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Al Qa’qa’ S, Downes MR, Jain R, van der Kwast T. Morphologic Pattern, Frequency, and Spatial Distribution of Lymphovascular Invasion Foci in Radical Prostatectomy Specimens. Int J Surg Pathol 2023; 31:939-948. [PMID: 35816346 PMCID: PMC10492436 DOI: 10.1177/10668969221110456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Introduction. Lymphovascular invasion (LVI) is an adverse pathological finding in radical prostatectomy (RP) specimens associated with increased risk of metastatic disease. Its variable incidence may be attributed to underreporting. We characterized the location, quantity, and morphology of LVI foci in RP specimens and assessed the relationship between LVI and cribriform and intraductal carcinoma and metastatic risk. Methods. Two pathologists reviewed retrospectively 54 RP specimens reported as positive for LVI. Ambiguous cases were confirmed by immunostaining for ERG, CD31 and D2-40. Results. In 4/54 (7.4%), LVI could not be confirmed. Main mimickers of LVI were retraction artifact and dislodged tumor cells. Based on our review, the most important criteria to distinguish LVI from its mimickers were a corrugated lining of vascular spaces, endothelial nuclei bulging into the lumen, and presence of proteinaceous material. The LVI frequency per case ranged from 1 to 109 (median 7.5). In 47/50 (94%) cases with LVI, the associated carcinoma comprised cribriform pattern and/or intraductal carcinoma. The most common morphology of LVI foci was cribriform, occurring in 43/50 specimens, representing 469/843 (56%) of LVI foci. Most LVI foci were intraprostatic and located at the carcinoma-stroma interface. Particularly the risk of bone metastases during follow-up was independently associated with higher frequency of LVI foci (P = .009). Conclusions. The detailed description of prostatic LVI, and awareness of their predominant location and morphology may help its identification and improve the diagnostic accuracy of LVI in pathology reporting. The clinical impact of LVI quantification in prostate cancer needs validation by further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shifaa’ Al Qa’qa’
- Laboratory Medicine Program, Anatomic Pathology, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Michelle R. Downes
- Laboratory Medicine and Molecular Diagnostics, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada
| | - Rahi Jain
- Department of Biostatistics, Princess Margaret Hospital Cancer Centre, Toronto, Canada
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Markovic M, Mitrovic S, Dagovic A, Jovanovic D, Nikolic T, Ivosevic A, Milosavljevic MZ, Vojinovic R, Petrovic M. Does the Expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) and Bcl-2 Have a Prognostic Significance in Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer? Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11030292. [PMID: 36766867 PMCID: PMC9914895 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11030292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the most common cause of mortality from malignant tumors worldwide. The five-year survival rate for people with advanced stages varies considerably, from 35.4% to 6.9%. The angiogenic potential of bcl2 is not well known, nor is the way in which tumor cells with excessive bcl2 expression affect VEGF production. Hypothetically, given that tumor growth, progression and metastasis are dependent on angiogenesis, the antiapoptotic effect is expected to form a link between these two molecules. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between bcl-2 and VEGF expression, clinicopathological features and survival in 216 patients with advanced NSCLC. Archival tumor tissues were examined by immunohistochemistry for the expression of bcl-2 and VEGF. Immunoreactivity for bcl-2 was observed in 41.4% of NSCLCs, 51% of squamous and 34.8% of adenocarcinomas-expressed Bcl-2. There was an inverse correlation of mononuclear stromal reaction and bcl-2 expression in adenocarcinoma (p < 0.0005). A total of 71.8% NSCLCs were VEGF positive, 56% of squamous and 82.2% of adenocarcinomas. High level of VEGF expression was significantly associated with histology type (p = 0.043), low histology grade (p = 0.014), clinical stage IV (p = 0.018), smoking history (p = 0.008) and EGFR mutations (p = 0.026). There was an inverse correlation in the expression of Bcl-2 and VEGF in NSCLC patients (p = 0.039, r = -0.163). Two-year survival of patients with unresectable NSCLC was 39.3%, and 50% of patients were alive at 17 months. Our results demonstrated no difference in survival for patients in advanced NSCLC grouped by bcl-2 and VEGF status. Additionally, we observed an inverse correlation in the expression of Bcl-2 and VEGF in NSCLC and mononuclear reaction and bcl-2 expression in adenocarcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Markovic
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Clinical Center Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Slobodanka Mitrovic
