Lactoferrin from Camelus dromedarius Inhibits Nuclear Transcription Factor-kappa B Activation, Cyclooxygenase-2 Expression and Prostaglandin E2 Production in Stimulated Human Chondrocytes

The immunomodulatory effects of lactoferrin and its derived peptides on NF-κB signaling pathway: A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Lactoferrin is a versatile protein with important modulatory functions in inflammation and immune response. This glycoprotein can bind and sequester iron and LPS, thereby intervening in certain signaling pathways and biological processes. In the present meta-analysis, we aimed to pool experimental data regarding the immunomodulatory effects of lactoferrin and its derived peptides on the NF-κB signaling pathway.

MATERIALS

We searched PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science databases and obtained all related articles published before April 2022. Finally, 25 eligible studies were selected, and their reports were analyzed.

METHODS

We used Review Manager Version 5.2 to compute the standardized mean difference (SMD) and its 95% confidence interval. In addition, the source of heterogeneity was explored using meta-regression and sensitivity analysis. The symmetry of the funnel plot and Egger's test were also used to evaluate publication bias utilizing Comprehensive Meta-Analysis Version 2.

RESULTS

Comparing the group of cells and animals exposed to lipopolysaccharide alone with the group that received pretreatment with lactoferrin and its derivatives, we observed significant reductions in TNF-α, IL-1 beta, and IL-6 levels by 8.73 pg/mL, 2.21 pg/mL, and 3.24 pg/mL, respectively, in the second group. Additionally, IKK-β, p-IκB, and NF-κB (p65) levels were significantly lower by 7.37-fold, 15.02-fold, and 3.88-fold, respectively, in various cells and tissues.

CONCLUSION

Based on the results of this meta-analysis, lactoferrin and its derived peptides can be considered potent prophylactic and therapeutic candidates against inflammation-associated diseases by targeting the NF-kB pathway.

The Effects of 12 Weeks Colostrum Milk Supplementation on the Expression Levels of Pro-Inflammatory Mediators and Metabolic Changes among Older Adults: Findings from the Biomarkers and Untargeted Metabolomic Analysis

Senescence is a normal biological process that is accompanied with a series of deteriorations in physiological function. This study aimed to investigate the effects of bovine colostrum milk supplementation on metabolic changes and the expression of various biomarkers on inflammation, antioxidant and oxidative damage, nutrient metabolism, and genomic stability among older adults. Older adults (50-69 years old) who participated in the 12-week randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial were instructed to consume the IgCo bovine colostrum-enriched skim milk or regular skim milk (placebo) twice daily. Following 12 weeks of intervention, participants in the intervention group had lower expression levels in pro-inflammatory mediators (CRP, IL-6, and TNF-α), with significant (p < 0.05) interaction effects of the group and time observed. However, no significant interaction effect was observed in the vitamin D, telomerase, 8-OHdG, MDA, and SOD activities. UPLC-MS-based untargeted metabolomics analysis revealed that 22 metabolites were upregulated and 11 were downregulated in the intervention group compared to the placebo group. Glycerophospholipid metabolism, along with cysteine and methionine metabolism were identified as the potential metabolic pathways that are associated with bovine colostrum milk consumption. In conclusion, consuming bovine colostrum milk may induce metabolic changes and reduce the expression of various pro-inflammatory mediators, thus improving the immune function in older adults.

The Role Played by Ferroptosis in Osteoarthritis: Evidence Based on Iron Dyshomeostasis and Lipid Peroxidation

Ferroptosis, a recently discovered regulated cell death modality, is characterised by iron-dependent accumulation of lipid hydroperoxides, which can reach lethal levels but can be specifically reversed by ferroptosis inhibitors. Osteoarthritis (OA), the most common degenerative joint disease, is characterised by a complex pathogenesis involving mechanical overload, increased inflammatory mediator levels, metabolic alterations, and cell senescence and death. Since iron accumulation and oxidative stress are the universal pathological features of OA, the role played by ferroptosis in OA has been extensively explored. Increasing evidence has shown that iron dyshomeostasis and lipid peroxidation are closely associated with OA pathogenesis. Therefore, in this review, we summarize recent evidence by focusing on ferroptotic mechanisms and the role played by ferroptosis in OA pathogenesis from the perspectives of clinical findings, animal models, and cell research. By summarizing recent research advances that characterize the relationship between ferroptosis and OA, we highlight avenues for further research and potential therapeutic targets.

