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Ashraf MV, Khan S, Misri S, Gaira KS, Rawat S, Rawat B, Khan MAH, Shah AA, Asgher M, Ahmad S. High-Altitude Medicinal Plants as Promising Source of Phytochemical Antioxidants to Combat Lifestyle-Associated Oxidative Stress-Induced Disorders. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:975. [PMID: 39204080 PMCID: PMC11357401 DOI: 10.3390/ph17080975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2024] [Revised: 07/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress, driven by reactive oxygen, nitrogen, and sulphur species (ROS, RNS, RSS), poses a significant threat to cellular integrity and human health. Generated during mitochondrial respiration, inflammation, UV exposure and pollution, these species damage cells and contribute to pathologies like cardiovascular issues, neurodegeneration, cancer, and metabolic syndromes. Lifestyle factors exert a substantial influence on oxidative stress levels, with mitochondria emerging as pivotal players in ROS generation and cellular equilibrium. Phytochemicals, abundant in plants, such as carotenoids, ascorbic acid, tocopherols and polyphenols, offer diverse antioxidant mechanisms. They scavenge free radicals, chelate metal ions, and modulate cellular signalling pathways to mitigate oxidative damage. Furthermore, plants thriving in high-altitude regions are adapted to extreme conditions, and synthesize secondary metabolites, like flavonoids and phenolic compounds in bulk quantities, which act to form a robust antioxidant defence against oxidative stress, including UV radiation and temperature fluctuations. These plants are promising sources for drug development, offering innovative strategies by which to manage oxidative stress-related ailments and enhance human health. Understanding and harnessing the antioxidant potential of phytochemicals from high-altitude plants represent crucial steps in combating oxidative stress-induced disorders and promoting overall wellbeing. This study offers a comprehensive summary of the production and physio-pathological aspects of lifestyle-induced oxidative stress disorders and explores the potential of phytochemicals as promising antioxidants. Additionally, it presents an appraisal of high-altitude medicinal plants as significant sources of antioxidants, highlighting their potential for drug development and the creation of innovative antioxidant therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Vikas Ashraf
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri 185234, Jammu and Kashmir, India;
| | - Sajid Khan
- Department of Botany, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri 185234, Jammu and Kashmir, India;
| | - Surya Misri
- Section of Microbiology, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri 185234, Jammu and Kashmir, India;
| | - Kailash S. Gaira
- Sikkim Regional Centre, G.B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment, Pangthang, Gangtok 737101, Sikkim, India; (K.S.G.); (S.R.)
| | - Sandeep Rawat
- Sikkim Regional Centre, G.B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment, Pangthang, Gangtok 737101, Sikkim, India; (K.S.G.); (S.R.)
| | - Balwant Rawat
- School of Agriculture, Graphic Era University, Dehradun 24800, Utarakhand, India;
| | - M. A. Hannan Khan
- Department of Zoology, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri 185234, Jammu and Kashmir, India; (M.A.H.K.); (A.A.S.)
| | - Ali Asghar Shah
- Department of Zoology, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri 185234, Jammu and Kashmir, India; (M.A.H.K.); (A.A.S.)