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
- Department of Pathology, University Clinical Center Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +381-65-808-0877 or +381-34-505-356
| | - Aleksandar Dagovic
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Clinical Center Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Dalibor Jovanovic
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Tomislav Nikolic
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
- Clinic for Nephrology and Dyalisis, University Clinical Center Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Anita Ivosevic
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
- Clinic for Rheumatology and Allergology, University Clinical Center Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Milos Z. Milosavljevic
- Department of Pathology, University Clinical Center Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Radisa Vojinovic
- Department of Radiology, University Clinical Center Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Marina Petrovic
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
- Pulmonology Clinic, University Clinical Center Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
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Kabra H, Mohanty NR, Tripathy S, Mohanty M, Senapati U, Rath J. Expression of Claudin-4 and D2-40 and their significance in prostatic adenocarcinoma. J Cancer Res Ther 2023; 19:S800-S806. [PMID: 38384059 DOI: 10.4103/jcrt.jcrt_279_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Claudins are a clan of proteins that are the most important component of tight junctions. The claudin-4 expression has been linked to tumour cell invasion and progression in a variety of primary malignancies. Evaluation of lymphovascular density (LVD) correlates with tumour aggressiveness and may correlate with prognosis. D2-40 is a highly specific marker of lymphatic vessels. AIMS To evaluate the claudin-4 expression in relation to LVD by D2-40 expression and with clinicopathological parameters in prostatic adenocarcinoma. SETTINGS AND DESIGN Prospective study. MATERIALS AND METHODS 39 cases of prostatic adenocarcinoma were taken, the D2-40 and claudin-4 immunohistochemical stains were performed and correlation was done with clinicopathological parameters. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED Statistical analyses such as mean, median, standard deviation, Mann-Whitney U test, Fischer exact test, Spearman's rank-order correlation coefficient, Chi-square test and T-test were used. RESULTS The claudin-4 expression was seen higher in cases with higher Gleason score but it was statistically non-significant (P = 0.778). The claudin-4 expression did not correlate with any clinicopathological parameters. LVD in the peritumoral area was significantly higher as compared to the intratumoral area (P = 0.005). Intratumoral LVD and perineural invasion were found to be statistically significant (P = 0.048). CONCLUSION The claudin-4 expression may correlate with adverse prognostic parameters. Higher lymphatic vessels can be responsible for the higher metastatic potential of prostatic adenocarcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hardik Kabra
- Department of Pathology, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Nihar Ranjan Mohanty
- Department of Radiology, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Sukanta Tripathy
- Department of Pathology, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Madhusmita Mohanty
- Department of Pathology, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Urmila Senapati
- Department of Pathology, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Jayashree Rath
- Department of Pathology, Hi-tech Medical College, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
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Abstract
The lymphatic system, composed of initial and collecting lymphatic vessels as well as lymph nodes that are present in almost every tissue of the human body, acts as an essential transport system for fluids, biomolecules and cells between peripheral tissues and the central circulation. Consequently, it is required for normal body physiology but is also involved in the pathogenesis of various diseases, most notably cancer. The important role of tumor-associated lymphatic vessels and lymphangiogenesis in the formation of lymph node metastasis has been elucidated during the last two decades, whereas the underlying mechanisms and the relation between lymphatic and peripheral organ dissemination of cancer cells are incompletely understood. Lymphatic vessels are also important for tumor-host communication, relaying molecular information from a primary or metastatic tumor to regional lymph nodes and the circulatory system. Beyond antigen transport, lymphatic endothelial cells, particularly those residing in lymph node sinuses, have recently been recognized as direct regulators of tumor immunity and immunotherapy responsiveness, presenting tumor antigens and expressing several immune-modulatory signals including PD-L1. In this review, we summarize recent discoveries in this rapidly evolving field and highlight strategies and challenges of therapeutic targeting of lymphatic vessels or specific lymphatic functions in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lothar C Dieterich
