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Sun D, Liu Y, Jin Z, Xu B, Jin Y, Zhao Q, He Y, Li J, Zhang Y, Cui Y. Preparation of limonin monoclonal antibody and establishment of a sensitive icELISA for analyzing limonin in citrus and herbal samples. Food Chem 2024; 447:138989. [PMID: 38492297 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Limonin is an intensely bitter and highly oxidized tetracyclic triterpenoid secondary metabolite, which is abundant in the Rutaceae and Meliaceae, especially in Citrus. In order to detect limonin content in complex substrates such as citrus and traditional Chinese medicine, monoclonal antibodies specifically recognizing limonin were prepared and an indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (icELISA) was established. The median inhibition concentration (IC50) was 5.40 ng/mL and the linear range was 1.25-23.84 ng/mL. The average recoveries from citrus peel and pulp samples were 95.9%-118.8% and 77.5%-113.1%, respectively. Moreover, the contents of limonin in 6 citrus samples and 4 herbal samples were analyzed by icELISA and UPLC-MS, and the results of the two methods were consistent. This validation is sufficient to demonstrate that the developed immunoassay is applicable for the detection of limonin in citrus and herbal samples and has the advantage of high efficiency, sensitivity, and convenience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Sun
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Citrus Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China; National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400712, PR China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Citrus Products (Chongqing), Ministry of Agriculture, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Yifan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Citrus Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China; National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400712, PR China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Citrus Products (Chongqing), Ministry of Agriculture, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Zihui Jin
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Citrus Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China; National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400712, PR China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Citrus Products (Chongqing), Ministry of Agriculture, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Bo Xu
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Citrus Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China; National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400712, PR China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Citrus Products (Chongqing), Ministry of Agriculture, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Yaqi Jin
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Citrus Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China; National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400712, PR China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Citrus Products (Chongqing), Ministry of Agriculture, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Qiyang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Citrus Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China; National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400712, PR China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Citrus Products (Chongqing), Ministry of Agriculture, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Yue He
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Citrus Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China; National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400712, PR China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Citrus Products (Chongqing), Ministry of Agriculture, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Citrus Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China; National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400712, PR China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Citrus Products (Chongqing), Ministry of Agriculture, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Yaohai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Citrus Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China; National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400712, PR China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Citrus Products (Chongqing), Ministry of Agriculture, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Yongliang Cui
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Citrus Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China; National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400712, PR China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Citrus Products (Chongqing), Ministry of Agriculture, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China.
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Jin SE, Seo CS, Jeon WY, Oh YJ, Shin HK, Jeong HG, Ha H. Evodiae Fructus extract suppresses inflammatory response in HaCaT cells and improves house dust mite-induced atopic dermatitis in NC/Nga mice. Sci Rep 2024; 14:472. [PMID: 38172219 PMCID: PMC10764943 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50257-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to assess the effect of Evodiae Fructus 70% ethanol extract (EFE) on the pathology of atopic dermatitis using in vitro and in vivo models. The major compounds in EFE were identified by ultra-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry as rutaecarpine, evodiamine, evodol, dehydroevodiamine, limonin, synephrine, evocarpine, dihydroevocarpine, and hydroxyevodiamine. EFE significantly decreased chemokine levels in tumor necrosis factor-α/interferon-γ-stimulated HaCaT cells. In house dust mite-treated NC/Nga mice, topical application of EFE significantly decreased the dermatitis score, epidermal hyperplasia and thickening, mast cell infiltration, and plasma levels of histamine and corticosterone. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin, CD4+ T cells, interleukin-4, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression in the lesioned skin was reduced in the treated mice. The mechanism of EFE was elucidated using transcriptome analysis, followed by experimental validation using Western blotting in HaCaT cells. EFE down-regulated the activation of Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) signaling pathways in HaCaT cells. EFE improves atopic dermatitis-like symptoms by suppressing inflammatory mediators, cytokines, and chemokines by regulating the JAK-STAT and MAPK signaling pathways, suggesting its use as a potential agent for the treatment of atopic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Eun Jin
- KM Science Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34054, Republic of Korea
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Seob Seo
- KM Science Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Young Jeon
- KM Convergence Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Jin Oh
- KM Science Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeun-Kyoo Shin
- KM Science Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Gwang Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyekyung Ha
- KM Science Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34054, Republic of Korea.