Potential of honey against the onset of autoimmune diabetes and its associated nephropathy, pancreatitis, and retinopathy in type 1 diabetic animal model

Honey has been used as a traditional remedy for various health benefits. This study investigated the potential of honey against the onset of autoimmune diabetes and its associated secondary complications in type 1 diabetic (T1D) experimental animals. Autoimmune diabetes was induced in Sprague Dawley rats, and at the same time, the rats were treated with honey or metformin. Sandwich ELISAs were used to estimate blood glucose, hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c), total cholesterol, and triglycerides. Histopathological examinations determined the T1D-induced lesions on kidneys, pancreas, cornea, and retina. Treatment of rats with honey during the course of T1D induction showed a significant reduction in fasting-blood-glucose and HbA1c (p < 0.01), and total lipid profile was also improved (p < 0.05). Not only these, but honey also reduced the T1D-induced lesions in the kidney, pancreas, and cornea/retina (p < 0.05). Metformin showed similar effects and was used as a positive control. In conclusion, honey showed therapeutic potential against the onset of autoimmune diabetes, as it reduces blood glucose/HbA1c and improves the lipid profile by reducing the plasma levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoproteins (LDL), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), and triglycerides. Moreover, it also showed protective potential against the development of diabetic nephropathy, pancreatitis, and retinopathy.

Honey polyphenolic fraction inhibits cyclooxygenase-2 expression via upregulation of microRNA-26a-5p expression in pancreatic islets

Objectives

Honey total polyphenolic fraction (HTPF) is reported to have anti-disease potential, however the role of HTPF in the regulation of microRNAs (miRNAs) has never been investigated. This study was undertaken to investigate the potential of HTPF against inflammation via regulation of miRNAs in pancreatic islets of Langerhans.

Methods

Pancreatic islets were isolated from C57BL/6 mice and HTPF was purified from honey. Bioinformatics algorithms were used to determine miRNA target genes. Expression of miRNA and mRNA was determined using their specific taqman assays. Pairing between miRNA and 3′ untranslated region (3′UTR) of mRNA was confirmed using luciferase reporter clone containing the 3′UTR of mRNA sequences and results were verified by transfection of mouse pancreatic β-cell line Min6 with miRNA inhibitors.

Results

The data showed that mmu-miR-26a-5p is a direct regulator of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression and HTPF inhibits COX-2 expression or prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production via up-regulating mmu-miR-26a-5p expression. Transfection of islets with anti-miR-26a-5p significantly enhanced COX-2 expression and PGE2 production ( p < .01), while HTPF treatment significantly inhibited anti-miR-26a-5p transfection-induced COX-2 expression or PGE2 production ( p < .05). These findings were further verified in pancreatic β-cells Min6. Moreover, the data also determined that HTPF also inhibits glucose-induced nuclear transcription factor (NF)-κB activity.

Conclusion

HTPF suppresses glucose-induced PGE2 production and activation of NF-κB via negative regulation of COX-2 and mmu-miR26a-5p. These novel pharmacological actions of HTPF on glucose-stimulated pancreatic islets provide new suggestions that HTPF or HTPF-derived compounds inhibit glucose induced inflammation in pancreas by up-regulating the expression of microRNAs.

Iron homeostasis in arthropathies: From pathogenesis to therapeutic potential

Iron is an essential element for proper functioning of cells within mammalian organ systems; in particular, iron homeostasis is critical for joint health. Excess iron can induce oxidative stress damage, associated with the pathogenesis of iron-storage and ageing-related diseases. Therefore, iron levels in body tissues and cells must be tightly regulated. In the past decades, excess iron content within joints has been found in some patients with joint diseases including hemophilic arthropathy, hemochromatosis arthropathy, and osteoarthritis (OA). Currently, increased evidence has shown that iron accumulation is closely associated with multiple pathological changes of these arthropathies. This review summarizes system-level and intracellular regulation of iron homeostasis, and emphasizes the role of iron in synovial alterations, cartilage degeneration, and subchondral bone of several arthropathies. Of note, we discuss the potential link between iron homeostasis and OA pathogenesis. Finally, we discuss the therapeutic potential of maintaining iron homeostasis in these arthropathies.