| | - Mohd Asgher
- Department of Botany, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri 185234, Jammu and Kashmir, India;
| | - Shoeb Ahmad
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri 185234, Jammu and Kashmir, India;
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Sornchuer P, Thongsepee N, Wongsaroj L, Saninjuk K, Wattanaphansak S, Pongpamorn P, Paemanee A, Martviset P, Chantree P, Sangpairoj K. Garcinia dulcis Flower Extract Alters Gut Microbiota and Fecal Metabolomic Profiles of 2K1C Hypertensive Rats. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15020268. [PMID: 36678139 PMCID: PMC9862316 DOI: 10.3390/nu15020268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Garcinia dulcis (GD) extract has been found to have anti-hypertensive properties in animal studies. GD can also alter the colonic microbiota of rats. However, the effects of GD on changes in the gut microbiota and metabolomic profiles of normotensive and hypertensive rats are currently unknown. The purpose of this study was to evaluate changes in the gut microbiota and metabolomic profiles of 2-kidneys-1 clip (2K1C) hypertensive rats after feeding with GD flower extract. Rats were randomly divided into the following 4 groups: sham operation (SO) receiving corn oil (CO) (SO + CO), SO receiving GD (SO + GD), 2K1C receiving corn oil (2K1C + CO) and 2K1C receiving GD (2K1C + GD). Body weight (BW) and systolic blood pressure (SBP) were measured weekly throughout the study. Gut microbiota and fecal metabolites were measured from fresh fecal contents. Alpha diversity results demonstrated a similar microbial richness and diversity between groups. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size (LEfSe) suggested that GD treatment affected gut microbial community structure in both hypertensive and normotensive rats. Feeding rats with GD caused metabolic alterations that rendered 2K1C + GD rats similar to SO + CO and SO + GD rats. Findings suggest that the impact of GD on gut microbiota and metabolite profiles may be related to its anti-hypertensive properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phornphan Sornchuer
- Department of Preclinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Khlong Luang 12120, Thailand
- Thammasat University Research Unit in Nutraceuticals and Food Safety, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Khlong Luang 12120, Thailand
- Correspondence:
| | - Nattaya Thongsepee
- Department of Preclinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Khlong Luang 12120, Thailand
- Thammasat University Research Unit in Nutraceuticals and Food Safety, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Khlong Luang 12120, Thailand
| | | | | | - Suphot Wattanaphansak
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Pornkanok Pongpamorn
- National Omics Center, National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Khlong Luang 12120, Thailand
| | - Atchara Paemanee
- National Omics Center, National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Khlong Luang 12120, Thailand
| | - Pongsakorn Martviset
- Department of Preclinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Khlong Luang 12120, Thailand
- Thammasat University Research Unit in Nutraceuticals and Food Safety, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Khlong Luang 12120, Thailand
| | - Pathanin Chantree
- Department of Preclinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Khlong Luang 12120, Thailand
- Thammasat University Research Unit in Nutraceuticals and Food Safety, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Khlong Luang 12120, Thailand
| | - Kant Sangpairoj
- Department of Preclinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Khlong Luang 12120, Thailand
- Thammasat University Research Unit in Nutraceuticals and Food Safety, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Khlong Luang 12120, Thailand
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Kopilakkal R, Musuvathi BM. Evaluation of Hepatoprotective Activity of <i>Clerodendrum paniculatum</i> Leaf on Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Liver Toxicity Model in Swiss Albino Rats and Its Characterization by GC-MS. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2021; 20:1097-1109. [PMID: 32164520 DOI: 10.2174/1871530320666200312152331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clerodendrum paniculatum has ethnomedicinal importance in treatment of disorders like wound, typhoid, jaundice, malaria and anemia. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity of Clerodendrum paniculatum leaves against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced rat model and identification of its bioactive constituents by Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy (GC MS). METHODS Successive solvent extraction was carried out. Total phenolic, flavonoid content and antioxidant activity by 2,2- diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH), nitric oxide and 2-Azino-bis [3-ethyl benzothiazoline- 6-sufonic acid] (ABTS method) were done. Ethyl acetate extract was selected for hepatoprotective study in carbon tetrachloride intoxicated model followed by the measurement of liver function marker enzymes such as SGOT (Serum Glutamate Oxaloacetate Transaminase), SGPT (Serum Glutamate Pyruvate Transaminase), and ALP (Alkaline Phosphatase). Biochemical parameters like bilirubin and protein were measured. Histopathologic liver sections were carried out. Bioactive constituents were evaluated by GC MS. RESULTS By DPPH and ABTS method, ethyl acetate extract showed IC50 as 70.14±0.92 μg/ml,2958.24±2.460 μg/ml, respectively. The alcoholic extract showed maximum IC50 (197.22 ±7.16 μg/ml) by Nitric oxide radical scavenging method. Hepatoprotective study reveals that intoxicated animal groups have elevated levels of enzymes and bilirubin and suppress the production of protein. The extract pre-treatment showed a significant decrease in enzymes and increased production of total protein in a dose-dependent manner. Histopathologic studies also support the hepatoprotective activity. GC MS analysis revealed the presence of seven major bioactive constituents with ethyl palmitate as the major one. CONCLUSION The results support the proof for the hepatoprotective potential of the CPLE extract with potent antioxidant activity and enhanced liver enzyme level. The observed activity could be due to the presence of bioactive compounds as identified by GC MS analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remya Kopilakkal
