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Mohideen K, Chandrasekaran K, M K, T J, Dhungel S, Ghosh S. Assessment of Antioxidant Enzyme Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) in Oral Cancer: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. DISEASE MARKERS 2024; 2024:2264251. [PMID: 38525070 PMCID: PMC10960654 DOI: 10.1155/2024/2264251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Objective The present article aims to comprehensively review the existing literature on superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels, an antioxidant enzyme, in oral cancer. Method An extensive literature search was conducted across various databases, including PubMed, Wiley Online Library, Science Direct, and Cross Reference, spanning 1998-2023. At the outset, 1,177 articles were initially identified, and 907 studies were excluded due to irrelevance or duplication of the research question. Subsequently, 270 articles underwent screening evaluation, resulting in the selection of 85 articles meeting the inclusion criteria. Following this, 68 articles underwent a full-text comprehensive assessment, and ultimately, 39 were chosen for data extraction. The risk of bias in the designated articles was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Finally, 13 studies were meticulously selected, offering consistent data for the ensuing meta-analysis. Meta-analysis was executed using comprehensive meta-analysis (CMA) version 3 software (Bio Stat Inc., Englewood, NJ, USA). The meta-analysis findings revealed a statistically significant decrease in SOD levels in both erythrocyte samples (P < 0.001) and tissue samples (P < 0.05) among individuals with oral cancer (OSCC) compared to the normal control group. Conversely, the analysis of three studies on salivary samples demonstrated a significant increase (P < 0.05) in SOD levels in the oral cancer group compared to the healthy controls. Conclusion This systematic review underscores a statistically significant decline in SOD levels observed across diverse bio-samples in individuals with oral cancer, indicating an excess of oxidative stress (OS). Additional research is needed to delve into the relationship between SOD levels and clinic-pathological prognostic markers within the oral cancer cohort. Such investigations have the potential to significantly contribute to the development of prognostic tools grounded in OS, thereby guiding strategies for treatment planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadijah Mohideen
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sathyabama Dental College and Hospital, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai 600119, India
| | | | - Kareema M
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sathyabama Dental College and Hospital, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai 600119, India
| | - Jeyanthikumari T
- Department of Prosthodontics and Implantology, Tamil Nadu Government Dental College and Hospital, The Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R. Medical University, Muthusamy Salai, Chennai 600003, India
| | - Safal Dhungel
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Medical Sciences, Bharatpur 44200, Nepal
| | - Snehashish Ghosh
- Department of Oral Pathology, College of Medical Sciences, Bharatpur 44200, Nepal
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Youssef SSM, Ibrahim NK, El-Sonbaty SM, El-Din Ezz MK. Rutin Suppresses DMBA Carcinogenesis in the Breast Through Modulating IL-6/NF-κB, SRC1/HSP90 and ER-α. Nat Prod Commun 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x221118213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rutin dietary supplements may offer pharmacological benefits as anticancer and antiinflammatory properties. This study aimed to investigate the inhibitory and protective effect of rutin on signaling pathways of mammary gland carcinogenesis expermintally induced in female rats by 7,12-di-methyl benz (a) anthracene (DMBA). Results showed that rutin administration ameliorated DMBA toxicity and carcinogic effect on kidney and liver revealed by a significant decrease of urea and creatinine levels, and the activity of the liver enzymes alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). The antioxidant state indicated by the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was significantly increased accompanied by a reduction in the inflammatory markers of interleukin-1β (IL-1B), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) with induction of apoptosis indicated by a significant increase in caspase-3 level. Rutin significantly reduced the levels of the tumor markers carcinoma antigen 15-3 (CA 15-3) and proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src1 (Src1). along with downregulation of nuclear factor-kB (NF-κB), heat shock protein 90 (HSP 90), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene expression. The present study demonstrated the beneficial anticancer activity of rutin as a protective and therapeutic agent. Rutin induces its antitumor activity through elevation of the antioxidant state, inhibition of inflammatory cytokines, downregulation of oncogenes expression, and stimulation of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nashwa K Ibrahim
