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Žlabravec Z, Kvapil P, Slavec B, Zorman Rojs O, Švara T, Račnik J. Herpesvirus and Subsequent Usutu Virus Infection in a Great Grey Owl ( Strix nebulosa) at the Ljubljana Zoo, Slovenia. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1200. [PMID: 38672348 PMCID: PMC11047632 DOI: 10.3390/ani14081200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Herpesvirus (HV) has been known to cause disease in owls, with various clinical signs and outcomes for the last several decades. The HV DNA polymerase gene was detected in oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs of a male great grey owl (Strix nebulosa) in a zoological collection in Ljubljana, Slovenia. In the following 4 months, despite continuous HV detection in swabs, no clinical signs with a clear link to HV disease were observed. Hepatoprotective and immunostimulant therapies applied during this period did not prevent HV shedding. Therefore, peroral antiviral therapy with acyclovir (150 mg/kg q24 h for seven days) was performed, and the owl tested negative at the next sampling and remained negative for the next 8 months. After that, the owl again tested positive for HV presence, and the same protocol with antiviral therapy was performed. After 3 weeks with a negative test for HV presence, without any clinical signs of illness, the owl suddenly died because of Usutu virus (USUV) infection. Among all the owls at the zoo, interestingly, only the HV-positive great grey owl died because of USUV infection. The USUV sequence detected and obtained in this study clusters together with other Europe 2 sequences detected in neighboring countries. Our study shows the potential of acyclovir therapy in the prevention of herpesvirus shedding and, moreover, lowering the possibility for spreading HV to other owls and birds. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of HV presence and USUV infection in a great grey owl in Slovenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoran Žlabravec
- Institute for Poultry, Birds, Small Mammals, and Reptiles, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva ulica 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (Z.Ž.)
| | - Pavel Kvapil
- Veterinary Department, Ljubljana Zoo, Večna Pot 70, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Brigita Slavec
- Institute for Poultry, Birds, Small Mammals, and Reptiles, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva ulica 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (Z.Ž.)
| | - Olga Zorman Rojs
- Institute for Poultry, Birds, Small Mammals, and Reptiles, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva ulica 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (Z.Ž.)
| | - Tanja Švara
- Institute of Pathology, Wild Animals, Fish and Bees, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva ulica 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Jožko Račnik
- Institute for Poultry, Birds, Small Mammals, and Reptiles, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva ulica 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (Z.Ž.)
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Cerkvenik-Flajs V, Škibin A, Švara T, Gombač M, Pogačnik M, Šturm S. Bisphenol A in edible tissues of rams exposed to repeated low-level dietary dose by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:76078-76090. [PMID: 35665893 PMCID: PMC9553849 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21154-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The presented work deals with levels and distribution of bisphenol A (BPA) in the edible tissues of a large food-producing animal species. An experimental animal study included 14 young Istrian pramenka rams (Ovis aries), of which seven were exposed for 64 days to a low dietary dose of BPA at 25 µg/kg b.w./day, and seven served as a control group. Residue analysis of both aglycone and total BPA was performed in the muscle tissue, liver, kidney and fat tissue of the individual animals by means of enzymatic deconjugation (for total BPA), organic solvent extraction, molecularly imprinted polymer solid-phase extraction (MISPE) clean-up and high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLU). The analysis was optimized and validated for aglycone BPA in the fat tissue and for the total BPA in all tissues investigated. Edible tissues of the control group of rams generally remained BPA-free, while there were concentration differences between the control and treated groups for liver and kidney post last administration. The human health risk resulting from this study was assessed by the estimated dietary exposure in adults, which was < 0.1% related to the valid European Union Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI) value of 4 µg/kg b.w./day. However, it would be 58-fold higher than the newly proposed TDI value of 0.04 ng/kg b.w./day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesna Cerkvenik-Flajs
- Veterinary Faculty, Institute of Pathology, Wild Animals, Fish and Bees, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Andrej Škibin
- Veterinary Faculty, Clinic of Reproduction and Farm Animals, Infrastructure Centre for Sustainable Recultivation Vremščica, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tanja Švara
- Veterinary Faculty, Institute of Pathology, Wild Animals, Fish and Bees, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mitja Gombač
- Veterinary Faculty, Institute of Pathology, Wild Animals, Fish and Bees, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Milan Pogačnik
- Veterinary Faculty, Institute of Pathology, Wild Animals, Fish and Bees, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sabina Šturm
- Veterinary Faculty, Institute of Pathology, Wild Animals, Fish and Bees, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Križman M, Švara T, Šoba B, Rataj AV. Alveolar echinococcosis in nutria (Myocastor coypus), invasive species in Slovenia. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2022; 18:221-224. [PMID: 35783071 PMCID: PMC9241068 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2022.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The present report describes a case of Echinococcus multilocularis infection in nutria (Myocastor coypus) culled in the central area of Slovenia. Post-mortem exam showed multiple cystic lesions in the liver. Gross examination, as well as parasitological and histopathological examinations, revealed numerous cysts of various sizes, filled with yellow clear fluid and displacing most of the liver parenchyma. The cyst lumina contained numerous protoscolices approximately 100 μm in diameter and calcareous corpuscles. The protoscolices had two visible suckers and a rostellum with birefringent hooks. The lesions were consistent with an E. multilocularis cyst. Molecular analysis confirmed that the nutria was infected with E. multilocularis. To our knowledge, this is the first report of echinococcosis in nutria in Slovenia that presents gross, parasitological, and histological lesions and the result of molecular analysis. Nutrias in Slovenia are dangerous invaders but can also be a relevant bioindicator of the presence of the parasite in the environment.
