Overview of management of infection-related movement disorders with focus on specific-infections. Clin Park Relat Disord 2024; 10:100233. [PMID: 38304096 PMCID: PMC10831291 DOI: 10.1016/j.prdoa.2024.100233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Infections are important treatable causes of secondary movement disorders (MD) that can have heterogeneous presentations. According to various studies, infection-related movement disorders (IRMD) account for around 10-20% of secondary MD. Certain infections have a predilection for causing various MD, and some MD phenomenologies, such as acute cerebellar ataxia and opsoclonus-myoclonus-ataxia syndromes (OMAS), suggest a strong possibility of an underlying infectious cause. The underlying pathophysiology is multifaceted, including direct neuronal damage due to neurotropism, granulomas, abscesses causing structural damage, and inflammatory and autoimmune responses triggered by infections. Understanding the prevalence, spectrum, and pattern of these IRMD and common infections that are responsible helps in early diagnosis, and instituting appropriate, timely treatment, thereby improving the overall prognosis and avoiding unnecessary investigations. In this review, we aim to provide a brief overview of common infections associated with MD, common clinical presentations of IRMD, their underlying pathophysiology, and overall approach to their treatment, with a focus on specific treatments of prevalent and treatable IRMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram V Holla
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Hosur Road, Bengaluru, 560029, Karnataka, India
| | - Pramod Kumar Pal
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Hosur Road, Bengaluru, 560029, Karnataka, India
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3
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Rosca EC, Bilavu R, Cornea A, Simu M. The frequency of SARS-CoV-2 infection/vaccination-related chorea depends on the inclusion/exclusion criteria - author's reply. Int J Infect Dis 2023; 137:159-160. [PMID: 38042575 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2023.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Cecilia Rosca
- Department of Neurology, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania; Department of Neurology, Clinical Emergency County Hospital Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania.
| | - Raluca Bilavu
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Emergency County Hospital Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Amalia Cornea
- Department of Neurology, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania; Department of Neurology, Clinical Emergency County Hospital Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Mihaela Simu
- Department of Neurology, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania; Department of Neurology, Clinical Emergency County Hospital Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
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4
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Rosca EC, Bilavu R, Cornea A, Simu M. Chorea following SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination: a systematic review of reported cases. Int J Infect Dis 2023; 134:256-260. [PMID: 37423421 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2023.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Chorea following SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination, has been increasingly recognized. We aimed to synthesize clinical and paraclinical characteristics, treatment responses, and outcomes of this neurologic complication. METHODS We systematically reviewed LitCOVID, the World Health Organization database on COVID-19, and MedRxiv up to March 2023, following a published protocol. RESULTS We included 14 chorea cases in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection and eight following COVID-19 vaccination. Acute or subacute chorea preceded COVID-19 symptoms within 1-3 days or developed up to 3 months after infection. Frequently it was generalized (85.7%), with associated neurological manifestations (encephalopathy 35.7%; other movement disorders 7.1%). After vaccination, chorea had a sudden onset (87.5%) within 2 weeks (75%); 87.5% of cases presented hemichorea, with hemiballismus (37.5%) or other movement disorders; 12.5% presented additional neurological findings. Cerebrospinal fluid was normal in 50% of infected individuals but abnormal in all vaccinated cases. Brain magnetic resonance imaging detected normal basal ganglia in 51.7% of infection cases and 87.5% following vaccination. CONCLUSION In SARS-CoV-2 infection, chorea may present several pathogenic mechanisms: autoimmune response to infection, direct infection-related injury, or an infection-related complication (i.e., acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, hyperglycemia); also, previous Sydenham chorea may relapse. After COVID-19 vaccination, chorea could be due to an autoimmune reaction or other mechanisms (vaccine-induced hyperglycemia, stroke).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Cecilia Rosca
- Department of Neurology, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania; Department of Neurology, Clinical Emergency County Hospital Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania.