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carlotta Tacconi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Ducoli
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Detmar
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Zhang Y, Liu Y, Shen D, Zhang H, Huang H, Li S, Ren J. Detection and prognostic value of intratumoral and peritumoral lymphangiogenesis in colorectal cancer. Transl Cancer Res 2020; 9:6189-6197. [PMID: 35117229 PMCID: PMC8798527 DOI: 10.21037/tcr-20-1038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Colorectal cancer (CRC) with lymphatic invasion is one of the critical prognostic factors in lymph node metastasis. Lymphangiogenesis has a significant effect on lymphatic metastasis and tumor progression. However, the significance of intratumoral and peritumoral lymphangiogenesis has been controversial in CRC. The aim of this study is to investigate the different role of introtumoral and peritumoral lymphangiogenesis in CRC progression and prognosis. Methods Lymphangiogenesis of 120 CRC specimens, as measured by lymphatic vessel density (LVD), was examined by immunostaining for podoplanin, a lymphatic vessel-specific marker. The mean number of lymphatic vessels of three hotspots was measured in intratumoral and peritumoral areas as intratumoral LVD (LVDit) and peritumoral LVD (LVDpt), respectively. The association of LVDit and LVDpt with the clinicopathological findings and prognosis was investigated. Results Compared to the peritumoral lymphatics, the intratumoral lymphatics were small, collapsed and irregular. The mean LVDpt was higher than the mean LVDit (P<0.001). LVDit was positively correlated with tumor size (P=0.009), tumor histologic grade (P=0.023), and overall survival (P=0.036). LVDpt was correlated with lymph node metastasis (P<0.001), tumor stage (P=0.004), and overall survival (P=0.016). Conclusions LVDpt plays a prominent role in lymph node metastasis, whereas LVDit is more closely correlated with tumor growth and histopathological differentiation. Both LVDpt and LVDit contribute to CRC progression and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbin Zhang
- Department of Peritoneal Cancer Surgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Oncology, Capital Medical University Cancer Center, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, the Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Peritoneal Cancer Surgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Danhua Shen
- Department of Pathology, Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyan Huang
- Department of Oncology, Capital Medical University Cancer Center, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, the Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Sha Li
- Department of Oncology, Capital Medical University Cancer Center, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, the Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Ren
- Department of Oncology, Capital Medical University Cancer Center, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, the Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Lin YC, Chen CC, Chen WM, Lu KY, Shen TL, Jou YC, Shen CH, Ohbayashi N, Kanaho Y, Huang YL, Lee H. LPA 1/3 signaling mediates tumor lymphangiogenesis through promoting CRT expression in prostate cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1863:1305-1315. [PMID: 30053596 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a bioactive lipid growth factor which is present in high levels in serum and platelets. LPA binds to its specific G-protein-coupled receptors, including LPA1 to LPA6, thereby regulating various physiological functions, including cancer growth, angiogenesis, and lymphangiogenesis. Our previous study showed that LPA promotes the expression of the lymphangiogenic factor vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C in prostate cancer (PCa) cells. Interestingly, LPA has been shown to regulate the expression of calreticulin (CRT), a multifunctional chaperone protein, but the roles of CRT in PCa progression remain unclear. Here we investigated the involvement of CRT in LPA-mediated VEGF-C expression and lymphangiogenesis in PCa. Knockdown of CRT significantly reduced LPA-induced VEGF-C expression in PC-3 cells. Moreover, LPA promoted CRT expression through LPA receptors LPA1 and LPA3, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (eIF2α). Tumor-xenografted mouse experiments further showed that CRT knockdown suppressed tumor growth and lymphangiogenesis. Notably, clinical evidence indicated that the LPA-producing enzyme autotaxin (ATX) is related to CRT and that CRT level is highly associated with lymphatic vessel density and VEGF-C expression. Interestingly, the pharmacological antagonist of LPA receptors significantly reduced the lymphatic vessel density in tumor and lymph node metastasis in tumor-bearing nude mice. Together, our results demonstrated that CRT is critical in PCa progression through the mediation of LPA-induced VEGF-C expression, implying that targeting the LPA signaling axis is a potential therapeutic strategy for PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueh-Chien Lin