Lactoferrin and Its Potential Impact for the Relief of Pain: A Preclinical Approach

Pain is one of the most disabling symptoms of several clinical conditions. Neurobiologically, it is classified as nociceptive, inflammatory, neuropathic and dysfunctional. Opioids and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are conventionally prescribed for the treatment of pain. Long-term administration of opioids results in the loss of analgesic efficacy, leading to increased dosage, tolerance, and addiction as the main drawbacks of their use, while the adverse effects of NSAIDs include gastric ulcer formation, intestinal bleeding, acute kidney injury, and hepatotoxicity. Lactoferrin is an iron-binding, anti-inflammatory glycoprotein that displays analgesic activities associated, in part, by interacting with the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP), which may result in the regulation of the DAMP-TRAF6-NFκB, NO-cGMP-ATP K⁺-sensitive channel and opioid receptor signaling pathways. This review summarizes and discusses for the first time the analgesic effects of lactoferrin and its presumable mechanisms based on pre-clinical trials. Given its anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties, lactoferrin may be used as an adjunct to enhance the efficacy and to decrease the tolerogenic effects of canonical therapeutic drugs prescribed for pain treatment.

The Antioxidant Resveratrol Protects against Chondrocyte Apoptosis by Regulating the COX-2/NF-κB Pathway in Created Temporomandibular Osteoarthritis

Temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJOA) is characterized by chronic inflammatory degradation of mandibular condylar cartilage (MCC). Studies have found a positive correlation between inflammation and cyclooxygenase- (COX-) 2 in OA pathology. NF-κB is a crucial transcription factor of inflammatory and immune responses in the cause of TMJOA pathology. Resveratrol (RES) plays a critical role in antioxidation and anti-inflammation. But, studies on the effects of RES on TMJOA are very limited. So, the purpose of this study is to investigate the antioxidant and protective effects of RES against MCC degradation through downregulating COX-2/NF-κB expression. In vitro studies, the MCC cells were divided into three groups: the NC group, OA group, and RES group. The optimum dose of RES (10 μM) was determined. The TMJOA model of mice was created by injection of collagenase. And mice were injected with RES (100 μg/10 μl) 3 times one week for 4 weeks in the RES group. The expressions of COX-2, P65, MMP1, MMP13, COL2, and ACAN were measured by RT-PCR. Morphological changes of MCC were studied with HE staining. The results showed that inflammation could induce MCC degradation in vitro and vivo, while RES could reverse the degradation. Meanwhile, RES could downregulate COX-2/NF-κB/MMP expression and increase cartilage markers in vitro and vivo studies. The results indicated that RES treatment had antioxidant effects against chondrocyte apoptosis by downregulating the COX-2/NF-κB pathway in created TMJOA.

Arrabidaea chica Verlot fractions reduce MIA-induced osteoarthritis progression in rat knees

This study aims to investigate the activity of n-hexane, ethyl acetate and butanol fractions obtained from Arrabidaea chica Verlot against MIA-induced osteoarthritis (OA). The antinociceptive potentials of each fraction were evaluated through a cyclooxygenase (COX) 1 and 2 inhibition test and an in vivo OA-model. In addition, toxicity assessments in the liver, spleen and kidney, as well as radiographic and histopathological knee analyses, were performed. The chemical composition of the n-hexane fraction was elucidated, and a molecular docking protocol was carried out to identify which compounds are associated with the detected bioactivity. The n-hexane A. chica fraction preferentially inhibits COX-2, with 90% inhibition observed at 10 µg/mL. The fractions also produced significant improvements in OA incapacity, motor activity and hyperalgesia parameters and in radiological knee conditions. However, concerning the histopathological evaluations, these improvements were only significant in the hexane and ethyl acetate fraction treatments, which resulted in better average scores, suggesting that these fractions slow OA-promoted joint injury progression. Histopathological organ analyses indicate that the fractions are not toxic to animals. Twenty compounds were identified in the n-hexane fraction, comprising fatty acids, terpenes and phytosterols. In silico analyses indicate the presence of favourable interactions between some of the identified compounds and the COX-2 enzyme, mainly concerning alpha-tocopherol (Vitamin E), squalene and beta-sitosterol. The findings indicate that A. chica fractions display analgesic, anti-inflammatory properties, are non-toxic and are able to slow OA progression, and may, therefore, be prioritized as natural products in OA human clinical trials.