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore - 632 014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Balamurali M Musuvathi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai campus, Vandalur-Kelambakkam Road, Chennai - 600 127, Tamil Nadu, India
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The potential effect of phytochemicals and herbal plant remedies for treating drug-induced hepatotoxicity: a review. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:4767-4788. [PMID: 34075538 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06444-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury significantly caused by synthetic drugs, and other xenobiotics contribute to clinical hepatic dysfunction, which has been a substantial challenge for both patients and physicians. Traditional medicines used as an alternative therapy because of their pharmacological benefits, less or no side effects, and enormous availability in nature. Phytochemicals are essential ingredients of plants that reduce necrotic cell death, restore the antioxidant defence mechanism, limit oxidative stress, and prevent the inflammation of tissue and dysfunction of the mitochondria. In this review, we principally focused on the potential effect of the herbal plants and their phytochemicals in treating drug-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Demenciano SDC, Silva MCBLE, Alexandrino CAF, Kato Junior WH, Figueiredo PDO, Garcez WS, Campos RP, Guimarães RDCA, Sarmento UC, Bogo D. Antiproliferative Activity and Antioxidant Potential of Extracts of Garcinia gardneriana. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25143201. [PMID: 32674257 PMCID: PMC7397228 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25143201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the antiproliferative activity, the antioxidant potential, and the chemical profile obtained from the whole fruit and from leaves of Garcinia gardneriana, a fruit tree from Brazilian Cerrado. To determine in vitro antiproliferative activity, the following neoplastic cell lines were considered, along with an immortalized nontumor cell line. The antioxidant potential was determined, and the evaluation of antiradical air activity was performed. The levels of vitamin C and carotenoids were determined. The chemical profile was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to a diode array detector and a mass spectrometer using electrospray ionization interface. The chloroform fraction of the leaf showed antioxidant activity. The vitamin C content had lower values in fruits and higher in leaves. The content of carotenoids for fruits and leaves was expressive. The ethanolic extract and the hexane and chloroform fractions of fruits were active in all neoplastic lines tested. The leaves showed cytotoxic activity in the hexane fraction in the breast carcinoma line. The analysis of data obtained verified the presence of dimers, monomers, and tetramers of hexoses, polycarboxylic acids, xanthones, flavonoids, biflavonoids, and benzophenones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone da Cunha Demenciano
- Molecular Biology and Cell Culture Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Foods and Nutrition (Facfan), Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Cidade Universitária, Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil; (S.d.C.D.); (M.C.B.L.eS.); (C.A.F.A.); (D.B.)
- Graduate Program in Health and Development in the Central-West Region of Brazil, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79079-900, Brazil;
| | - Magalli Costa Barbosa Lima e Silva
- Molecular Biology and Cell Culture Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Foods and Nutrition (Facfan), Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Cidade Universitária, Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil; (S.d.C.D.); (M.C.B.L.eS.); (C.A.F.A.); (D.B.)
- Graduate Program in Health and Development in the Central-West Region of Brazil, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79079-900, Brazil;
| | - Caroline Almeida Farias Alexandrino
- Molecular Biology and Cell Culture Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Foods and Nutrition (Facfan), Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Cidade Universitária, Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil; (S.d.C.D.); (M.C.B.L.eS.); (C.A.F.A.); (D.B.)
| | - Wilson Hino Kato Junior
- Laboratory PRONABio (Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Products)—Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Cidade Universitária, Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil; (W.H.K.J.); (P.d.O.F.); (R.P.C.)
| | - Patrícia de Oliveira Figueiredo
- Laboratory PRONABio (Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Products)—Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Cidade Universitária, Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil; (W.H.K.J.); (P.d.O.F.); (R.P.C.)
| | - Walmir Silva Garcez
- Graduate Program in Health and Development in the Central-West Region of Brazil, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79079-900, Brazil;
- Laboratory PRONABio (Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Products)—Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Cidade Universitária, Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil; (W.H.K.J.); (P.d.O.F.); (R.P.C.)
| | - Raquel Pires Campos
- Laboratory PRONABio (Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Products)—Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Cidade Universitária, Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil; (W.H.K.J.); (P.d.O.F.); (R.P.C.)
| | - Rita de Cássia Avellaneda Guimarães
- Graduate Program in Health and Development in the Central-West Region of Brazil, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79079-900, Brazil;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-67-3345-7416
| | - Ulana Chaves Sarmento
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Foods, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Foods, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Cidade Universitária, Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil;
| | - Danielle Bogo
- Molecular Biology and Cell Culture Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Foods and Nutrition (Facfan), Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Cidade Universitária, Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil; (S.d.C.D.); (M.C.B.L.eS.); (C.A.F.A.); (D.B.)