- Department of Life Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; Department of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Chien-Chin Chen
- Department of Pathology, Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi 600, Taiwan; Department of Cosmetic Science, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 71710, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Min Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Ying Lu
- Department of Life Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Tang-Long Shen
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yeong-Chin Jou
- Department of Urology, Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi 600, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Huang Shen
- Department of Urology, Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi 600, Taiwan
| | - Norihiko Ohbayashi
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yasunori Kanaho
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yuan-Li Huang
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
| | - Hsinyu Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; Institute of Biomedical Electronic and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; Center for Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
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Bai WK, Zhang W, Hu B. Vascular endothelial growth factor suppresses dendritic cells function of human prostate cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2018; 11:1267-1274. [PMID: 29563805 PMCID: PMC5846303 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s161302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Prostate cancer (PCa) patients often have dendritic cell (DC) function defects, but the mechanism is not clear. The aim of this study was to detect the effect of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in mature DCs. Patients and methods In this study, we chose 30 PCa patients, 10 prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) patients and 30 benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) patients, and compared the composition of peripheral blood T cells, the composition and function of local dendritic cells in prostate tissue, and the density of local VEGF. Results The results showed that the numbers of total DCs, mature and functional DCs, and CD4+ T cells were inhibited in PCa, and the inhibitory effect was enhanced with increased malignancy. In addition, the infiltration density of VEGF-positive cells was increased in PCa, and this increase was associated with an increased malignant degree of PCa. The inhibition of tumor immunity in patients with PCa is achieved by inhibiting the function of dendritic cells. Conclusion VEGF plays an important role in the inhibition of the maturation and function of dendritic cells, and this inhibition is gradually increased with an increasing malignant degree of PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Kun Bai
- Department of Ultrasound in Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated 6th People's Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Ultrasound in Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated 6th People's Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Hu
- Department of Ultrasound in Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated 6th People's Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Pan Z, Lu X, Zhao J, Gao Q, Wang J. VEGF-C is positively associated with lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic metastasis in rectal cancer. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2018; 11:1777-1783. [PMID: 31938284 PMCID: PMC6958173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Rectal cancer is a common malignancywith a less than 5-year postoperative survival rate. Although it often metastasizes via the lymph and blood, the detailed mechanism of this process remains unclear. This study investigated the relationship between vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C) expression and lymphangiogenesis, as well as its relation to lymphatic metastasis of rectal cancer. To address this question, VEGF-C expression in rectal cancer and normal tissue adjacent to tumor was assessed by immunohistochemistry. The lymphatic endothelial cell-specific marker D2-40 was used to label lymphatic endothelial