- National Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Egypt
| | - Sawsan M El-Sonbaty
- National Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Egypt
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Shah S, Kalal BS. Oxidative stress in cervical cancer and its response to chemoradiation. Turk J Obstet Gynecol 2019; 16:124-128. [PMID: 31360587 PMCID: PMC6637784 DOI: 10.4274/tjod.galenos.2019.19577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Cervical cancer (CaCx) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death among women worldwide, with the great social and economic burden. Diagnoses in early stages can decrease mortality and morbidity rates. This study was conducted to evaluate the status of serum total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and malondialdehyde (MDA) and copper concentrations among patients with CaCx to determine the level of oxidative stress and effect on which of chemoradiation. Materials and Methods: Fifty patients with histopathologically proven CaCx who visited the department of oncology & gynaecology and 50 age-matched healthy females were selected for the study. Serum TAC, MDA, and copper were estimated in both study groups. The effect of chemoradiation on these was estimated in patients with CaCx. Results: The mean ± standard deviation age of the patients was 43.98±6.38 years, whereas that of the controls was 31.56±6.84 years. The mean serum copper and MDA concentrations in the patients was significantly higher as compared with the controls, whereas the mean TAC in the patients was reduced when compared with the controls. After chemoradiation, there was a significant increase and decrease in TAC and MDA, respectively, after chemoradiotherapy, whereas the changes in the copper concentrations were insignificant. Conclusion: These results suggest that patients with CaCx were in oxidative stress because the oxidative parameters in serum (copper, MDA) were increased and the defensive TAC was decreased in patients with CaCx and chemoradiotherapy improved their anti-oxidant capacity. Further studies are needed to evaluate the concurrent use of antioxidants with chemoradiotherapy for improving the disease prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saiqa Shah
- Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Yenepoya Medical College, Department of Biochemistry, Mangaluru, India.,Vydehi Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Department of Biochemistry, Bengaluru, India
| | - Bhuvanesh Sukhlal Kalal
- Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Yenepoya Medical College, Department of Biochemistry, Mangaluru, India.,A. J. Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, A. J. Research Centre, Mangaluru, India
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Role of Antioxidants in Minor Salivary Glands Cancer in the Elderly. J Craniofac Surg 2019; 30:823-828. [PMID: 30829887 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000005172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Minor salivary gland tumors (MSGTs) are infrequent, representing 10% to 15% of all salivary neoplasms. Despite this low frequency, a significant increase in the incidence of these tumors has been reported in the lasts 30 years. While tumors of the salivary glands can appear at any age, different authors consider the peak of incidence to be associated with old age (60+). The etiopathogenesis of MSGTs remains unclear. In this context, the aim of this study was to explore the hypothesis that age-related changes in salivary antioxidant capacity are involved in the pathogenesis of minor salivary glands tumors to identify possible preventive measures.Furthermore the study aimed to describe the clinico-pathological features of a multi-institutional case series of MSGTs which results are consistent with data in the literature. METHODS An electronic search of the English language literature was performed using PubMed and Google scholar (<scholar.google.com>). Databases were screened for papers using a number of search strings constructed using relevant terms (minor salivary glands tumors, elderly, diet, antioxidant, saliva, salivary glands). RESULTS According to the world literature, the peak of incidence of MSGTs is between the fifth and seventh decades of life. To date, the only confirmed risk factor for salivary gland tumors is the exposure to ionizing radiation. The significantly reduced salivary antioxidant capacity in old people may explain the higher prevalence of these tumors in the elderly population. CONCLUSIONS Further investigation is required to determine the real etiopathogenesis of MSGTs and why these tumors result more frequent in elderly patients.