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Tekavec K, Švara T, Knific T, Mlakar J, Gombač M, Cantile C. Loss of H3K27me3 expression in canine nerve sheath tumors. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:921720. [PMID: 35968018 PMCID: PMC9372589 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.921720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nerve sheath tumors (NSTs) are characterized by neoplastic proliferation of Schwann cells, perineurial cells, endoneurial and/or epineurial fibroblasts. Diagnosis of NST is often challenging, particularly in distinguishing malignant NST (MNST) from other soft tissue sarcomas, or sometimes between low-grade MNST and benign NST. Recent studies in human pathology have demonstrated loss of trimethylation at lysine 27 of histone 3 (H3K27me3) in a subset of MNSTs using immunohistochemistry. Loss of H3K27me3 expression is rare in other high-grade sarcomas and also appears to be useful in distinguishing benign and low-grade MNSTs from high-grade subsets. In our retrospective study, we performed H3K27me3 immunohistochemistry in 68 canine tumors previously diagnosed as NST. We detected loss of H3K27me3 expression in 25% (n = 17) of all canine NST, including one neurofibroma, whereas 49% (n = 33) of tumors had mosaic loss of expression and 26% (n = 18) retained expression. No statistically significant differences were found between H3K27me3 expression, histopathological features of tumors, and their immunoreactivity for Sox10, claudin-1, GFAP, and Ki67. Because the classification of canine NST is not yet fully established and its correlation with the prognosis and clinical course of the disease is lacking, prospective studies with possible genetic analyses are needed to assess the true diagnostic value of H3K27me3 loss in canine NST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Tekavec
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Veterinary Faculty, Institute of Pathology, Wild Animals, Fish and Bees, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- *Correspondence: Kristina Tekavec
| | - Tanja Švara
- Veterinary Faculty, Institute of Pathology, Wild Animals, Fish and Bees, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tanja Knific
- Veterinary Faculty, Institute of Food Safety, Feed and Environment, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jernej Mlakar
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mitja Gombač
- Veterinary Faculty, Institute of Pathology, Wild Animals, Fish and Bees, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Carlo Cantile
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Šturm S, Weber K, Klinc P, Spörndly-Nees E, Fakhrzadeh A, Knific T, Škibin A, Fialová V, Okazaki Y, Razinger T, Laufs J, Kreutzer R, Pogačnik M, Švara T, Cerkvenik-Flajs V. Basic Exploratory Study of Bisphenol A (BPA) Dietary Administration to Istrian Pramenka Rams and Male Toxicity Investigation. Toxics 2022; 10:toxics10050224. [PMID: 35622638 PMCID: PMC9143511 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10050224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA), an endocrine-disrupting chemical and environmental pollutant, has been reported by many researchers to induce male reproductive toxicity in different experimental models. In this study, we investigated whether long-term exposure for two months to 25 µg/kg body weight (low dose) of BPA affects spermatogenesis or sperm quality in young Istrian Pramenka rams exposed via diet. We evaluated body and testicular weights, histopathology of testes and epididymides, and sperm analyses, and compared these parameters between the group of treated rams and the control group of rams. Although there were some differences between the two groups, these differences were not large or statistically significant. The only statistically significant difference was the lower epithelial height of seminiferous tubules in treated rams, compared to control rams. In addition to assessing toxicity, BPA concentrations in the blood plasma of treated rams were determined after the first administration, and the toxicokinetic parameters of total BPA were calculated. In this study, no major signs of altered reproduction in rams were detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Šturm
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva Ulica 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (P.K.); (T.K.); (A.Š.); (M.P.); (T.Š.); (V.C.-F.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Klaus Weber
- AnaPath Services GmbH, Hammerstrasse 49, 4410 Liestal, Switzerland; (K.W.); (Y.O.); (T.R.); (J.L.); (R.K.)
| | - Primož Klinc
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva Ulica 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (P.K.); (T.K.); (A.Š.); (M.P.); (T.Š.); (V.C.-F.)
| | - Ellinor Spörndly-Nees
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7011, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Azadeh Fakhrzadeh
- Iranian Research Institute for Information Science and Technology (IranDoc) Tehran Province, No. 1090, Enghelab, Tehran 13157 73314, Iran;
| | - Tanja Knific
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva Ulica 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (P.K.); (T.K.); (A.Š.); (M.P.); (T.Š.); (V.C.-F.)
| | - Andrej Škibin
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva Ulica 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (P.K.); (T.K.); (A.Š.); (M.P.); (T.Š.); (V.C.-F.)
| | - Věra Fialová
- Biopharm, Research Institute of Biopharmacy and Veterinary Drugs, Pohoří-Chotouň 90, 254 01 Jílové u Prahy, Czech Republic;
| | - Yoshimasa Okazaki
- AnaPath Services GmbH, Hammerstrasse 49, 4410 Liestal, Switzerland; (K.W.); (Y.O.); (T.R.); (J.L.); (R.K.)
| | - Tanja Razinger
- AnaPath Services GmbH, Hammerstrasse 49, 4410 Liestal, Switzerland; (K.W.); (Y.O.); (T.R.); (J.L.); (R.K.)
| | - Jürgen Laufs
- AnaPath Services GmbH, Hammerstrasse 49, 4410 Liestal, Switzerland; (K.W.); (Y.O.); (T.R.); (J.L.); (R.K.)
| | - Robert Kreutzer
- AnaPath Services GmbH, Hammerstrasse 49, 4410 Liestal, Switzerland; (K.W.); (Y.O.); (T.R.); (J.L.); (R.K.)
| | - Milan Pogačnik
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva Ulica 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (P.K.); (T.K.); (A.Š.); (M.P.); (T.Š.); (V.C.-F.)
| | - Tanja Švara
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva Ulica 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (P.K.); (T.K.); (A.Š.); (M.P.); (T.Š.); (V.C.-F.)
| | - Vesna Cerkvenik-Flajs
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva Ulica 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (P.K.); (T.K.); (A.Š.); (M.P.); (T.Š.); (V.C.-F.)
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6
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Tekavec K, Švara T, Knific T, Gombač M, Cantile C. Histopathological and Immunohistochemical Evaluation of Canine Nerve Sheath Tumors and Proposal for an Updated Classification. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9050204. [PMID: 35622732 PMCID: PMC9144584 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9050204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nerve sheath tumors are a group of tumors originating from Schwann cells, fibroblasts, and perineurial cells. In veterinary pathology, the terminology for nerve sheath tumors remains inconsistent, and many pathologists follow the human classification of such tumors in practice. Immunohistochemistry plays an important role in the diagnosis of nerve sheath tumors, but specific immunohistochemical and molecular biomarkers are lacking. In our study, we histopathologically reevaluated 79 canine nerve sheath tumors and assessed their reactivity for the immunohistochemical markers Sox10, claudin-1, GFAP, CNPase, and Ki-67. Based on the results, we classified the tumors according to the most recent human classification. Twelve cases were diagnosed as benign nerve sheath tumors, including six neurofibromas, three nerve sheath myxomas, two hybrid nerve sheath tumors (perineurioma/neurofibroma and perineurioma/schwannoma), and one schwannoma. Sixty-seven tumors were malignant nerve sheath tumors, including fifty-six conventional, four perineural, one epithelioid malignant nerve sheath tumor, and six malignant nerve sheath tumors with divergent differentiation. We believe that with the application of the proposed panel, an updated classification of canine nerve sheath tumors could largely follow the recent human WHO classification of tumors of the cranial and paraspinal nerves, but prospective studies would be needed to assess its prognostic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Tekavec
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
- Institute of Pathology, Wild Animals, Fish and Bees, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.Š.); (M.G.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Tanja Švara
- Institute of Pathology, Wild Animals, Fish and Bees, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.Š.); (M.G.)