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Yan C, Peng T, Zhang T, Wang Y, Li N, Wang K, Jiang X. Molecular mechanisms of hepatotoxicity induced by compounds occurring in Evodiae Fructus. Drug Metab Rev 2023; 55:75-93. [PMID: 36803497 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2023.2180027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Evodiae Fructus (EF) is a common herbal medicine with thousands of years of medicinal history in China, which has been demonstrated with many promising pharmacological effects on cancer, cardiovascular diseases and Alzheimer's disease. However, there have been increasing reports of hepatotoxicity associated with EF consumption. Unfortunately, in a long term, many implicit constituents of EF as well as their toxic mechanisms remain poorly understood. Recently, metabolic activation of hepatotoxic compounds of EF to generate reactive metabolites (RMs) has been implicated. Herein, we capture metabolic reactions relevant to hepatotoxicity of these compounds. Initially, catalyzed by the hepatic cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP450s), the hepatotoxic compounds of EF are oxidized to generate RMs. Subsequently, the highly electrophilic RMs could react with nucleophilic groups contained in biomolecules, such as hepatic proteins, enzymes, and nucleic acids to form conjugates and/or adducts, leading to a sequence of toxicological consequences. In addition, currently proposed biological pathogenesis, including oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage and dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, hepatic metabolism disorder, and cell apoptosis are represented. In short, this review updates the knowledge on the pathways of metabolic activation of seven hepatotoxic compounds of EF and provides considerable insights into the relevance of proposed molecular hepatotoxicity mechanisms from a biochemical standpoint, for the purpose of providing a theoretical guideline for the rational application of EF in clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiqin Yan
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Ting Peng
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P.R. China.,Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P.R. China.,Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P.R. China.,Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Na Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Kai Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Xijuan Jiang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P.R. China
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Fu S, Liao L, Yang Y, Bai Y, Zeng Y, Wang H, Wen J. The pharmacokinetics profiles, pharmacological properties, and toxicological risks of dehydroevodiamine: A review. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1040154. [PMID: 36467053 PMCID: PMC9715618 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1040154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Dehydroevodiamine (DHE) is a quinazoline alkaloid isolated from Evodiae Fructus (EF, Wuzhuyu in Chinese, Rutaceae family), a well-known traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) which is clinically applied to treat headache, abdominal pain, menstrual pain, abdominal distension, vomiting, acid regurgitation, etc. Modern research demonstrates that DHE is one of the main components of EF. In recent years, DHE has received extensive attention due to its various pharmacological activities. This review is the first to comprehensively summarize the current studies on pharmacokinetics profiles, pharmacological properties, and toxicological risks of DHE in diverse diseases. Pharmacokinetic studies have shown that DHE has a relatively good oral absorption effect in the mean concentration curves in rat plasma and high absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. In addition, distribution re-absorption and enterohepatic circulation may lead to multiple blood concentration peaks of DHE in rat plasma. DHE possesses a wide spectrum of pharmacological properties in the central nervous system, cardiovascular system, and digestive system. Moreover, DHE has anti-inflammatory effects via downregulating pro-inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory mediators. Given the favorable pharmacological activity, DHE is expected to be a potential drug candidate for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, chronic stress, amnesia, chronic atrophic gastritis, gastric ulcers, and rheumatoid arthritis. In addition, toxicity studies have suggested that DHE has proarrhythmic effects and can impair bile acid homeostasis without causing hepatotoxicity. However, further rigorous and well-designed studies are needed to elucidate the pharmacokinetics, pharmacological effects, potential biological mechanisms, and toxicity of DHE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubin Fu
- Jiujiang Inspection and Testing Certification Center, Jiujiang, China
| | - Liying Liao
- Jiujiang Inspection and Testing Certification Center, Jiujiang, China
| | - Yi Yang
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Bai
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Zeng
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu, China
| | - Haoyu Wang
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianxia Wen
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu, China
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Feng Y, Yin H, Zhao X, Wu M. LC-MS/MS Determination of Evodiamine in Plasma and Its Pharmacokinetics in Rats after Administration in the Form of Solid Lipid Nanoparticles. CURR PHARM ANAL 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1573412914666180914162528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Background:
A sensitive, reliable liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LCMS/
MS) method has been developed and applied to detect the evodiamine (EVO) in rat plasma after
animals were given EVO directly. However there is almost no research on the detection of EVO after
animals were given EVO-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (EVO-SLN).
Objective:
In this study, a more sensitive and rapid modified LC-MS/MS method for the quantification
of EVO in rat blood was developed and validated to evaluate the role of SLN in vivo.
Methods:
Plasma samples were taken from animals orally administered EVO-SLN or free EVO, proteins
were extracted using diethyl ether containing the internal standards (IS) arbidol hydrochloride, and
the mixture was fractionated by liquid chromatography. Quantitative detection of EVO was based on
gradient elution in a mobile phase of acetonitrile-0.2% formic acid in water (70:30, v/v).
Results:
The calibration curve was linear (r2>0.999, n=9) over the concentration range from 0.1 to 250
ng/mL. Peaks in triple-quadrupole MS were detected for EVO at m/z 304.2→134.1 and for IS at m/z
479.1→343.0. Mean recovery of EVO was more than 93%. Intra and inter-day precision were within
2.7%. In pharmacokinetics studies, EVO-SLN exhibited much higher bioavailability and absorption
than free EVO.