- Graduate Program in Health and Development in the Central-West Region of Brazil, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79079-900, Brazil;
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John OD, Mouatt P, Majzoub ME, Thomas T, Panchal SK, Brown L. Physiological and Metabolic Effects of Yellow Mangosteen ( Garcinia dulcis) Rind in Rats with Diet-Induced Metabolic Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:E272. [PMID: 31906096 PMCID: PMC6981489 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of disorders that increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes. This study has investigated the responses to rind of yellow mangosteen (Garcinia dulcis), usually discarded as waste, in a rat model of human metabolic syndrome. The rind contains higher concentrations of phytochemicals (such as garcinol, morelloflavone and citric acid) than the pulp. Male Wistar rats aged 8-9 weeks were fed either corn starch diet or high-carbohydrate, high-fat diet for 16 weeks, which were supplemented with 5% freeze-dried G. dulcis fruit rind powder during the last 8 weeks. We characterised metabolic, cardiovascular, liver and gut microbiota parameters. High-carbohydrate, high-fat diet-fed rats developed abdominal obesity, hypertension, increased left ventricular diastolic stiffness, decreased glucose tolerance, fatty liver and reduced Bacteroidia with increased Clostridia in the colonic microbiota. G. dulcis fruit rind powder attenuated these changes, improved cardiovascular and liver structure and function, and attenuated changes in colonic microbiota. G. dulcis fruit rind powder may be effective in metabolic syndrome by appetite suppression, inhibition of inflammatory processes and increased fat metabolism, possibly related to changes in the colonic microbiota. Hence, we propose the use of G. dulcis fruit rind as a functional food to ameliorate symptoms of metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver D. John
- Functional Foods Research Group, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia; (O.D.J.); (S.K.P.)
- School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia
| | - Peter Mouatt
- Southern Cross Plant Science, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia;
| | - Marwan E. Majzoub
- Centre for Marine Science and Innovation & School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; (M.E.M.); (T.T.)
| | - Torsten Thomas
- Centre for Marine Science and Innovation & School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; (M.E.M.); (T.T.)
| | - Sunil K. Panchal
- Functional Foods Research Group, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia; (O.D.J.); (S.K.P.)
| | - Lindsay Brown
- Functional Foods Research Group, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia; (O.D.J.); (S.K.P.)
- School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia
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Ge H, Chen Y, Chen J, Tian J, Liang X, Chen L. Evaluation of antioxidant activities of ethanol extract from Ligusticum subjected to in-vitro gastrointestinal digestion. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 119:417-424. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Zhang J, Wang D, Wu Y, Li W, Hu Y, Zhao G, Fu C, Fu S, Zou L. Lipid-Polymer Hybrid Nanoparticles for Oral Delivery of Tartary Buckwheat Flavonoids. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:4923-4932. [PMID: 29696978 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b00714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids rich in Tartary buckwheat (TBFs) are the acknowledged health-promoting substances, even with the low oral bioavailability due to its chemical instability in gastrointestinal tract and poor intestinal absorption. To obtain the enhanced oral delivery, TBFs, obtained by an environmentally friendly extraction strategy in advance with the amount of 7.66 ± 0.47 mg rutin/g, was incorporated in biocompatible lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles (LPNs). Its high encapsulation efficiency of 96.4% ± 1.1%, narrow size distribution of 61.25 ± 1.83 nm with spherical shape, and good storage stability were observed. Compared to free TBFs, TBFs/LPNs exhibited higher antioxidant activity and significant suppression on the pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion in RAW 264.7 macrophage. Moreover, the enhanced delivery of TBFs/LPNs was also embodied in the improved transmembrane transport in Caco-2 monolayer, suggesting its better intestinal absorption, and significantly immune-enhancing efficacy in immunosuppressed mice. These results demonstrated the new perspectives of Tartary buckwheat flavonoids-loaded nanosystem for pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinming Zhang
- School of Pharmacy , Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Chengdu 611137 , China
| | - Di Wang
- College of Pharmacy and Chemistry , Dali University , Dali , Yunnan 671000 , China
| | - Yihan Wu
- School of Pharmacy , Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Chengdu 611137 , China
| | | | | | | | - Chaomei Fu
- School of Pharmacy , Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Chengdu 611137 , China
| | - Shu Fu
- School of Pharmacy , Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Chengdu 611137 , China
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