Silver Citrate Nanoparticles Inhibit PMA-Induced TNFα Expression via Deactivation of NF-κB Activity in Human Cancer Cell-Lines, MCF-7

Background

The nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) is a major transcription factor responsible for the production of numerous inflammatory mediators, including the tumor necrosis factor (TNFα), which has a lethal association with cancer’s onset. The silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are widely used in cancer treatment and several other biomedical applications.

Objective

The study aimed to determine the effects of silver citrate nanoparticles (AgNPs-CIT) on NF-κB activation together with TNFα mRNA/protein expressions in the phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)-stimulated MCF-7 human breast cancer cell-lines.

Methods

The AgNPs-CIT were synthesized by the reduction method, and the prepared AgNPs-CIT were characterized for their shape, absorption in UV-VIS electromagnetic radiations, size distribution, ζ-potential, and antioxidant activity. The MCF-7 cell-lines were pretreated with AgNPs-CIT and stimulated with PMA. The TNFα mRNA expressions were determined by real-time PCR, whereas the protein production was determined by the ELISA. The NF-κB activity was distinctly observed by highly-specific DNA-based ELISA, and by NF-κB-specific inhibitor, Bay 11–7082.

Results

The prepared AgNPs-CIT were spherical and have an absorption wavelength range of 381–452 nm wherein the particles size ranged between 19.2±0.1 to 220.77±0.12 nm with the charge range −9.99±0.8 to −34.63±0.1 mV. The prepared AgNPs-CIT showed comparative antioxidant activity at >40% inhibitions level of the DPPH radicals. The AgNPs-CIT were found to be non-toxic to MCF-7 cell-lines and inhibited PMA-induced activation of the NF-κBp65, and also the mRNA/protein expression of TNFα.

Conclusion

This is the first report that showed AgNPs-CIT inhibited TNFα expression via deactivation of the NF-κB signaling event in stimulated breast cancer cells. The results have important implications for the development of novel therapeutic strategies for the prevention/treatment of cancers and/or inflammatory disorders.

Aminoguanidine inhibits IL-1β-induced protein expression of iNOS and COX-2 by blocking the NF-κB signaling pathway in rat articular chondrocytes

Osteoarthritis is a chronic joint disease which has a serious impact on the health and quality of life of affected humans and animals. As an inhibitor of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), aminoguanidine (AG) displays anti-inflammatory effects. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of AG on the expression of iNOS and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and the activity of the NF-κB signaling pathway in rat chondrocytes stimulated by interleukin-1β (IL-1β). The viability of chondrocytes treated with AG (0.3, 1 or 3 mM) alone was determined using a Cell Counting Kit-8 assay. Subsequently, the chondrocytes were treated with either 10 ng/ml IL-1β alone, or co-treated with increasing concentrations of AG (0.3, 1 or 3 mM) and 10 ng/ml IL-1β. The protein levels of COX-2, iNOS, phosphorylated (p)-p65, p65, p-NF-κβ inhibitor α (IκBα), IκBα, p-inhibitor of NF-κβ-β (IKKβ) and IKKβ were evaluated by western blotting. NF-κB translocation was determined by immunofluorescence analysis. Western blotting and reverse transcription-quantitative PCR were used to detect expression levels of relevant proteins/genes. The results suggested that the inhibitory effect of AG on the protein and gene expression levels of iNOS and COX-2 in IL-1β-treated chondrocytes was dose-dependent. In addition, AG decreased the level of phosphorylation of IKKβ, IκBα and NF-κB p65, the degradation of IKKβ, IκBα and p65, and the translocation of NF-κB in IL-1β-stimulated chondrocytes. The most significant inhibitory effect of AG was observed at a concentration of 1 mM. Therefore, the present study suggested that AG may serve as a potential agent to reduce the inflammatory response of chondrocytes stimulated by IL-1β.