Conclusion:
The developed method in this work can provide a sensitive, effective and rapid process for
the analysis of EVO in whole blood samples. The pharmacokinetics results suggest that the usefulness
of SLN for improving oral bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Feng
- Department of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, No.683, Xindu Avenue, Xindu District, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Huanli Yin
- Department of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, No.683, Xindu Avenue, Xindu District, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xue Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, No.683, Xindu Avenue, Xindu District, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, No.683, Xindu Avenue, Xindu District, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
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Limonin: A Review of Its Pharmacology, Toxicity, and Pharmacokinetics. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24203679. [PMID: 31614806 PMCID: PMC6832453 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24203679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Limonin is a natural tetracyclic triterpenoid compound, which widely exists in Euodia rutaecarpa (Juss.) Benth., Phellodendron chinense Schneid., and Coptis chinensis Franch. Its extensive pharmacological effects have attracted considerable attention in recent years. However, there is no systematic review focusing on the pharmacology, toxicity, and pharmacokinetics of limonin. Therefore, this review aimed to provide the latest information on the pharmacology, toxicity, and pharmacokinetics of limonin, exploring the therapeutic potential of this compound and looking for ways to improve efficacy and bioavailability. Limonin has a wide spectrum of pharmacological effects, including anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory and analgesic, anti-bacterial and anti-virus, anti-oxidation, liver protection properties. However, limonin has also been shown to lead to hepatotoxicity, renal toxicity, and genetic damage. Moreover, limonin also has complex impacts on hepatic metabolic enzyme. Pharmacokinetic studies have demonstrated that limonin has poor bioavailability, and the reduction, hydrolysis, and methylation are the main metabolic pathways of limonin. We also found that the position and group of the substituents of limonin are key in affecting pharmacological activity and bioavailability. However, some issues still exist, such as the mechanism of antioxidant activity of limonin not being clear. In addition, there are few studies on the toxicity mechanism of limonin, and the effects of limonin concentration on pharmacological effects and toxicity are not clear, and no researchers have reported any ways in which to reduce the toxicity of limonin. Therefore, future research directions include the mechanism of antioxidant activity of limonin, how the concentration of limonin affects pharmacological effects and toxicity, finding ways to reduce the toxicity of limonin, and structural modification of limonin—one of the key methods necessary to enhance pharmacological activity and bioavailability.
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Investigation into the stability and reactivity of the pentacyclic alkaloid dehydroevodiamine and the benz-analog thereof. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.03.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Yang S, Tian M, Yuan L, Deng H, Wang L, Li A, Hou Z, Li Y, Zhang Y. Analysis of E. rutaecarpa Alkaloids Constituents In Vitro and In Vivo by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS Combined with Diagnostic Fragment. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2016; 2016:4218967. [PMID: 27446630 PMCID: PMC4944061 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4218967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Evodia rutaecarpa (Juss.) Benth. (Rutaceae) dried ripe fruit is used for dispelling colds, soothing liver, and analgesia. Pharmacological research has proved that alkaloids are the main active ingredients of E. rutaecarpa. This study aimed to rapidly classify and identify the alkaloids constituents of E. rutaecarpa by using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS coupled with diagnostic fragments. Furthermore, the effects of the material base of E. rutaecarpa bioactive ingredients in vivo were examined such that the transitional components in the blood of rats intragastrically given E. rutaecarpa were analyzed and identified. In this study, the type of alcohol extraction of E. rutaecarpa and the corresponding blood sample were used for the analysis by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS in positive ion mode. After reviewing much of the literature and collected information on the fragments, we obtained some diagnostic fragments of the alkaloids. Combining the diagnostic fragments with the technology of UPLC-Q-TOF-MS, we identified the compounds of E. rutaecarpa and blood samples and compared the ion fragment information with that of the alkaloids in E. rutaecarpa. A total of 17 alkaloids components and 6 blood components were identified. The proposed method was rapid, accurate, and sensitive. Therefore, this technique can reliably and practically analyze the chemical constituents in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenshen Yang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 312 Anshan West Road, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Meng Tian
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 312 Anshan West Road, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Lei Yuan
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 312 Anshan West Road, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Haoyue Deng
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 312 Anshan West Road, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 312 Anshan West Road, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Aizhu Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 312 Anshan West Road, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Zhiguo Hou
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 312 Anshan West Road, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Yubo Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 312 Anshan West Road, Tianjin 300193, China
- *Yubo Li: and
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 312 Anshan West Road, Tianjin 300193, China
- *Yanjun Zhang:
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