| | - Tanja Knific
- Institute of Food Safety, Feed and Environment, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Mitja Gombač
- Institute of Pathology, Wild Animals, Fish and Bees, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.Š.); (M.G.)
| | - Carlo Cantile
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
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Jazbec K, Jež M, Švajger U, Smrekar B, Miceska S, Rajčevič U, Justin M, Završnik J, Malovrh T, Švara T, Gombač M, Ramšak Ž, Rožman P. The Influence of Heterochronic Non-Myeloablative Bone Marrow Transplantation on the Immune System, Frailty, General Health, and Longevity of Aged Murine Recipients. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12040595. [PMID: 35454183 PMCID: PMC9028083 DOI: 10.3390/biom12040595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The stem cell theory of aging postulates that stem cells become inefficient at maintaining the original functions of the tissues. We, therefore, hypothesized that transplanting young bone marrow (BM) to old recipients would lead to rejuvenating effects on immunity, followed by improved general health, decreased frailty, and possibly life span extension. We developed a murine model of non-myeloablative heterochronic BM transplantation in which old female BALB/c mice at 14, 16, and 18(19) months of age received altogether 125.1 ± 15.6 million nucleated BM cells from young male donors aged 7–13 weeks. At 21 months, donor chimerism was determined, and the immune system’s innate and adaptive arms were analyzed. Mice were then observed for general health and frailty until spontaneous death, when their lifespan, post-mortem examinations, and histopathological changes were recorded. The results showed that the old mice developed on average 18.7 ± 9.6% donor chimerism in the BM and showed certain improvements in their innate and adaptive arms of the immune system, such as favorable counts of neutrophils in the spleen and BM, central memory Th cells, effector/effector memory Th and Tc cells in the spleen, and B1a and B1b cells in the peritoneal cavity. Borderline enhanced lymphocyte proliferation capacity was also seen. The frailty parameters, pathomorphological results, and life spans did not differ significantly in the transplanted vs. control group of mice. In conclusion, although several favorable effects are obtained in our heterochronic non-myeloablative transplantation model, additional optimization is needed for better rejuvenation effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Jazbec
- Diagnostic Services, Blood Transfusion Centre of Slovenia, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.J.); (U.Š.); (B.S.); (S.M.); (U.R.); (M.J.); (P.R.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Mojca Jež
- Diagnostic Services, Blood Transfusion Centre of Slovenia, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.J.); (U.Š.); (B.S.); (S.M.); (U.R.); (M.J.); (P.R.)
| | - Urban Švajger
- Diagnostic Services, Blood Transfusion Centre of Slovenia, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.J.); (U.Š.); (B.S.); (S.M.); (U.R.); (M.J.); (P.R.)
- Chair of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Boštjan Smrekar
- Diagnostic Services, Blood Transfusion Centre of Slovenia, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.J.); (U.Š.); (B.S.); (S.M.); (U.R.); (M.J.); (P.R.)
| | - Simona Miceska
- Diagnostic Services, Blood Transfusion Centre of Slovenia, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.J.); (U.Š.); (B.S.); (S.M.); (U.R.); (M.J.); (P.R.)
| | - Uroš Rajčevič
- Diagnostic Services, Blood Transfusion Centre of Slovenia, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.J.); (U.Š.); (B.S.); (S.M.); (U.R.); (M.J.); (P.R.)
| | - Mojca Justin
- Diagnostic Services, Blood Transfusion Centre of Slovenia, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.J.); (U.Š.); (B.S.); (S.M.); (U.R.); (M.J.); (P.R.)
| | - Janja Završnik
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Tadej Malovrh
- Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Tanja Švara
- Institute of Pathology, Wild Animals, Fish and Bees, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.Š.); (M.G.)
| | - Mitja Gombač
- Institute of Pathology, Wild Animals, Fish and Bees, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.Š.); (M.G.)
| | - Živa Ramšak
- National Institute of Biology, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Primož Rožman
- Diagnostic Services, Blood Transfusion Centre of Slovenia, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.J.); (U.Š.); (B.S.); (S.M.); (U.R.); (M.J.); (P.R.)
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Šturm S, Švara T, Spörndly-Nees E, Cerkvenik-Flajs V, Gombač M, Weber AL, Weber K. Seminiferous epithelium cycle staging based on the development of the acrosome in ram testis. J Toxicol Pathol 2021; 34:331-338. [PMID: 34621108 PMCID: PMC8484928 DOI: 10.1293/tox.2021-0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Testicular histopathology is considered the most sensitive and reliable method to detect the effects of chemicals on sperm production. To carry out a sensitive examination of testicular histopathology and interpret the changes require knowledge of spermatogenic stages. Spermatogenic staging based on acrosome development during spermiogenesis is conventionally performed in animal species routinely used for research and toxicity testing. In contrast, small ruminants, such as sheep and goats, are rarely used as animal models to evaluate toxicity in male reproductive organs. To the best of our knowledge, a comparable spermatogenic staging system in rams has not yet been fully characterised. Hence, this study aimed to adapt the existing spermatogenic staging based on acrosome development in bull testes to fit the seminiferous epithelium cycle of ram testes. The results show that spermatogenic staging based on acrosome development in bull testes can, with slight modifications, be efficiently used for the staging of ram testes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Šturm
- Institute of Pathology, Wild Animals, Fish and Bees, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia
| | - Tanja Švara
- Institute of Pathology, Wild Animals, Fish and Bees, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia
| | - Ellinor Spörndly-Nees
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7011, 75007, Sweden
| | - Vesna Cerkvenik-Flajs
- Institute of Pathology, Wild Animals, Fish and Bees, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia
| | - Mitja Gombač
- Institute of Pathology, Wild Animals, Fish and Bees, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia
| | - Anna-Luisa Weber
- AnaPath Services GmbH, Hammerstrasse 49, Liestal, 4410, Switzerland
| | - Klaus Weber
- AnaPath Services GmbH, Hammerstrasse 49, Liestal, 4410, Switzerland
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Gombač M, Seničar M, Švara T, Šturm S, Dolenšek T, Tekavec K, Cerkvenik Flajs V, Schmidt-Posthaus H. Sudden outbreak of metastatic intestinal adenocarcinoma in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Dis Aquat Organ 2021; 144:237-244. [PMID: 34042071 DOI: 10.3354/dao03592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal adenocarcinomas are uncommon in fishes. To date, they have been reported in zebrafish Danio rerio, blue gularis Fundulopanchax sjostedti, koi carp Cyprinus carpio koi, Atlantic salmon Salmo salar and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Metastases are even rarer and have been observed so far at very low prevalence, only in feed-induced adenocarcinoma in Atlantic salmon and rainbow trout. Intestinal adenocarcinoma with liver and heart metastases and mesenteric invasion was found in approximately 33% of 4 yr old rainbow trout from a Slovene hatchery with 2000 breeding trout. During stripping, lumps in the abdominal cavity were palpated in one-third of the breeding fish; some of the fish were anorectic and lethargic, and mortality was slightly increased. Affected trout were euthanized and 4 were submitted for necropsy and histopathology. Necropsy revealed firm, whitish, irregularly lobular masses originating from the intestine. Histologically, the intestinal masses showed a prominent proliferation of tall columnar neoplastic epithelial cells arranged in dense irregular islands or solid areas and papillotubular protuberances. Solid areas of neoplastic cells were also observed in the mesentery of all trout and in the liver of one trout, whereas minute groups of neoplastic cells were seen in the vessels of the intestinal mucosa in all trout and in the myocardium and the liver of one trout. Epithelial origin of neoplastic cells was confirmed by expression of the cytokeratin marker AE1/AE3. The intestinal masses were diagnosed as intestinal adenocarcinoma with mesenteric invasion and metastases to the liver and heart. The cause of intestinal adenocarcinoma was not determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitja Gombač