Absence of CD74 Isoform at 41kDa Prevents the Heterotypic Associations between CD74 and CD44 in Human Lung Adenocarcinoma-derived Cells

Lung cancer is a leading cause of cancer-associated death in all over the globe. This study was undertaken to determine the expression and interaction of membrane-bound receptors CD74 and CD44 in human lung adenocarcinoma cells and their associated signaling was also attempted. Levels of CD74 and CD44 were studied in human lung adenocarcinoma-evolved cells A549 and H460. CD74-mediated downstream signaling was studied by the nuclear-transcription-factor NF-κB and prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) production. Flow-cytometric analysis showed that both CD74 and CD44 were perfectly expressed in A549 cells. Importantly, Western immunoblotting showed that A549 cells expressed only two isoforms of CD74 at 33 and 35 kDa but isoform at 41 kDa was absent. These results were verified in H460 cells. Confocal microscopy showed CD74 and CD44 was colocalized but heterotypic interaction between them was missing in both A549 and H460 cells. Activation of NF-κB and production of PGE₂ in human lung cancer cells were comparable with other cancer cells. In conclusion, this is the first study that shows A549 and H460 cells expressed two distinctive isoforms of CD74 but isoform at 41 kDa was absent. Due to the absence of this isoform, the direct physical interaction between them CD74 and CD44 was lacking. Furthermore, the data also demonstrated that lacking of direct physical interaction between CD74 and CD44 had no effect on NF-κB activation and PGE₂ production indicating that CD74-mediated downstream signaling occurs either through coreceptors or indirect interaction with CD44 in human lung cancer cells.

ABBREVIATION

CD: cluster of differentiation; SCLC: small cell lung cancer; NSCLC: nonsmall cell lung cancer; SCC: squamous cell carcinoma; ADC: adenocarcinoma; LCC: large cell carcinoma.

Effect of bacillus bacterial extracts on the expression of major histocompatibility complex Class I and Class II receptors on MDA-MB 231 breast cancer cells

OBJECTIVE

The expression of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-ABC and HLA-DR is linked to the development of breast cancer. This study was aimed to determine the effect of bacillus bacterial extracts on the expression of the major histocompatibility complexes (MHC) Class I and Class II receptors on breast cancer cells.

METHODS

The expression of HLA-ABC and HLA-DR was assessed by flow cytometry and confocal microscope on the human breast tumor cell lines MDA-MB-231, which used a readily accessible model system. It is postulated that the HLA-ABC and HLA-DR receptors might be regulated by bacillus bacterial extracts designated (RA10, RA4, RA7, and RA16).

RESULTS

It was observed that the treatment of cell line MDA-MB-231 with the RA10 resulted in an upregulation of the cell surface expression of the HLA-A, B, C receptors. It was observed that RA10 has the capacity to reduce the expression of HLA-A, B, C, it also shows a detectable degree of cytotoxicity when used at high concentrations. The data show that the cell surface expression of HLA-ABC is higher than HLA-DR. No significant changes of HLA-DR expression were observed on MDA-MB-231 cell lines.

CONCLUSIONS

Improved understanding of the connection between HLA-ABC, HLA-DR, and bacterial extracts such as RA10 may lead to the development of drug design and therapies related to breast cancer condition in which these receptors are involved.

Accelerated Osteogenic Differentiation of MC3T3-E1 Cells by Lactoferrin-Conjugated Nanodiamonds through Enhanced Anti-Oxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of lactoferrin (LF)-conjugated nanodiamonds (NDs) in vitro on both anti-oxidant and anti-inflammation activity as well as osteogenic promotion. The application of LF-NDs resulted in sustained release of LF for up to 7 days. In vitro anti-oxidant analyses performed using Dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCF-DA) assay and cell proliferation studies showed that LF (50 μg)-NDs effectively scavenged the reactive oxygen species (ROS) in MC3T3-E1 cells (osteoblast-like cells) after H₂O₂ treatment and increased proliferation of cells after H₂O₂ treatment. Treatment of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced MC3T3-E1 cells with LF-NDs suppressed levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). In addition, LF-NDs were associated with outstanding enhancement of osteogenic activity of MC3T3-E1 cells due to increased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and calcium deposition. Our findings suggest that LF-NDs are an important substrate for alleviating ROS effects and inflammation, as well as promoting osteogenic differentiation of cells.