cells and the lymphatic vessel density (LVD) was subsequently quantified. As expected, the expression of VEGF-C in rectal cancer (75%) was significantly higher than in normal adjacent tissue (25%), and this level correlated with differentiation, Dukes stage, and lymph node metastasis, though not with sex or age. The LVD was higher in VEGF-C positive rectal cancer than in VEGF-C negative rectal cancer, and was also higher in lymphatic metastases than in non-lymphatic metastases. These results indicate that expression of VEGF-C may impact the prognosis of rectal cancer via its effect on the formation of new lymphatic vessels. This represents a significant advance in the study of the genesis and development of rectal cancer, and may have value in clinical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhubin Pan
- Department of General Surgery of Anhui Provincial Children’s HospitalHefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xianying Lu
- Department of General Surgery of Anhui Provincial Children’s HospitalHefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jindu Zhao
- Department of General Surgery of Anhui Provincial Children’s HospitalHefei, Anhui, China
| | - Qun Gao
- Department of General Surgery of Anhui Provincial Children’s HospitalHefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Children’s Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhou, China
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Zhu T, Hu X, Wei P, Shan G. Molecular background of the regional lymph node metastasis of gastric cancer. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:3409-3414. [PMID: 29556271 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.7813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the deadliest types of cancer in the world. Lymph node (LN) metastasis is a complex and malignant behavior of GC, involving a sequence of biological processes, including decreased adherence to adjacent cells, extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation and lymphatic channel permeation. LN metastasis is directly associated with the treatment response, local recurrence and long-term survival of patients with GC. Therefore, the molecular mechanisms of LN metastasis in GC development require further investigation. Recently, a large number of clinical studies have focused on the molecular mechanisms and biological markers of tumor invasion and metastasis. However, few articles have broadly summarized LN metastasis in GC, and the molecular mechanisms of LN metastasis are not yet fully understood. In the present review, the molecular mechanisms of LN metastasis in GC will be discussed, including the following aspects: Cell adhesion and movement, ECM degradation, new vessel formation, and molecular pattern differences between metastatic LNs and the primary tumor. This review may lead to a better understanding of LN metastasis in GC, and the identification of new diagnostic markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Zhu
- Department of Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, P.R. China
| | - Xueqian Hu
- Department of Oncology, Ningbo Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315000, P.R. China
| | - Pinkang Wei
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, P.R. China
| | - Guangzhi Shan
- Department of Oncology, Ningbo Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315000, P.R. China
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Dai L, Peng XX, Tan EM, Zhang JY. Tumor-associated antigen CAPERα and microvessel density in hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncotarget 2017; 7:16985-95. [PMID: 26934653 PMCID: PMC4941365 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE CAPERα, a tumor-associated antigen, was identified from a cDNA clone with autoantibody from a patient with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). It has been implicated, by way of alternative splicing of VEGF pre-mRNA, in the regulation of microvessel formation in Ewing's sarcoma. In this study, we looked for possible association of alterations in CAPERα with microvessel density in HCC. METHODS Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using recombinant CAPERα as antigen were used to detect antibody against CAPERα. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) on liver sections was performed to analyze expression profiles of CAPERα, VEGF and CD34 in HCC and control tissues and was further used to assess the correlation of expression among CAPERα, VEGF and CD34 in HCC development. RESULTS Autoantibody to CAPERα was highest in HCC (22/76, 28.9%), not detected in prostate cancer (0/79) and at 3.4% (3/88) in breast cancer. In immunohistochemical analysis of grades II and III HCC tissues, significantly decreased immunostaining for CAPERα was observed and this correlated directly with decreased immunostaining for VEGF (R=0.534, P=0.0003). Using CD34 immunostaining for detecting newly formed microvessels, strong staining was observed in grades II and III HCC. Normal liver sections, all of which have high expression of CAPERα were totally negative for CD34 immunostaining. A significant inverse correlation was seen between CAPERα and CD34 immunostaining (R=-0.481, P=0.0012). CONCLUSIONS Decreased expression of CAPERα appears to be correlated with appearance of microvessels. It would be of interest to elucidate the cause of altered CAPERα since new formation of microvessels is important in progression of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Dai