| | - Raluca Bilavu
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Emergency County Hospital Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Amalia Cornea
- Department of Neurology, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania; Department of Neurology, Clinical Emergency County Hospital Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Mihaela Simu
- Department of Neurology, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania; Department of Neurology, Clinical Emergency County Hospital Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
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5
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van Egmond ME, Lagrand TJ, Lizaitiene G, Smit M, Tijssen MAJ. A novel diagnostic approach for patients with adult-onset dystonia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2022; 93:1039-1048. [PMID: 35688632 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2021-328120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Adult-onset dystonia can be acquired, inherited or idiopathic. The dystonia is usually focal or segmental and for a limited number of cases causal treatment is available. In recent years, rapid developments in neuroimmunology have led to increased knowledge on autoantibody-related dystonias. At the same time, genetic diagnostics in sequencing technology have evolved and revealed several new genes associated with adult-onset dystonia. Furthermore, new phenotype-genotype correlations have been elucidated. Consequently, clinicians face the dilemma of which additional investigations should be performed and whether to perform genetic testing or not. To ensure early diagnosis and to prevent unnecessary investigations, integration of new diagnostic strategies is needed.We designed a new five-step diagnostic approach for adult-onset dystonia. The first four steps are based on a broad literature search and expert opinion, the fifth step, on when to perform genetic testing, is based on a detailed systematic literature review up to 1 December 2021.The basic principle of the algorithm is that genetic testing is unlikely to lead to changes in management in three groups: (1) patients with an acquired form of adult-onset dystonia; (2) patients with neurodegenerative disorders, presenting with a combined movement disorder including dystonic symptoms and (3) patients with adult-onset isolated focal or segmental dystonia. Throughout the approach, focus lies on early identification of treatable forms of dystonia, either acquired or genetic.This novel diagnostic approach for adult-onset dystonia can help clinicians to decide when to perform additional tests, including genetic testing and facilitates early aetiological diagnosis, to enable timely treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martje E van Egmond
- Neurology, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Expertise Centre Movement Disorders Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tjerk J Lagrand
- Neurology, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Expertise Centre Movement Disorders Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Neurology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Gintaute Lizaitiene
- Neurology, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Marenka Smit
- Neurology, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Expertise Centre Movement Disorders Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marina A J Tijssen
- Neurology, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands .,Expertise Centre Movement Disorders Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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6
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Movement Disorders Induced by SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Protocol for a Scoping Review. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11040923. [PMID: 35207194 PMCID: PMC8875450 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11040923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections are a significant cause of movement disorders. The clinical manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection are variable, with up to one-third of patients developing neurologic complications, including movement disorders. This scoping review will lay out a comprehensive understanding of movement disorders induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection. We aim to investigate the epidemiology, clinical and paraclinical features, interventions, and diagnostic challenges in patients with different types of movement disorders in the context of SARS-CoV-2 infection. We will search three databases applying appropriate search terms. Inclusion and exclusion criteria are pre-defined; the data of eligible studies will be extracted in standardized forms. We will report the results following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). We will present information for clinicians and other healthcare professionals, policymakers, and public health researchers. In addition, the results of the present review may assist in the development and confirmation of inclusion criteria and research questions for further systematic review or meta-analysis, with more precise, narrower questions.