Determination of Lactoferrin in Camel Milk by Ultrahigh-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Using an Isotope-Labeled Winged Peptide as Internal Standard

An ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for the determination of lactoferrin in camel milk based on the signature peptide. The camel lactoferrin was purified by heparin affinity chromatography and then used to screen tryptic signature peptides. The signature peptide was selected on the basis of sequence database search and identified from the tryptic hydrolysates of purified camel lactoferrin by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography and quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry. The pretreatment procedures included the addition of isotope-labeled winged peptide and the disposal of lipids and caseins followed by an enzymatic digestion with trypsin. Analytes were separated on an Acquity UPLC BEH 300 C18 column and then detected on a triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer in 7 min. The limits of detection and quantification were 3.8 mg kg⁻¹ and 11 mg kg⁻¹, respectively. The recoveries ranged from 74.5% to 103.6%, with relative standard deviations below 7.7%. The validated method was applied to determine the lactoferrin in ten samples collected from Xinjiang Province.

MicroRNA-125b-5p regulates IL-1β induced inflammatory genes via targeting TRAF6-mediated MAPKs and NF-κB signaling in human osteoarthritic chondrocytes

Abnormal post-transcriptional modulations in inflammatory genes by microRNAs (miRNAs) play a crucial role in human disorders including arthritis. In this study, we determined the effect of hsa-miR-125b-5p on interleukin (IL)-1β induced inflammatory genes in human osteoarthritic (OA) chondrocytes. Bioinformatics algorithms showed 3′untranslated region (3′UTR) of TRAF6 mRNA (NM_004620.3) has perfectly matched ‘seed-sequence’ for hsa-miR-125b-5p. Treatment of cells with IL-1β up-regulates TRAF6 mRNA and down-regulates hsa-miR-125b-5p expression. This negative correlation between TRAF6 and hsa-miR-125b-5p was verified by transfection with miR-125b mimic (pre-miR-125b). Moreover, transfection with miR-125b mimic caused marked inhibition of IL-1β-induced phosphorylation of p38-MAPK, JNK-MAPKs and ERK-MAPKs and also suppressed the nuclear levels of NF-κBp50, NF-κBp65 and inhibited the activation of IκBα. Furthermore, transfected chondrocytes with miR-125b mimic in the presence of IL-1β also showed marked inhibition in the secretion of several proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines and growth factors including IL-6, IL-8, INF-γ, TGF-β1, IGFBP-1 and PGDF-BB. Importantly, this transfection also significantly inhibited IL-1β- induced MMP-13 expression/production. In short, this study concludes that hsa-miR-125b-5p acts as a negative co-regulator of inflammatory genes including MMP-13 via targeting TRAF6/MAPKs/NF-κB pathway in human OA chondrocytes.

Towards frailty biomarkers: Candidates from genes and pathways regulated in aging and age-related diseases

OBJECTIVE

Use of the frailty index to measure an accumulation of deficits has been proven a valuable method for identifying elderly people at risk for increased vulnerability, disease, injury, and mortality. However, complementary molecular frailty biomarkers or ideally biomarker panels have not yet been identified. We conducted a systematic search to identify biomarker candidates for a frailty biomarker panel.

METHODS

Gene expression databases were searched (http://genomics.senescence.info/genes including GenAge, AnAge, LongevityMap, CellAge, DrugAge, Digital Aging Atlas) to identify genes regulated in aging, longevity, and age-related diseases with a focus on secreted factors or molecules detectable in body fluids as potential frailty biomarkers. Factors broadly expressed, related to several "hallmark of aging" pathways as well as used or predicted as biomarkers in other disease settings, particularly age-related pathologies, were identified. This set of biomarkers was further expanded according to the expertise and experience of the authors. In the next step, biomarkers were assigned to six "hallmark of aging" pathways, namely (1) inflammation, (2) mitochondria and apoptosis, (3) calcium homeostasis, (4) fibrosis, (5) NMJ (neuromuscular junction) and neurons, (6) cytoskeleton and hormones, or (7) other principles and an extensive literature search was performed for each candidate to explore their potential and priority as frailty biomarkers.