- Department of Biological Sciences & NIH-Sponsored Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Xuan-Xian Peng
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Eng M Tan
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jian-Ying Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences & NIH-Sponsored Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
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11
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Benharroch D, Prinsloo I, Gopas J, Lazarev I. Lymphangiogenesis in Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma - Preliminary Study with Clinicopathological Correlations. J Cancer 2016; 7:2117-2123. [PMID: 27877228 PMCID: PMC5118676 DOI: 10.7150/jca.16389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A role for lymphangiogenesis in metastatic breast and prostate cancers has been suggested recently. The relevance of lymphangiogenesis in cancer as a rule, and more specifically in classical Hodgkin lymphoma, is poorly understood in comparison with that of angiogenesis. In a preliminary (pilot) study we have investigated the role of lymphatic vessels growth in 19 cases of classical Hodgkin lymphoma stained with the D2-40 (podoplanin) antibody. In each case, three lymphatic vessels hot spots were scrutinized twice. Of the 57 hot spots thus identified, we chose 15 at random for photography, microvessel counting and image analysis. We determined the mean perimeter, surface area, major axis length and complexity factor for each hot spot and correlated them with clinical and biological features of classical Hodgkin lymphoma. No correlations were found with clinical features. No associations were noted with the standard immuno-markers of classical Hodgkin lymphoma. However, significant inverse correlations were shown with pRb, BAX and IκB-α expression. The mean lymphatic major axis length was inversely correlated with the complexity factor. Last, we carried out an additional clinicopathological correlation of the expression of pRb, BAX and IκB-α in a cohort of classical Hodgkin lymphoma patients previously published.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Benharroch
- Departments of Pathology, Soroka University Medical Center, and Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva
| | - Isebrand Prinsloo
- Departments of Pathology, Soroka University Medical Center, and Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva
| | - Jacob Gopas
- Departments of Oncology, Soroka University Medical Center, and Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva;; Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Irena Lazarev
- Departments of Oncology, Soroka University Medical Center, and Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva
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Correlation of intratumoral lymphatic microvessel density, vascular endothelial growth factor C and cell proliferation in salivary gland tumors. Med Mol Morphol 2016; 50:17-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s00795-016-0142-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Dieterich LC, Detmar M. Tumor lymphangiogenesis and new drug development. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 99:148-160. [PMID: 26705849 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Traditionally, tumor-associated lymphatic vessels have been regarded as passive by-standers, serving simply as a drainage system for interstitial fluid generated within the tumor. However, with growing evidence that tumors actively induce lymphangiogenesis, and that the number of lymphatic vessels closely correlates with metastasis and clinical outcome in various types of cancer, this picture has changed dramatically in recent years. Tumor-associated lymphatic vessels have now emerged as a valid therapeutic target to control metastatic disease, and the first specific anti-lymphangiogenic drugs have recently entered clinical testing. Furthermore, we are just beginning to understand the whole functional spectrum of tumor-associated lymphatic vessels, which not only concerns transport of fluid and metastatic cells, but also includes the regulation of cancer stemness and specific inhibition of immune responses, opening new venues for therapeutic applications. Therefore, we predict that specific targeting of lymphatic vessels and their function will become an important tool for future cancer treatment.