- Institute of Pathology, Wild Animals, Fish and Bees, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Primožič PK, Žagar Ž, Šmalc K, Račnik J, Švara T, Nemec A. Follow Up on Simple (Closed) Extraction of Fractured Maxillary Canine Teeth in Domestic Ferrets ( Mustela putorius furo). Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:677680. [PMID: 34055958 PMCID: PMC8155246 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.677680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fractured canine teeth (especially maxillary canine teeth) are common in domestic ferrets (Mustela putorius furo). We evaluated (detailed oral/dental and radiographic examination under general anesthesia) 18 domestic ferrets affected by 23 complicated crown fractures of periodontally healthy permanent maxillary canine teeth over a 2-year period. Average age of the ferrets at the time of diagnosis was 2.6 years. Only three teeth were discolored on clinical examination. Out of 23 teeth, 22 were radiographically evaluated. No radiographic evidence of endodontic disease was observed in 11/22 canine teeth. Inflammatory root resorption was observed in 5/22, periapical lucency in 5/22 teeth, apical widening of periodontal ligament space in 6/22 teeth, and failure of the pulp cavity to narrow in 3/22 teeth. All animals were treated by simple (closed) extraction of the affected teeth. Histological examination of eight teeth was performed. Pulp appeared histologically vital in five (3/5 showed no radiographic evidence of endodontic disease), pulpitis was diagnosed in two (both without radiographic evidence of endodontic disease) and pulp necrosis in one case (dental radiographs revealed apical widening of periodontal ligament space and failure of the pulp cavity to narrow). All extraction sites healed uneventfully by the 2-week recheck examination. Long-term follow-up revealed development of post-extraction upper lip entrapment with mandibular canine tooth in eight out of 18 ferrets, which appeared clinically irrelevant. According to clients seven out of 18 ferrets showed an improved quality of life. Simple tooth extractions are warranted in ferrets affected by complicated crown fracture of the periodontally healthy permanent maxillary canine teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Kristina Primožič
- Dentistry and Oral Surgery Department, Small Animal Clinic, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Žiga Žagar
- Dentistry and Oral Surgery Department, Small Animal Clinic, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Klemen Šmalc
- Dentistry and Oral Surgery Department, Small Animal Clinic, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Joško Račnik
- Clinic for Birds, Small Mammals and Reptiles, Institute for Poultry, Birds, Small Mammals and Reptiles, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tanja Švara
- Institute of Pathology, Wild Animals, Fish and Bees, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ana Nemec
- Dentistry and Oral Surgery Department, Small Animal Clinic, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Ujčič-Vrhovnik I, Švara T, Malovrh T, Jakovac-Strajn B. The effects of feed naturally contaminated with Fusarium mycotoxins on the thymus in suckling piglets. Acta Vet Hung 2020; 68:186-192. [PMID: 32877356 DOI: 10.1556/004.2020.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, feed naturally containing Fusarium mycotoxins was fed to gilts during the perinatal period, and the effects on the thymus were investigated in one-week-old piglets. Twenty gilts were divided into equal control (0.26 mg deoxynivalenol, DON) and experimental (5.08 mg DON, 0.09 mg zearalenone and 21.61 mg fusaric acid per kg of feed) groups. One suckling piglet from each litter (n = 20) was sacrificed at one week of age to obtain thymus samples for further analysis. The cortex to medulla ratio of the thymus was morphometrically analysed using NIS Elements BR (Nikon) software. Paraffin-embedded thymus sections were stained to quantify apoptosis (with terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labelling - TUNEL method), cellular proliferation (Ki-67) and macrophages (MAC 387). The results showed that the thymus cortex (P = 0.023) to medulla (P = 0.023) ratio was significantly lower in the experimental group. The number of apoptotic cells (cortex, P = 0.010, medulla, P = 0.001) and the number of proliferating cells in the thymus cortex (P = 0.001) and medulla (P < 0.001) were significantly higher in the experimental group. Our results indicate that feeding Fusarium mycotoxins to a parent animal during the perinatal period induces significant alterations in the thymus of one-week-old piglets, which indicates an immunosuppressive effect in piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Ujčič-Vrhovnik
- 1Institute of Food Safety, Feed and Environment, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1115, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tanja Švara
- 2Institute of Pathology, Wild Animals, Fish and Bees, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tadej Malovrh
- 3Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Breda Jakovac-Strajn
- 1Institute of Food Safety, Feed and Environment, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1115, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Švara T, Gombač M, Poli A, Račnik J, Zadravec M. Spontaneous Tumors and Non-Neoplastic Proliferative Lesions in Pet Degus ( Octodon degus). Vet Sci 2020; 7:vetsci7010032. [PMID: 32183187 PMCID: PMC7158670 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, degus (Octodon degus), rodents native to South America, have been becoming increasingly popular as pet animals. Data about neoplastic diseases in this species are still sparse and mainly limited to single-case reports. The aim of this study was to present neoplastic and non-neoplastic proliferative changes in 16/100 pet degus examined at the Veterinary Faculty University of Ljubljana from 2010 to 2015 and to describe the clinic-pathological features of these lesions. Twenty different lesions of the integumentary, musculoskeletal, genitourinary and gastrointestinal systems were diagnosed: amongst these were 13 malignant tumors, six benign tumors, and one non-neoplastic lesion. Cutaneous fibrosarcoma was the most common tumor (7/16 degus). It was detected more often in females (6/7 degus) and lesions were located mainly in hind limbs. The gastrointestinal tract was frequently affected, namely with two malignant neoplasms - an intestinal lymphoma and a mesenteric mesothelioma, four benign tumors - two biliary cystadenomas, an oral squamous papilloma and a hepatocellular adenoma, and a single non-neoplastic proliferative lesion. In one animal, two organic systems were involved in neoplastic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Švara
- Institute of Pathology, Wild Animals, Fish and Bees, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.Š.); (M.G.)