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Sardaro N, Della Vella F, Incalza MA, DI Stasio D, Lucchese A, Contaldo M, Laudadio C, Petruzzi M. Oxidative Stress and Oral Mucosal Diseases: An Overview. In Vivo 2019; 33:289-296. [PMID: 30804105 PMCID: PMC6506298 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.11474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and free radicals are physiologically produced during cellular metabolism. When their balance is disrupted in favor of ROS, a condition called oxidative stress occurs. Oxidative stress represents a widespread phenomenon involved in several pathological conditions. The aim of the present review was to report current knowledge on oxidative stress related to oral mucosal diseases. MATERIALS AND METHODS Articles from 2000 to 2018 were selected for relevance, validity and quality, from results obtained in PubMed, MEDLINE and Google Scholar using the following search terms: oxidative stress and oral lichen, oral pemphigus, aphthous stomatitis, oral leukoplakia, oral cancer, oral squamous cell carcinoma and oral carcinoma. All articles were independently screened for eligibility by the authors. RESULTS This narrative review integrates extensive information from all relevant published studies focusing on oxidative stress in oral mucosal diseases. We outline the pathogenetic function of oxidative stress in the most frequent inflammatory, potentially malignant and malignant diseases of the oral mucosa and provide detailed findings from human research. CONCLUSION Although variability in findings between individual studies exists, it justifies the conclusion that oxidative stress is a significant process in the oral mucosal diseases pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Sardaro
- Section of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Organs of Sense, School of Medicine, Aldo Moro University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Fedora Della Vella
- Section of Dentistry, Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Aldo Moro University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Angela Incalza
- Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, School of Medicine, Aldo Moro University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Dario DI Stasio
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical, Surgical and Dental Specialties, Luigi Vanvitelli University of Campania, Naples, Italy
| | - Alberta Lucchese
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical, Surgical and Dental Specialties, Luigi Vanvitelli University of Campania, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Contaldo
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical, Surgical and Dental Specialties, Luigi Vanvitelli University of Campania, Naples, Italy
| | - Claudia Laudadio
- Section of Dentistry, Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Aldo Moro University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Massimo Petruzzi
- Section of Dentistry, Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Aldo Moro University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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Sadaksharam J. Significance of Serum Nitric Oxide and Superoxide Dismutase in Oral Submucous Fibrosis and Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Comparative Study. Contemp Clin Dent 2018; 9:283-288. [PMID: 29875574 PMCID: PMC5968696 DOI: 10.4103/ccd.ccd_11_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: This study aimed at comparative analysis of serum nitric oxide (NO) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels as therapeutic and prognostic biomarkers in patients with oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Materials and Methods: Eighty-seven patients were grouped into Group I (n = 29, OSMF), Group II (n = 29, oral SCC), and Group III (n = 29, controls). Two ml of venous blood was collected from patients after overnight fast to avoid any dietary influence on the serum beta-carotene. Standard protocols were followed in transfer, storage, and processing of blood. Modified copper-cadmium reduction method for rapid assay to estimate the serum NO and Enzychrom™ SOD assay kit to determine SOD levels were used. Results: The mean level of NO level in Group I, Group II, and Group III was 42.49, 50.08, and 32.81, respectively, and mean level of SOD in Group I, Group II, and Group III were 207.65, 196.93, and 226.57, respectively. The P values were calculated and were statistically significant (<0.001). Conclusion: An increase in level of oxidant NO in OSMF followed by SCC and decrease in level of antioxidant SOD in OSMF followed by SCC were noted. These levels of NO and antioxidant SOD can be used as prognostic and therapeutic biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayachandran Sadaksharam
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Tamil Nadu Government Dental College and Hospital, Affiliated to Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R. Medical University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Klotz B, Kneitz S, Regensburger M, Hahn L, Dannemann M, Kelso J, Nickel B, Lu Y, Boswell W, Postlethwait J, Warren W, Kunz M, Walter RB, Schartl M. Expression signatures of early-stage and advanced medaka melanomas. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 208:20-28. [PMID: 29162497 PMCID: PMC5936653 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma is one of the most aggressive tumors with a very low survival rate once metastasized. The incidence of newly detected cases increases every year suggesting the necessity of development and application of innovative treatment strategies. Human melanoma develops from melanocytes localized in the epidermis of the skin to malignant tumors because of deregulated effectors influencing several molecular pathways. Despite many advances in describing the molecular changes accompanying melanoma formation, many critical and clinically relevant molecular features of the transformed pigment cells and the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. To contribute to a better understanding of the molecular processes of melanoma formation, we use a transgenic medaka melanoma model that is well suited for the investigation of melanoma tumor development because fish and human melanocytes are both localized in the epidermis. The purpose of our study was to gain insights into melanoma development from the first steps of tumor formation up to melanoma progression and to identify gene expression patterns that will be useful for monitoring treatment effects in drug screening approaches. Comparing transcriptomes from juvenile fish at the tumor initiating stage with nevi and advanced melanoma of adults, we identified stage specific expression signatures and pathways that are characteristic for the development of medaka melanoma, and are also found in human malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Klotz
- Physiological Chemistry, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany.
| | - Susanne Kneitz
- Physiological Chemistry, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany.
| | - Martina Regensburger
- Physiological Chemistry, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany.
| | - Lena Hahn
- Physiological Chemistry, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany.