RESULTS

A total of 44 markers were evaluated in the seven categories listed above, and 19 were awarded a high priority score, 22 identified as medium priority and three were low priority. In each category high and medium priority markers were identified.

CONCLUSION

Biomarker panels for frailty would be of high value and better than single markers. Based on our search we would propose a core panel of frailty biomarkers consisting of (1) CXCL10 (C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10), IL-6 (interleukin 6), CX3CL1 (C-X3-C motif chemokine ligand 1), (2) GDF15 (growth differentiation factor 15), FNDC5 (fibronectin type III domain containing 5), vimentin (VIM), (3) regucalcin (RGN/SMP30), calreticulin, (4) PLAU (plasminogen activator, urokinase), AGT (angiotensinogen), (5) BDNF (brain derived neurotrophic factor), progranulin (PGRN), (6) α-klotho (KL), FGF23 (fibroblast growth factor 23), FGF21, leptin (LEP), (7) miRNA (micro Ribonucleic acid) panel (to be further defined), AHCY (adenosylhomocysteinase) and KRT18 (keratin 18). An expanded panel would also include (1) pentraxin (PTX3), sVCAM/ICAM (soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1/Intercellular adhesion molecule 1), defensin α, (2) APP (amyloid beta precursor protein), LDH (lactate dehydrogenase), (3) S100B (S100 calcium binding protein B), (4) TGFβ (transforming growth factor beta), PAI-1 (plasminogen activator inhibitor 1), TGM2 (transglutaminase 2), (5) sRAGE (soluble receptor for advanced glycosylation end products), HMGB1 (high mobility group box 1), C3/C1Q (complement factor 3/1Q), ST2 (Interleukin 1 receptor like 1), agrin (AGRN), (6) IGF-1 (insulin-like growth factor 1), resistin (RETN), adiponectin (ADIPOQ), ghrelin (GHRL), growth hormone (GH), (7) microparticle panel (to be further defined), GpnmB (glycoprotein nonmetastatic melanoma protein B) and lactoferrin (LTF). We believe that these predicted panels need to be experimentally explored in animal models and frail cohorts in order to ascertain their diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic potential.

Transitory presence of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in neonates is critical for control of inflammation

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) are pathologically activated and relatively immature myeloid cells, which are implicated in the immune regulation of many pathologic conditions^1,2. Phenotypically and morphologically MDSC are similar to neutrophils (PMN-MDSC) and monocytes (M-MDSC). However, they have potent suppressive activity, a distinct gene expression profile, and biochemical characteristics³. None or very few MDSC are observed in steady state physiological conditions. Therefore, until recently, accumulation of MDSC was considered as a consequence of pathological process or pregnancy. Here, we report that MDSC with a potent ability to suppress T cells are present during the first weeks of life in mice and humans. MDSC suppressive activity was triggered by lactoferrin and mediated by nitric oxide, PGE2, and S100A9/A8 proteins. Newborn MDSC had a transcriptome similar to that of tumor MDSC, but with a strong up-regulation of an antimicrobial gene network and had potent antibacterial activity. MDSC played a critical role in control of experimental necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in newborn mice. MDSC in infants with very low-weight, which are prone to the development of NEC, had lower MDSC levels and suppressive activity than infants with normal weight. Thus, the transitory presence of MDSC may be critical for regulation of inflammation in newborns.

Functional role of human interleukin-32 and nuclear transcription factor-kB in patients with psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis

OBJECTIVE

Inflammation and its associated cell signaling events have been well documented in psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. However, the potential for interleukin (IL)-32 and its associated signaling to provoke an inflammatory response or to contribute in the pathogenesis of psoriasis or psoriatic arthritis are still in early phase. This study determined the role of IL-32 and nuclear transcription factor (NF)-κB in patients with plaque psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis.

METHODS

Levels of IL-32 were determined in the plasma samples of patients with plaque psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, and normal healthy subjects by human IL-32-specific Sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. To investigate the role of a transcription factor in these patients, activated NF-κBp65 levels were determined in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) by highly sensitive NF-κB transcription factor kit.