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Liu Z, Wang J, Mao Y, Zou B, Fan X. MicroRNA-101 suppresses migration and invasion via targeting vascular endothelial growth factor-C in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Oncol Lett 2015; 11:433-438. [PMID: 26870229 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of non-coding RNAs 18-25 nucleotides in length, which play important roles in the regulation of cancer progression through gene silencing. miRNA (miR)-101 has been suggested to be associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the detailed role of miR-101 in HCC metastasis and the underlying mechanism remain largely unclear. The present study demonstrated that the expression of miR-101 was significantly reduced in HCC tissues compared with that in matched normal adjacent tissues. miR-101 was also found to be downregulated in four HCC cell lines compared with its expression in a normal liver cell line. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C was further identified as a direct target of miR-101, and the protein expression of VEGF-C was downregulated by miR-101 in HepG2 HCC cells. Furthermore, the overexpression of miR-101 and the knockdown of VEGF-C significantly inhibited HepG2 cell migration and invasion, while restoration of VEGF-C reversed the inhibitory effect of miR-101 overexpression on HepG2 cell migration and invasion. Finally, the expression of VEGF-C was notably increased in HCC tissues and cell lines. These findings suggest that miR-101 exerts a suppressive effect on HCC cell migration and invasion, at least in part through the direct inhibition of VEGF-C protein expression. Therefore, the miR-101/VEGF-C axis may serve as a potential therapeutic target for HCC metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, P.R. China; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shenzhen Hospital, Peking University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518036, P.R. China
| | - Jingjie Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, P.R. China
| | - Yuqing Mao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, P.R. China
| | - Bing Zou
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shenzhen Hospital, Peking University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518036, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoming Fan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, P.R. China
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Radi DA, Abd-Elazeem MA. Prognostic Significance of Lymphatic Vessel Density Detected by D2-40 and Its Relation to Claudin-4 Expression in Prostatic Adenocarcinoma. Int J Surg Pathol 2015; 24:219-26. [PMID: 26464161 DOI: 10.1177/1066896915611488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Background Lymphovascular invasion is an important pathway of metastatic spread and regional lymph node metastasis is the major prognostic factor in prostatic adenocarcinoma. D2-40 is used to identify the lymphatic vessels and to assess the lymphatic vessel density (LVD). Expression of claudin-4 may be related to invasion and progression of carcinoma cells in several primary tumors. Aim To evaluate intra- and peritumoral LVD through immunohistochemical expression of D2-40 in relation to claudin-4 expression and clinicopathological parameters in prostatic adenocarcinoma. Materials and Methods Immunohistochemical staining procedure was performed on 53 paraffin-embedded blocks of radical prostatectomy specimens for prostatic adenocarcinoma using anti D2-40 and claudin-4 antibodies. Sections were evaluated for mean LVD in intratumoral and peritumoral tissues assessed by D2-40 expression. Results LVD in intratumoral tissues was significantly lower compared with peritumoral areas (P = .0001). Peritumoral mean LVD was significantly higher in cases with lymphovascular invasion (P = .041) and in cases with positive lymph node metastasis (P = .003) than intratumoral mean LVD. High claudin-4 expression was significantly correlated with high tumor grade (P = .0001), lymphovascular invasion (P = .006), and positive lymph node metastasis (P = .004). High claudin-4 expression was significantly associated with increased mean LVD in peritumoral tissues. Conclusion Increased peritumoral mean LVD in prostatic adenocarcinoma is associated with lymphovascular invasion and positive lymph node metastasis. High claudin-4 expression is associated with high tumor grade, lymphocascular invasion, positive lymph node metastasis, and high mean peritumoral LVD suggesting that D2-40 and claudin-4 may represent different mechanisms of lymphatic vessel invasion with both biomarkers is related to poor prognosis.
