Primary intraosseous squamous cell carcinoma in odontogenic keratocyst: A rare entity

Mandibular primary intraosseous carcinoma arising from long-standing odontogenic keratocyst

Primary intraosseous carcinoma (PIOC) of the jaw is a rare neoplasm arising from the lining epithelium of odontogenic cysts or de novo from odontogenic epithelial rests that has no communication with the surrounding mucosa of the upper aerodigestive tract. We present a case of PIOC ex-odontogenic keratocyst (PIOC ex-OKC) in a 35-year-old male. Histopathologic examination revealed a cystic lesion with a fibrous capsule lined by corrugated parakeratinized stratified squamous epithelium resting on a basal cell layer composed of columnar cells exhibiting palisaded hyperchromatic nuclei, features consistent with OKC. Surgical treatment consisted of bilateral crestal and crevicular incision, a reflection of the flap, breaking of all OKC locules, creation of a continuous cavity, and fitting of a decompression mold around the mandibular teeth. This case highlights the importance of knowing the features of PIOC and considering PIOC in the differential diagnosis of malignant tumors of odontogenic epithelium for timely surgical treatment.

A retrospective study of the malignant change of odontogenic keratocyst

The odontogenic keratocyst (OKC) is a common cystic lesion of the maxilla and mandible. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) arising from OKC or dysplasia occurring in OKC is rare. This study aimed to explore the incidence and clinical features of the dysplasia and malignant transformation of OKC. In this study, 544 patients diagnosed with OKC were collected. Among them, 3 patients were diagnosed as SCC arising from OKC, and 12 patients were diagnosed as OKC with dysplasia. The incidence was calculated. Clinical features were analyzed by chi-square test. In addition, a representative case reconstructing mandible with vascularized fibula flap under general anesthesia was reported. And cases reported before were reviewed. The incidence of the dysplasia and malignant transformation of OKC, which are highly associated with the clinical features of swelling and chronic inflammation, is about 2.76%. But the relevance between the dysplasia and malignant transformation and age, gender together with pain is not statistically high. All in all, the clinical features of swelling and chronic inflammation can be considered as characteristics of the dysplasia and malignant transformation of OKC. Although the pain isn't statistically relevant, it may be a dangerous clew. Also, combined with earlier literatures, the dysplasia and malignant transformation of OKC shows unique features of radiographs and histopathology.

A Current Review of Machine Learning and Deep Learning Models in Oral Cancer Diagnosis: Recent Technologies, Open Challenges, and Future Research Directions

Cancer is a problematic global health issue with an extremely high fatality rate throughout the world. The application of various machine learning techniques that have appeared in the field of cancer diagnosis in recent years has provided meaningful insights into efficient and precise treatment decision-making. Due to rapid advancements in sequencing technologies, the detection of cancer based on gene expression data has improved over the years. Different types of cancer affect different parts of the body in different ways. Cancer that affects the mouth, lip, and upper throat is known as oral cancer, which is the sixth most prevalent form of cancer worldwide. India, Bangladesh, China, the United States, and Pakistan are the top five countries with the highest rates of oral cavity disease and lip cancer. The major causes of oral cancer are excessive use of tobacco and cigarette smoking. Many people's lives can be saved if oral cancer (OC) can be detected early. Early identification and diagnosis could assist doctors in providing better patient care and effective treatment. OC screening may advance with the implementation of artificial intelligence (AI) techniques. AI can provide assistance to the oncology sector by accurately analyzing a large dataset from several imaging modalities. This review deals with the implementation of AI during the early stages of cancer for the proper detection and treatment of OC. Furthermore, performance evaluations of several DL and ML models have been carried out to show that the DL model can overcome the difficult challenges associated with early cancerous lesions in the mouth. For this review, we have followed the rules recommended for the extension of scoping reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA-ScR). Examining the reference lists for the chosen articles helped us gather more details on the subject. Additionally, we discussed AI's drawbacks and its potential use in research on oral cancer. There are methods for reducing risk factors, such as reducing the use of tobacco and alcohol, as well as immunization against HPV infection to avoid oral cancer, or to lessen the burden of the disease. Additionally, officious methods for preventing oral diseases include training programs for doctors and patients as well as facilitating early diagnosis via screening high-risk populations for the disease.

Orthokeratinized odontogenic cyst: Report of eight cases and review of literature regarding its malignant transformation

Orthokeratinized odontogenic cyst (OOC) is an uncommon odontogenic cyst. It has been categorized as a subtype of odontogenic keratocyst (OKC). In 2005, it was classified as a distinct entity. OOC should be histopathologically differentiated from OKC, which has a higher recurrence rate and lower malignant potential. In addition, OOC should be examined for malignant transformation. The epithelium of odontogenic cysts may rarely show malignant transformation. However, malignant transformation has been reported in inflammatory cysts such as the residual cyst and periapical cyst. The number of carcinomas arising from an OOC is low. This paper describes eight cases of OOC; out of which, two showed the development of squamous cell carcinoma from their epithelial lining.

Carcinomatous Transformation of Odontogenic Keratocyst and Primary Intraosseous Carcinoma: A Systematic Review and Report of a Case

PURPOSE

To assess the prognostic findings of the carcinomatous transformation of odontogenic keratocyst (OKC).

METHODS

A systematic review of all cases of carcinomatous transformation of OKC was completed, and a case report was included.

RESULTS

A total of 679 publications were screened, and 37 cases met inclusion criteria. The mean age for patients with malignant transformation of OKC was 45.1 years. Pain (67.5%) and swelling (78.3%) were the most common symptoms. The malignant transformation occurred with increased frequency in the posterior mandible and larger lesions that span greater than 2 subunits of the involved jaw. Resection was the definitive treatment in all cases and 14 cases (46%) utilized adjuvant treatment.

CONCLUSIONS

Patient outcomes and follow-up was variable in our study such that overall survival was difficult to determine. However, overall survival in malignant transformation of odontogenic cysts of all kinds ranges from 62 to 85% and 30 to 8% for 2 and 5 years, respectively.

Solid type primary intraosseous squamous cell carcinoma in a cat

Background

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the most common nonodontogenic oral tumor in cats. In the jaw, it usually presents as an ulceroproliferative lesion associated with enlargement of the affected bone.

Case presentation

This report describes the case of a cat in which clinical and radiographic findings of a mandibular swelling were suggestive of an aggressive process, but the oral mucosa was unaffected. The results of histopathological and immunohistochemical examination of the samples obtained from the intraosseous lesion were consistent with SCC. The animal was euthanized 5 months after initial presentation as a result of the severe progression of the disease, and no other primary tumors were identified at necropsy.

Conclusions

Based on the clinicopathological, microscopic, and immunohistochemical staining features, as well as the absence of a primary tumor at a distant site, we propose that the term, solid type primary intraosseous SCC (PIOSCC), be used to describe this neoplasia, as it shares similar features with human PIOSCC.