RESULTS

The levels of IL-32 in the plasma samples of plaque psoriasis or psoriatic arthritis patients were found to be significantly higher as compared with the levels of IL-32 present in the normal human plasma samples (P < 0.01). Levels of activated NF-κB were also found higher in plaque psoriasis or psoriatic arthritic patients as compared with the PBMCs of healthy humans (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

This study shows the role of IL-32 and NF-κB in plaque psoriasis and psoriatic arthritic patients. Results indicate that IL-32 and NF-κB promote inflammation in patients with psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. Disruption of IL-32 or NF-κB signaling event might provide a novel target for the management of plaque psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis.

Antidiabetic efficacy of lactoferrin in type 2 diabetic pediatrics; controlling impact on PPAR-γ, SIRT-1, and TLR4 downstream signaling pathway

The current study aims to investigate the antidiabetic efficacy of camel milk-derived lactoferrin and potential involvement of PPAR-γ and SIRT-1 via TLR-4/NFκB signaling pathway in obese diabetic pediatric population. Sixty young obese patients with type 2 diabetes were selected from the Pediatric Endocrine Metabolic Unit, Cairo University and were randomly divided among two age and sex-matched groups so as to receive either standard therapy without lactoferrin in one arm or to be treated with oral lactoferrin capsules (250 mg/day, p.o) for 3 months in the other arm. Both groups were compared to 50 control healthy volunteers. Measurements of HbA1c, lipid profile, antioxidant capacity (SOD, Nrf2), proinflammatory interleukins; (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-18), Cyclin D-1, lipocalin-2, and PPAR-γ expression levels were done at the beginning and 3 months after daily consumption of lactoferrin. The mechanistic involvement of TLR4-SIRT-1-NFκB signaling cascade was also investigated. The antidiabetic efficacy of lactoferrin was confirmed by significant improvement of the baseline levels of HbA1c, BMI and lipid profile of the obese pediatric cohort, which is evidenced by increased PPAR-γ and SIRT-1 expression. Moreover, the anti-inflammatory effect was evident by the significant decrease in serum levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-18, TNF-α, lipocalin 2 in type 2 diabetic post-treatment group, which corresponded by decreased NFκB downstream signaling indicators. The antioxidant efficacy was evident by stimulated SOD levels and NrF2 expression; compared with the pre-treatment group (all at P ≤ 0.001). The consumption of high concentrations of lactoferrin explains its hypoglycemic efficacy and counts for its insulin-sensitizing, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects via TLR4-NFκB-SIRT-1 signaling cascade. Recommendations on regular intake of lactoferrin could ensure better glycemic control, compared to conventional antidiabetics alone.

Kaempferol Alleviates the Interleukin-1β-Induced Inflammation in Rat Osteoarthritis Chondrocytes via Suppression of NF-κB

Background

This study was designed to examine the anti-inflammatory and anti-osteoarthritis (OA) effects of kaempferol in rat articular chondrocytes stimulated with interleukin-1β.

Material/Methods

Rat articular chondrocytes cultures were treated with interleukin-1β alone or with kaempferol (25, 50, 100, and 200 μM) and interleukin-1β. The effect of kaempferol on chondrocyte cells viability was measured by MTT assay. The effect on prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and nitric oxide (NO) level were also assessed using the ELISA and Griess reagent, respectively, for kaempferol activity. Moreover, the expression of iNOS, Cox-2 and activation of NF-κB under influence of kaempferol was also assessed by Western blot.

Results

Kaempferol treatment (up to 100 μM) in a concentration-dependent way caused reduction in the interleukin-1β-stimulated formations of PGE2 and NO. Kaempferol also upregulated the expression of iNOS and Cox-2 in interleukin-1β-stimulated rat OA chondrocytes. Additionally, kaempferol was found to inhibit the IκBα degradation and NF-κB activation in rat chondrocytes stimulated with interleukin-1β.

Conclusions

Kaempferol significantly caused reduction in interleukin-1β-stimulated pro-inflammatory mediators in rat OA chondrocytes by inhibiting the NF-κB pathway. These results suggest that kaempferol had significant anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritis effects. Thus, kaempferol, as a novel therapeutic active agent, may prevent, stop, or retard the progression of OA.