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Yang Z, Wang YG, Su K. VEGF-C and VEGF-D expression and its correlation with lymph node metastasis in esophageal squamous cell cancer tissue. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 16:271-4. [PMID: 25640364 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.1.271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To explore vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C) and VEGF-D expression and its correlation with lymph node metastasis in esophageal squamous cell cancer (ESCC) tissue. MATERIALS AND METHODS Immunohistochemical methods were applied to detect the levels of VEGF-C and VEGF-D expression in 64 surgicall removal ESCC tissues, tissues adjacent to cancer and normal tissues, and the relationship between VEGF-C and VEGF-D expression and lymph node metastasis was analyzed. RESULTS Both VEGF-C and VEGF-D were expressed by varying degrees in esophageal cancer tissue, the tissue adjacent to cancer and normal tissue, and the positive expression rate went down successively. The positive expression rates of VEGF-C (59.4%) and VEGF-D (43.8%) in esophageal cancer tissue were significantly higher than in the tissue adjacent to cancer (34.4%, 15.6%) and normal tissue (20.3%, 12.5%), respectively, in which significant differences were manifested (p<0.01). Positive expression rates of VEGF-C and VEGF-D in esophageal cancers with lymph node metastasis were markedly higher than without such metastasis (p<0.01), while those in the tissue with TNM staging I~II were markedly lower than that with TNM staging III~IV (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS Both VEGF-C and VEGF-D are highly expressed in ESCC tissue, which may be related to the lymph node metastasis of cancer cells. Hence, VEGF-C and VEGF-D can be clinically considered as important reference indexes of lymph node metastasis in esophageal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeng Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China E-mail :
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Ma X, Hui Y, Lin L, Wu Y, Zhang X, Liu P. Clinical significance of COX-2, GLUT-1 and VEGF expressions in endometrial cancer tissues. Pak J Med Sci 2015; 31:280-4. [PMID: 26101475 PMCID: PMC4476326 DOI: 10.12669/pjms.312.6604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the clinical significance of COX-2, GLUT-1 and VEGF expressions in endometrial cancer tissues. METHODS One hundred and eight tissue samples from the patients with endometrial cancer enrolled in our hospital from August 2011 to July 2014 were selected, including 60 normal tissue samples (normal group), 60 neoplastic tissue samples (neoplastic group) and 60 cancer tissue samples (cancer group). All the samples were subjected to immunohistochemical assay to detect the expressions of COX-2, GLUT-1 and VEGF. The clinical data were also investigated for correlation analysis. RESULTS The positive rates of COX-2 in normal group, neoplastic group and cancer groups were 3.3%, 21.7% and 55.0% respectively. The positive rates of GLUT-1 in normal group, neoplastic group and cancer groups were 3.3%, 25.0% and 70.0% respectively. The positive rates of VEGF in normal group, neoplastic group and cancer groups were 1.7%, 23.3% and 63.3% respectively. With increasing stage of such cancer, decreasing degree of differentiation and lymphatic metastasis, the positive expression rates of COX-2, GLUT-1 and VEGF proteins were raised significantly (P<0.05). Spearman's correlation analysis showed that the expressions of COX-2 and GLUT-1 (r=0.207, P<0.05), COX-2 and VEGF (r=0.243, P<0.05), as well as GLUT-1 and VEGF (r=0.758, P<0.05) were positively correlated. CONCLUSION COX-2, GLUT-1 and VEGF were highly prominent in endometrial cancer, especially in the patients with low degree of differentiation, late stage and metastasis. They functioned synergistically in the onset and progression of this cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Ma
- Xiaoping Ma, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Qilu Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, P.R. China. Liaocheng People's Hospital and Clinical Teaching Hospital, Taishan Medical College, Liaocheng 252000, Shandong Province, P.R. China
| | - Yuzuo Hui
- Yuzuo Hui, Department of Neurosurgery, Liaocheng People's Hospital and Clinical Teaching Hospital, Taishan Medical College, Liaocheng 252000, Shandong Province, P.R. China
| | - Li Lin
- Li Lin, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Qilu Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, P.R. China. Liaocheng People's Hospital and Clinical Teaching Hospital, Taishan Medical College, Liaocheng 252000, Shandong Province, P.R. China
| | - Yu Wu
- Yu Wu, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Liaocheng People's Hospital and Clinical Teaching Hospital, Taishan Medical College, Liaocheng 252000, Shandong Province, P.R. China
| | - Xian Zhang
- Xian Zhang, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Liaocheng People's Hospital and Clinical Teaching Hospital, Taishan Medical College, Liaocheng 252000, Shandong Province, P.R. China
| | - Peishu Liu
- Peishu Liu, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Qilu Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, P.R. China. Liaocheng People's Hospital and Clinical Teaching Hospital, Taishan Medical College, Liaocheng 252000, Shandong Province, P.R. China
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OSAWA YUKI, YOKOYAMA YOSHIHITO, SHIGETO TATSUHIKO, FUTAGAMI MASAYUKI, MIZUNUMA HIDEKI. Decreased expression of carbonyl reductase 1 promotes ovarian cancer growth and proliferation. Int J Oncol 2014; 46:1252-8. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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