| | - Mitja Gombač
- Institute of Pathology, Wild Animals, Fish and Bees, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.Š.); (M.G.)
| | - Alessandro Poli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Jožko Račnik
- Clinic for Birds, Small mammals and Reptiles, Institute of Poultry, Birds, Small Mammals and Reptiles, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (J.R.); (M.Z.)
| | - Marko Zadravec
- Clinic for Birds, Small mammals and Reptiles, Institute of Poultry, Birds, Small Mammals and Reptiles, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (J.R.); (M.Z.)
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Plavec T, Švara T, Zdovc I, Gombač M, Damjanovska M, Stopar Pintarič T, Cvetko E, Seliškar A. Clinical and histologic tissue responses of skin incisions closed with glycomer 631 and lactomer 9-1 using a subcuticular technique in pigs. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:87. [PMID: 32160877 PMCID: PMC7038600 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02290-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glycomer 631 and lactomer 9-1 are absorbable suture materials indicated for soft tissue approximation in non-infected wounds. Pigs are often used as surgical models in translational research; however, reports of tissue reactions to both suture materials in pigs are limited. The aim of this study was to assess clinical and histologic responses of skin incisions closed with a subcuticular technique using glycomer 631 and lactomer 9-1 in pigs. RESULTS Skin incisions on 17 pigs were closed with glycomer 631 and lactomer 9-1, and a clinical reactive score (CRS) including erythema, swelling, discharge and dehiscence was calculated on postoperative days 7 and 14. Subcuticular tissue reaction was assessed histologically on postoperative day 14 (the presence of extravascular neutrophils, macrophages, multinucleated giant cells, lymphocytes, fibroblasts, bacterial colonies and the overall severity of the inflammatory response to the suture material), and the cumulative score of the variables was calculated as an aggregate tissue irritation score (ATIS). Tissue samples were examined for suture extrusion and evaluated microbiologically. The clinical reactive score did not differ between the suture materials. Only one ATIS variable, namely the overall severity of the inflammatory response, was lower (p = 0.029) when glycomer 631 was used. Suture extrusion was found in 10/17 of the incisions closed by glycomer 631 and in 7/13 of the incisions closed by lactomer 9-1. Trueperella pyogenes was isolated from the skin and from the area of tissue reaction in six pigs. CONCLUSIONS No difference in CRS between the suture materials was observed, and thus both materials may be used for the subcuticular technique in pigs. Glycomer 631 induced less tissue reaction only in terms of the overall severity of the inflammatory response. Suture extrusion was observed in more than 50% of incisions regardless of the suture material, possibly due to a large amount of suture material in the wound. Trueperella pyogenes was the only pathogen isolated from the tissue surrounding the suture material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Plavec
- Small Animal Clinic, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tanja Švara
- Institute of Pathology, Wild Animals, Fish and Bees, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Irena Zdovc
- Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mitja Gombač
- Institute of Pathology, Wild Animals, Fish and Bees, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marija Damjanovska
- Clinical Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Zaloška 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tatjana Stopar Pintarič
- Clinical Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Zaloška 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Erika Cvetko
- Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Alenka Seliškar
- Small Animal Clinic, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Häfliger IM, Wiedemar N, Švara T, Starič J, Cociancich V, Šest K, Gombač M, Paller T, Agerholm JS, Drögemüller C. Identification of small and large genomic candidate variants in bovine pulmonary hypoplasia and anasarca syndrome. Anim Genet 2020; 51:382-390. [PMID: 32069517 DOI: 10.1111/age.12923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The pulmonary hypoplasia and anasarca syndrome (PHA) is a congenital lethal disorder, which until now has been reported in cattle and sheep. PHA is characterized by extensive subcutaneous fetal edema combined with hypoplasia or aplasia of the lungs and dysplasia of the lymphatic system. PHA is assumed to be of genetic etiology. This study presents the occurrence of PHA in two different cattle breeds and their genetic causation. Two PHA cases from one sire were observed in Slovenian Cika cattle. Under the assumption of monogenic inheritance, genome-wide homozygosity mapping scaled down the critical regions to 3% of the bovine genome including a 43.6 Mb-sized segment on chromosome 6. Whole-genome sequencing of one case, variant filtering against controls and genotyping of a larger cohort of Cika cattle led to the detection of a likely pathogenic protein-changing variant perfectly associated with the disease: a missense variant on chromosome 6 in ADAMTS3 (NM_001192797.1: c.1222C>T), which affects an evolutionary conserved residue (NP_001179726.1: p.(His408Tyr)). A single PHA case was found in Danish Holstein cattle and was whole-genome sequenced along with its parents. However, as there was no plausible private protein-changing variant, mining for structural variation revealed a likely pathogenic trisomy of the entire chromosome 20. The identified ADAMTS3 associated missense variant and the trisomy 20 are two different genetic causes, which shows a compelling genetic heterogeneity for bovine PHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Häfliger
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, 3001, Switzerland
| | - N Wiedemar
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, 3001, Switzerland
| | - T Švara
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia
| | - J Starič
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia
| | - V Cociancich
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia
| | - K Šest
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia
| | - M Gombač
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia
| | - T Paller
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia
| | - J S Agerholm
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, C 1870, Denmark
| | - C Drögemüller
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, 3001, Switzerland
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Paris JM, Letko A, Häfliger IM, Švara T, Gombač M, Klinc P, Škibin A, Pogorevc E, Drögemüller C. A de novo variant in OTX2 in a lamb with otocephaly. Acta Vet Scand 2020; 62:5. [PMID: 31969185 PMCID: PMC6977343 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-020-0503-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Otocephaly is a rare lethal malformation of the first branchial arch. While the knowledge on the causes of otocephaly in animals is limited, different syndromic forms in man are associated with variants of the PRRX1 and OTX2 genes. Case presentation A stillborn male lamb of the Istrian Pramenka sheep breed showed several congenital craniofacial anomalies including microstomia, agnathia, aglossia, and synotia. In addition, the lamb had a cleft palate, a small opening in the ventral neck region, a cystic oesophagus and two hepatic cysts. The brain was normally developed despite the deformed shape of the head. Taken together the findings led to a diagnosis of otocephaly. Whole-genome sequencing was performed from DNA of the affected lamb and both parents revealing a heterozygous single nucleotide variant in the OTX2 gene (Chr7: 71478714G > A). The variant was absent in both parents and therefore due to a de novo mutation event. It was a nonsense variant, XM_015097088.2:c.265C > T; which leads to an early premature stop codon and is predicted to truncate more than 70% of the OTX2 open reading frame (p.Arg89*). Conclusions The genetic findings were consistent with the diagnosis of the otocephaly and provide strong evidence that the identified loss-of-function variant is pathogenic due to OTX2 haploinsufficiency. The benefits of trio-based whole-genome sequencing as an emerging tool in veterinary pathology to confirm diagnosis are highlighted.