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7
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Aryal R, Shrestha S, Homagain S, Chhetri S, Shrestha K, Kharel S, Karn R, Rajbhandari R, Gajurel BP, Ojha R. Clinical spectrum and management of dystonia in patients with Japanese encephalitis: A systematic review. Brain Behav 2022; 12:e2496. [PMID: 35025122 PMCID: PMC8865161 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a potentially fatal viral infection with a wide range of manifestations and can also present with a variety of movement disorders (MD) including dystonia. Dystonic features in JE are uncommon. Here, we have tried to summarize the clinical features and management of dystonia among JE patients with a comprehensive literature search. METHODS Various databases, including PubMed, Embase, and Google Scholar, were searched against the predefined criteria using suitable keywords combination and boolean operations. Relevant information from observational and case studies was extracted according to the author, dystonic features, radiological changes in the brain scans, treatment options, and outcome wherever provided. RESULT We identified 19 studies with a total of 1547 JE patients, the diagnosis of which was confirmed by IgM detection in serum and/or cerebrospinal fluid in the majority of the patients (88.62%). 234 (15.13%) of JE patients had dystonia with several types of focal dystonia being present in 131 (55.98%) either alone or in combination. Neuroimaging showed predominant involvement of thalami, basal ganglia, and brainstem. Oral medications including anticholinergics, GABA agonists, and benzodiazepines followed by botulinum toxin were the most common treatment modalities. CONCLUSION Dystonia can be a disabling consequence of JE, and various available medical therapies can significantly improve the quality of life. Owing to insufficient studies on the assessment of dystonia associated with JE, longitudinal studies with a larger number of patients are warranted to further clarify the clinical course, treatment, and outcome of dystonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshan Aryal
- Department of Medicine, Maharajgunj Medical Campus, Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, 44600, Nepal
| | - Suraj Shrestha
- Department of Medicine, Maharajgunj Medical Campus, Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, 44600, Nepal
| | - Sushan Homagain
- Department of Medicine, Maharajgunj Medical Campus, Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, 44600, Nepal
| | - Sunit Chhetri
- Department of Medicine, B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, 56700, Nepal
| | - Kshitiz Shrestha
- Department of Medicine, B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, 56700, Nepal
| | - Sanjeev Kharel
- Department of Medicine, Maharajgunj Medical Campus, Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, 44600, Nepal
| | - Ragesh Karn
- Department of Neurology, Tribhuvan University Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, 44600, Nepal
| | - Reema Rajbhandari
- Department of Neurology, Tribhuvan University Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, 44600, Nepal
| | - Bikram Prasad Gajurel
- Department of Neurology, Tribhuvan University Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, 44600, Nepal
| | - Rajeev Ojha
- Department of Neurology, Tribhuvan University Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, 44600, Nepal
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8
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Yarar C, Yakut A, Carman KB, Sahin S, Kocak O, Ozkan S, Bal C. Metoclopramide-Induced Acute Dystonia: Data From a Pediatric Emergency Unit. Pediatr Emerg Care 2021; 37:e528-e533. [PMID: 32118836 DOI: 10.1097/pec.0000000000001960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Metoclopramide is a commonly used medication in pediatric practice, and dystonia is a common adverse effect of it. The present study aims to evaluate the clinical characteristics of metoclopramide-induced acute dystonic reactions (MIADRs) in pediatric patients admitted to the pediatric emergency unit. METHODS Twenty-eight patients were admitted with MIADRs between June 2004 and April 2016; they were enrolled into the study retrospectively. RESULTS The study group was composed of 13 females and 15 males with the mean ± SD age of the females higher than that of the males, 12.3 ± 4.5 and 7.8 ± 4.3 years, respectively. Only 9 (32.1%) of the patients were diagnosed as MIADRs at the time of admission. Seventeen patients (60.7%) received over the recommended daily dose of metoclopramide. Dystonia was focal in most of the patients, with the most affected parts consisting of the neck, eyes, and orolingual regions. In 9 of the patients, the dystonia was episodic in nature. Pharmacological treatment was used for 18 patients. No patients died, and none suffered long-term injury related to MIADRs. CONCLUSIONS Metoclopramide administration may be associated with the occurrence of acute dystonic reaction. Metoclopramide-induced acute dystonic reactions may be misdiagnosed, so detailed medical history gathering and a high index of suspicion are warranted. Our data suggest that MIADRs may be dose related and that there may be age- and sex-related differences in the epidemiology of MIADRs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sabiha Sahin
- Pediatric Emergency, Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir
| | - Ozan Kocak
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Samsun Education and Research Hospital, Samsun
| | | | - Cengiz Bal
- Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
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9
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Gayraud D, Bonnefoi B, Roux A, Viallet F. Movimenti anomali secondari (distonie, coree/ballismo, miocloni, tremori, discinesie). Neurologia 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/s1634-7072(21)44997-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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10
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Rubio-Hernandez M, Ortiz-Alvarez A, Tello-Martinez N, Vazquez-Guevara D, Rodriguez-Leyva I. Hemichorea-Hemiballism: An Uncommon Presentation of Central Nervous System Tuberculosis. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2020; 7:S77-S79. [PMID: 33015230 DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.13063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Moises Rubio-Hernandez
- Neurology Service, Hospital Central "Dr. Ignacio Morones Prieto", Facultad de Medicina Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosí San Luis Potosí Mexico
| | - Arturo Ortiz-Alvarez
- Infectology Service, Hospital Central "Dr. Ignacio Morones Prieto", Facultad de Medicina Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosí San Luis Potosí Mexico
| | - Nallely Tello-Martinez
- Neurology Service, Hospital Central "Dr. Ignacio Morones Prieto", Facultad de Medicina Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosí San Luis Potosí Mexico
| | - Damaris Vazquez-Guevara
- Neurology Service, Hospital Central "Dr. Ignacio Morones Prieto", Facultad de Medicina Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosí San Luis Potosí Mexico
| | - Ildefonso Rodriguez-Leyva
- Neurology Service, Hospital Central "Dr. Ignacio Morones Prieto", Facultad de Medicina Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosí San Luis Potosí Mexico.,Infectology Service, Hospital Central "Dr. Ignacio Morones Prieto", Facultad de Medicina Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosí San Luis Potosí Mexico
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Khilari ML, Sharma PK. Clinical conundrum: status epilepticus culminating into acute dystonia myoclonus. BMJ Case Rep 2020; 13:13/2/e233397. [DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2019-233397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A 7-year-old child who suffered from symptomatic focal epilepsy as a sequel to perinatal hypoxia used to have frequent seizures. This time she developed prolonged status epilepticus lasting for over 5 hours. She received a treatment in the form of intravenous midazolam and reinitiation of sodium valproate and clobazam that were discontinued previously. Seizures were controlled over a couple of hours, but she remained unresponsive. Later, she developed acute onset dystonia (day 3 post-status epilepticus) and also myoclonic jerks. She presented to us after 3 weeks of onset of these complaints and we considered hypoxic encephalopathy resulting from prolonged status epilepticus or acute encephalitis or non-convulsive status epilepticus. However, acute onset dystonia and periodicity of myoclonic jerks were pointers against it, and on evaluation, she was diagnosed with atypical fulminant subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE). Knowing the atypical presentations of SSPE is important in planning management and prognostication.
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12
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Nagesh CP, Chamraj SC, SM VB, JT S. Secondary Movement Disorder in a Case of Diphtheric Encephalitis: Clinical and Neuroimaging Features of a Rare Association. J Clin Neurol 2019; 15:424-426. [PMID: 31286723 PMCID: PMC6620440 DOI: 10.3988/jcn.2019.15.3.424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chinmay P Nagesh
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Institute of Neurosciences, Apollo Speciality Hospital, Jayanagar, Bangalore, India
| | - Sanjiv C Chamraj
- Division of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurosciences, Apollo Speciality Hospital, Jayanagar, Bangalore, India
| | - Vijaya Bhaskar SM
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Apollo Speciality Hospital, Jayanagar, Bangalore, India
| | - Srikanta JT
- Department of Paediatric Pulmonology, Institute of Pulmonology, Apollo Speciality Hospital, Jayanagar, Bangalore, India
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Meyers KJ, Upadhyaya HP, Goodloe R, Kryzhanovskaya LA, Liles-Burden MA, Kellier-Steele NA, Mancini M. Evaluation of dystonia in children and adolescents treated with atomoxetine within the Truven MarketScan database: a retrospective cohort study. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2018; 17:467-473. [DOI: 10.1080/14740338.2018.1462333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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14
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Landais A. Neuroleptospirosis and MRI evidence of basal ganglia involvement. Med Mal Infect 2015; 45:481-3. [PMID: 26525186 DOI: 10.1016/j.medmal.2015.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Landais
- Service de neurologie, CHU de Pointe-à-Pitre, route de Chauvel, 97139 Abymes, Guadeloupe.
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