| | - Michael Dannemann
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Janet Kelso
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Birgit Nickel
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Yuan Lu
- The Xiphophorus Genetic Stock Center, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 419 Centennial Hall, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX, 78666, USA
| | - William Boswell
- The Xiphophorus Genetic Stock Center, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 419 Centennial Hall, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX, 78666, USA
| | - John Postlethwait
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, OR 97401, USA
| | - Wesley Warren
- Genome Sequencing Center, Washington University School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park Blvd., St Louis, MO, 63108, USA
| | - Manfred Kunz
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University of Leipzig, Philipp-Rosenthal-Str. 23, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ronald B. Walter
- The Xiphophorus Genetic Stock Center, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 419 Centennial Hall, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX, 78666, USA
| | - Manfred Schartl
- Physiological Chemistry, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany.
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
- Hagler Institute for Advanced Study and Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA
- Corresponding author: Prof. Dr. Manfred Schartl, Tel.: +49 931 31 84148; fax: +49 931 31 84150. (M. Schartl)
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Adaki R, Raikar S, Shigli K, Gali S. Prosthetic rehabilitation of a geriatric patient with squamous cell carcinoma of the buccal mucosa: A report of clinical challenges. Int J Pharm Investig 2017; 7:107-110. [PMID: 28929054 PMCID: PMC5553262 DOI: 10.4103/jphi.jphi_17_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: This article aims to highlight the rehabilitation of a geriatric patient with an orofacial cheek defect by an extraoral silicone prosthesis. Methodology: Structured extra- and intra-oral examination of tissues coupled with a justified choice of impression materials, techniques, and prosthetic rehabilitation with a high-temperature vulcanizing silicone was done. Results: The presence of compressible tissues, static appearance of the prosthesis during patient's facial movements, variability in complexion of the skin around the defect, and manipulating heat-vulcanized silicone were the challenges faced during clinical procedures. Rehabilitation of orofacial defects is a challenge to the maxillofacial prosthodontist due to limited material properties, soft-tissue mobility, compromised retention of prostheses, and poor patient acceptance. The fabrication of a facial prosthesis is as much an art as it is science. Prosthetic form, coloration, and texture of the prosthesis must be indiscernible from the surrounding tissues. Prosthetic reconstruction helps in restoring functional disability and aids in raising the morale of the patient. Prosthetic options of rehabilitation include interim and definitive conventional adhesive-retained or implant-retained prostheses. Initially, vulcanite rubber and acrylic resins were used for reconstruction. Conclusion: We report clinical challenges during extraoral rehabilitation of orofacial tissues with a silicone cheek prosthesis such as impression making and shade matching during restoration in a geriatric patient. The use of silicone maxillofacial elastomers allowed intrinsic, extrinsic coloring and ease of construction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghavendra Adaki
- Department of Prosthodontics, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University Dental College and Hospital, Sangli, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sarvesh Raikar
- Department of Prosthodontics, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University Dental College and Hospital, Sangli, Maharashtra, India
| | - Kamal Shigli
- Department of Prosthodontics, DY Patil Dental School, Lohegaon, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sivaranjani Gali
- Faculty of Dental Sciences, M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Rubio CP, Hernández-Ruiz J, Martinez-Subiela S, Tvarijonaviciute A, Ceron JJ. Spectrophotometric assays for total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in dog serum: an update. BMC Vet Res 2016; 12:166. [PMID: 27526688 PMCID: PMC4986369 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0792-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this review is to study the main spectrophotometric methods used to evaluate total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in serum samples of dogs. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) is an analyte frequently used to assess the antioxidant status of biological samples and can evaluate the antioxidant response against the free radicals produced in a given disease. Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), and cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) are different assays described to determine TAC of a sample. This review explains the basis of each assay and their application in the determination of TAC in dogs, and also provides selected information about reports in humans for comparative purposes. It is concluded that, ideally, various different assays integrated in a panel should be used for TAC evaluation, since depending on the assay performed TAC results can be markedly different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Peres Rubio
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis Interlab-UMU, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, 30100, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Josefa Hernández-Ruiz
- Department of Plant Biology (Plant Physiology), Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Silvia Martinez-Subiela
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis Interlab-UMU, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, 30100, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Asta Tvarijonaviciute
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis Interlab-UMU, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, 30100, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.,Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, University Autonoma of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Joaquin Ceron
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis Interlab-UMU, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, 30100, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
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