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Šimundić M, Švara T, Štukelj R, Krek JL, Gombač M, Kralj-Iglič V, Tozon N. Concentration of extracellular vesicles isolated from blood relative to the clinical pathological status of dogs with mast cell tumours. Vet Comp Oncol 2019; 17:456-464. [PMID: 31066969 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-enclosed fragments shed from all cell types, including tumour cells. EVs contain a wide range of proteins, biolipids and genetic material derived from mother cells and therefore may be potential biomarkers for tumour diagnosis, disease progression and treatment success. We studied the effect of canine mast cell tumours (MCTs) on EV concentrations in blood isolates in association with MCT's histological grade, Ki-67 proliferative index, KIT-staining pattern and number of PLT. The average EV concentration in blood isolates from nine dogs with MCTs was considerably higher than that in blood from eight healthy dogs. But there were no statistically significant differences in EVs concentration in the population of dogs with MCT according to a different histological grade of malignancy (Patnaik, Kiupel), KIT-staining pattern and Ki-67 proliferation index. The results show that these variables statistically do not significantly predicted EV concentrations in blood isolates (P > .05), except the KIT-staining pattern I which added statistically significantly to the prediction (P < .05). The results confirmed the impact of neoplasms on the morphological changes to cell membranes, which result in greater vesiculability and higher EV concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tanja Švara
- Institute of Pathology, Wild Animals, Fish and Bees, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Roman Štukelj
- Laboratory of Clinical Biophysics, Faculty of Healt and Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Judita L Krek
- Laboratory of Clinical Biophysics, Faculty of Healt and Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mitja Gombač
- Institute of Pathology, Wild Animals, Fish and Bees, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Veronika Kralj-Iglič
- Laboratory of Clinical Biophysics, Faculty of Healt and Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nataša Tozon
- Small Animal Clinic, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital hypotrichosis is defined as a less than normal amount of hair, obvious at birth or in the first weeks of life. Causes are nongenetic or genetic. OBJECTIVES To describe the clinical presentation and histological features of a novel form of hypotrichosis in a heifer. ANIMAL A 15-month-old Simmental cross-bred heifer was presented with a history of progressive hair loss, which started at four months of age and progressed to severe generalized hypotrichosis. METHODS AND MATERIALS Anamnestic data, detailed clinical examination, haematological investigation, selected biochemistry profile, RT-PCR and ELISA for bovine viral diarrhoea virus did not suggest a cause for the hypotrichosis; skin samples were examined histologically. RESULTS Histopathology of the skin showed a 50% reduction in the number of hair follicles and dysplastic hair follicles; these findings led to a diagnosis of congenital hypotrichosis. The distribution of the hair and some of the histopathological characteristics were potentially consistent with viable hypotrichosis. A marked reduction in follicle density, hypertrophy of sebaceous glands, hypoplasia of arrector pili muscles and moderate acanthosis with hyperkeratosis, which have not been described previously in viable hypotrichosis or other forms of congenital hypotrichosis, were also observed. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE This case may represent a novel form of congenital hypotrichosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jože Starič
- Clinic for Reproduction and Large Animals, University of Ljubljana Veterinary Faculty, Cesta v Mestni log 47, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mitja Gombač
- Institute of Pathology, Wild Animals, Fish and Bees, University of Ljubljana Veterinary Faculty, Gerbičeva 60, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jožica Ježek
- Clinic for Reproduction and Large Animals, University of Ljubljana Veterinary Faculty, Cesta v Mestni log 47, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tanja Švara
- Institute of Pathology, Wild Animals, Fish and Bees, University of Ljubljana Veterinary Faculty, Gerbičeva 60, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Zakošek Pipan M, Švara T, Zdovc I, Papić B, Avberšek J, Kušar D, Mrkun J. Staphylococcus pseudintermedius septicemia in puppies after elective cesarean section: confirmed transmission via dam's milk. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:41. [PMID: 30691457 PMCID: PMC6348621 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1795-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In humans, transmission of bacteria causing fatal sepsis in the neonates through mother’s milk has been reported. In dogs, it is believed that bacteria from canine milk are not the primary cause of neonatal infections. Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is colonizing the skin and mucocutaneous junctions in adult dogs and can act as an opportunistic pathogen. This bacterium was previously isolated from the canine milk and, although, its transmission from the dam’s milk to the newborn puppies causing a neonatal sepsis was suggested, this hypothesis has not been confirmed. Case presentation A 4.5-year-old healthy Boston terrier dam had an elective cesarean section, delivering five normal puppies and one dead runt. Next day, two puppies developed pustules on their legs and around the muzzle. After two more days, strings of blood were noticed in the stool of the biggest puppy that suddenly died later that night. The same day, blood became visible in the feces of all other puppies. Necropsy of the dead puppy revealed a distended abdomen, catarrhal gastroenteritis with lymphadenopathy, dark red and slightly firm lung, mild dilatation of the right heart chamber and congestion of the liver, spleen, pancreas and meninges. The thoracic cavity contained white-yellow slightly opaque exudate, and there was transudate in the abdominal cavity. Histopathology revealed an acute interstitial pneumonia and multifocal myocardial necrosis with mineralization. Bacteriology of the internal organs, body cavity effusions of the dead puppy and dam’s milk revealed a diffuse growth of S. pseudintermedius in pure culture. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) revealed that all isolates belonged to the sequence type 241 and differed in 2–5 single nucleotide polymorphisms; thus, the epidemiological link between the outbreak-associated isolates was confirmed. Conclusions This is the first report of a confirmed transmission of S. pseudintermedius through dam’s milk causing a neonatal sepsis in a puppy after an elective cesarean section. The epidemiological link between S. pseudintermedius isolates obtained from dam’s milk and internal organs of the affected puppy was confirmed by WGS. Our findings indicate that milk of healthy dams can serve as a reservoir of bacteria that can cause fatal sepsis in the newborn puppies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Zakošek Pipan
- Clinic for Reproduction and Large Animals, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Tanja Švara
- Institute of Pathology, Wild Animals, Fish and Bees Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Irena Zdovc
- Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Bojan Papić
- Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jana Avberšek
- Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Darja Kušar
- Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janko Mrkun
- Clinic for Reproduction and Large Animals, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Abstract
Background Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the most common nonodontogenic oral tumor in cats. In the jaw, it usually presents as an ulceroproliferative lesion associated with enlargement of the affected bone. Case presentation This report describes the case of a cat in which clinical and radiographic findings of a mandibular swelling were suggestive of an aggressive process, but the oral mucosa was unaffected. The results of histopathological and immunohistochemical examination of the samples obtained from the intraosseous lesion were consistent with SCC. The animal was euthanized 5 months after initial presentation as a result of the severe progression of the disease, and no other primary tumors were identified at necropsy. Conclusions Based on the clinicopathological, microscopic, and immunohistochemical staining features, as well as the absence of a primary tumor at a distant site, we propose that the term, solid type primary intraosseous SCC (PIOSCC), be used to describe this neoplasia, as it shares similar features with human PIOSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darja Pavlin
- University of Ljubljana, Veterinary faculty, Small Animal Clinic, Gerbičeva, 60, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Tamara Dolenšek
- University of Ljubljana, Veterinary faculty, Institute of Pathology, Wild Animals, Fish and Bees, Gerbičeva, 60, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tanja Švara
- University of Ljubljana, Veterinary faculty, Institute of Pathology, Wild Animals, Fish and Bees, Gerbičeva, 60, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ana Nemec
- University of Ljubljana, Veterinary faculty, Small Animal Clinic, Gerbičeva, 60, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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21
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Kocjan BJ, Hošnjak L, Račnik J, Zadravec M, Bakovnik N, Cigler B, Ummelen M, Hopman AHN, Gale N, Švara T, Gombač M, Poljak M. Molecular characterization, prevalence and clinical relevance of Phodopus sungorus papillomavirus type 1 (PsuPV1) naturally infecting Siberian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus). J Gen Virol 2017; 98:2799-2809. [PMID: 29022861 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phodopus sungorus papillomavirus type 1 (PsuPV1), naturally infecting Siberian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus) and clustering in the genus Pipapillomavirus (Pi-PV), is only the second PV type isolated from the subfamily of hamsters. In silico analysis of three independent complete viral genomes obtained from cervical adenocarcinoma, oral squamous cell carcinoma and normal oral mucosa revealed that PsuPV1 encodes characteristic viral proteins (E1, E2, E4, E6, E7, L1 and L2) with conserved functional domains and a highly conserved non-coding region. The overall high prevalence (102/114; 89.5 %) of PsuPV1 infection in normal oral and anogenital mucosa suggests that asymptomatic infection with PsuPV1 is very frequent in healthy Siberian hamsters from an early age onward, and that the virus is often transmitted between both anatomical sites. Using type-specific real-time PCR and chromogenic in situ hybridization, the presence of PsuPV1 was additionally detected in several investigated tumours (cervical adenocarcinoma, cervical adenomyoma, vaginal carcinoma in situ, ovarian granulosa cell tumour, mammary ductal carcinoma, oral fibrosarcoma, hibernoma and squamous cell papilloma) and normal tissues of adult animals. In the tissue sample of the oral squamous cell carcinoma individual, punctuated PsuPV1-specific in situ hybridization spots were detected within the nuclei of infected animal cells, suggesting viral integration into the host genome and a potential etiological association of PsuPV1 with sporadic cases of this neoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boštjan J Kocjan
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Lea Hošnjak
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Joško Račnik
- Department for Birds, Small Mammals, and Reptiles, Institute of Poultry, Birds, Small Mammals, and Reptiles, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marko Zadravec
- Department for Birds, Small Mammals, and Reptiles, Institute of Poultry, Birds, Small Mammals, and Reptiles, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nejc Bakovnik
- Department for Birds, Small Mammals, and Reptiles, Institute of Poultry, Birds, Small Mammals, and Reptiles, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Blaž Cigler
- Miklavžin Veterinary Center, Lakotence 7a, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Monique Ummelen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Research Institute for Growth and Development (GROW), University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Anton H N Hopman
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Research Institute for Growth and Development (GROW), University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Nina Gale
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tanja Švara
- Institute of Pathology, Forensic and Administrative Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mitja Gombač
- Institute of Pathology, Forensic and Administrative Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mario Poljak
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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22
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Cerkvenik-Flajs V, Volmajer Valh J, Gombač M, Švara T. Analysis and testing of bisphenol A, bisphenol A diglycidyl ether and their derivatives in canned dog foods. Eur Food Res Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-017-2930-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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23
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Zadravec M, Slavec B, Krapež U, Gombač M, Švara T, Poljšak-Prijatelj M, Gruntar I, Račnik J. Trichomonosis outbreak in a flock of canaries (Serinus canaria f. domestica) caused by a finch epidemic strain of Trichomonas gallinae. Vet Parasitol 2017; 239:90-93. [PMID: 28413077 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In the present paper, an outbreak of trichomonosis in a flock of 15 breeding pairs of canaries is described. Trichomonosis was diagnosed on characteristic clinical signs, microscopic examination of crop/esophageal swabs, gross pathology and histopathology. Trichomonads were successfully grown in culture media and were characterized by multi-locus sequence typing. The three genomic loci ITS1-5.8S-ITS2, 18S rRNA and Fe-hydrogenase were analyzed. Molecular characterization confirmed the finch trichomonosis strain, identical to the strain that caused emerging disease in free-living passerine birds in Europe. Flock treatment with metronidazole (200mg/L) in drinking water for 5days was partially effective. After individual treatment with oral application of metronidazole (20mg/kg SID) for 5days no further clinical signs were observed in the flock over next 30 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Zadravec
- Veterinary Faculty, Institute of Poultry, Birds, Small Mammals and Reptiles, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Brigita Slavec
- Veterinary Faculty, Institute of Poultry, Birds, Small Mammals and Reptiles, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Uroš Krapež
- Veterinary Faculty, Institute of Poultry, Birds, Small Mammals and Reptiles, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Mitja Gombač
- Veterinary Faculty, Institute of Pathology, Wildlife, Fish and Bees, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Tanja Švara
- Veterinary Faculty, Institute of Pathology, Wildlife, Fish and Bees, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Mateja Poljšak-Prijatelj
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Zaloška 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Igor Gruntar
- Veterinary Faculty, Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Joško Račnik
- Veterinary Faculty, Institute of Poultry, Birds, Small Mammals and Reptiles, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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24
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Švara T, Cociancich V, Šest K, Gombač M, Paller T, Starič J, Drögemüller C. Pulmonary hypoplasia and anasarca syndrome in Cika cattle. Acta Vet Scand 2016; 58:36. [PMID: 27267454 PMCID: PMC4896035 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-016-0220-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hydrops foetalis is defined as excessive fluid accumulation within the foetal extravascular compartments and body cavities. It has been described in human and veterinary medicine, but despite several descriptive studies its aetiology is still not fully clarified. Pulmonary hypoplasia and anasarca (PHA) syndrome is a rare congenital abnormality in cattle that is characterised by hydrops foetalis including extreme subcutaneous oedema (anasarca) and undeveloped or poorly formed lungs (pulmonary hypoplasia). Until now, sporadic cases of PHA were reported in cattle breeds like Australian Dexter, Belted Galloway, Maine-Anjou, and Shorthorn. This report describes the first known cases of PHA syndrome in Slovenian Cika cattle. Case presentation A 13-year-old cow aborted a male calf in the seventh month of pregnancy, while a male calf was delivered by caesarean section on the due date from a 14-year-old cow. The pedigree analysis showed that the calves were sired by the same bull, the dams were paternal half-sisters and the second calf was the product of a dam-son mating. Gross lesions were similar in both cases and characterized by severe anasarca, hydrothorax, hydropericardium, ascites, hypoplastic lungs, absence of lymph nodes, and an enlarged heart. The first calf was also athymic. Histopathology of the second affected calf confirmed severe oedema of the subcutis and interstitium of the organs, and pulmonary hypoplasia. The lymph vessels in the subcutis and other organs were severely dilated. Histopathology of the second calf revealed also lack of bronchus associated lymphoid tissue and adrenal gland hypoplasia. Conclusions The findings were consistent with known forms of the bovine PHA syndrome. This is the first report of the PHA syndrome occurring in the local endangered breed of Cika cattle. Observed inbreeding practice supports that this lethal defect most likely follows an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. In the light of the disease phenotype it is assumed that a mutation causing an impaired development of lymph vessels is responsible for the hydrops foetalis associated malformations in bovine PHA.
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25
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Gombač M, Dolenšek T, Jaušovec D, Kvapil P, Švara T, Pogačnik M. Simultaneous Occurrence of Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma and Brunner's Gland Adenoma in a Siberian Tiger (Panthera tigris altaica). J Comp Pathol 2015; 153:363-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2015.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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26
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Švara T, Zdovc I, Gombač M, Pogačnik M. Quill Injury – Cause of Death in a Captive Indian Crested Porcupine (Hystrix Indica, Kerr, 1792). Macedonian Veterinary Review 2015. [DOI: 10.14432/j.macvetrev.2015.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Indian crested porcupine (Hystrix indica) is a member of the family of Old World porcupines (Hystricidae). Its body is covered with multiple layers of quills, which serve for warning and attack if animal is threatened. However, the literature data on injuries caused by Indian crested porcupine are absent. We describe pathomorphological lesions in an Indian crested porcupine from the Ljubljana Zoo, which died after a fight with a younger male that caused a perforative quill injury of the thoracic wall, followed by septicaemia. Macroscopic, microscopic and bacteriological findings were detailed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Švara
- Institute of Pathology, Forensic and Administrative Veterinary Medicine
- Institute of Pathology, Forensic and Administrative Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Faculty University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Irena Zdovc
- Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mitja Gombač
- Institute of Pathology, Forensic and Administrative Veterinary Medicine
| | - Milan Pogačnik
- Institute of Pathology, Forensic and Administrative Veterinary Medicine
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27
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Zadravec M, Gombač M, Račnik J, Zorman Rojs O, Pogačnik M, Švara T. Uterine heterologous malignant mixed Müllerian tumor in a dwarf rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus). J Vet Diagn Invest 2012; 24:418-22. [PMID: 22379058 DOI: 10.1177/1040638711433324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant mixed Müllerian tumor (MMMT) is a rare neoplasm of the female genital system. A case of MMMT in the uterus of an 8-year-old female dwarf rabbit, which died with clinical signs associated with severe acute dyspnea and anorexia, is described. At necropsy, an oval, firm tumor was found in each of the 2 uterine horns. Numerous metastases were scattered throughout the mediastinum, thoracic diaphragm, and all pulmonary lobes. Microscopically, the tumors consisted of a poorly demarcated, unencapsulated neoplasm, composed of closely associated carcinomatous and sarcomatous components and areas of osteosarcomatous differentiation. Metastases were composed entirely of the sarcomatous component with osteosarcomatous differentiation. Immunohistochemically, the neoplastic epithelial component was positive for cytokeratin and negative for α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), vimentin, and desmin. The sarcomatous component was diffusely and strongly positive for vimentin, focally positive for α-SMA (<20% of cells positive), and negative for desmin. The neoplasm was diagnosed as a heterologous MMMT with metastases to the lung, mediastinum, and thoracic diaphragm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Zadravec
- Institute for Poultry Health, Veterinary Faculty of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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28
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Abstract
A carcinoid tumour in the liver of a red deer hind (Cervus elaphus) is described. Macroscopically, the liver was considerably enlarged with multifocal, firm, yellow and red nodular neoplastic masses, which were histopathologically diagnosed as hepatic carcinoids. The diagnosis was confirmed by modified Grimelius staining, which demonstrated numerous small argyrophilic granules in the cytoplasm of neoplastic cells, and by immunohistochemistry. The neoplastic cells gave a strong positive reaction for neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and synaptophysin and a weak positive reaction for chromogranin A. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a hepatic carcinoid in red deer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Žele
- 1 University of Ljubljana, Veterinary Faculty Institute for Breeding and Health Care of Wild Animals, Fishes and Bees Gerbičeva 60 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Mitja Gombač
- 2 University of Ljubljana, Veterinary Faculty Institute for Pathology, Forensic and Administrative Veterinary Medicine Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Tanja Švara
- 2 University of Ljubljana, Veterinary Faculty Institute for Pathology, Forensic and Administrative Veterinary Medicine Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Gorazd Vengušt
- 1 University of Ljubljana, Veterinary Faculty Institute for Breeding and Health Care of Wild Animals, Fishes and Bees Gerbičeva 60 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
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