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Alqarni A, Shamsudeen SM, Mannakandath ML, Asif SM, Alassiri S, Assiri KI. Comparison of gender identification using exfoliated cells obtained from toothbrush and miswak: A longitudinal study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e38401. [PMID: 38847720 PMCID: PMC11155579 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000038401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Gender identification plays a pivotal role in forensic medicine. Among the various methods used for gender identification, deoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA) based methods are considered accurate. Exfoliated oral mucosal cells that are harvested from oral hygiene aids can be potentially used for gender identification using real-time polymerase chain rection (PCR). The aim of the present longitudinal study is to assess and compare the efficacy of toothbrush and miswak as potential tools to harvest exfoliated cells for gender identification. Forty healthy volunteers were recruited and asked to clean their teeth using new toothbrush and fresh miswak each day for 4 days. Toothbrush and miswak used by the participants were subjected to DNA analysis immediately, 1st, 2nd and 6th month. The absorbance of DNA samples were quantified and gender identification was done by amplification of sex determining gene-Sex determining region Y gene (SRY) and ALT1 genes using real-time PCR. The number of correct and positive identification for samples at various time points were tabulated and subjected to statistical analysis. Post hoc power analysis showed that the study had a power of 93%. Correct and positive gender identification was observed for the samples (100%) obtained using miswak, for tooth brush it reduced to 95%, 80%, and 35% at the end of 1st, 2nd, and 6th month. The differences seen at the end of 2nd month and 6th month were statistically significant. Miswak is a better tool to harvest exfoliated cells for gender identification when compared to a toothbrush. Hence, miswak can serve as a potential tool in forensic medicine for DNA extraction and subsequently victim identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Alqarni
- Department of Dental Diagnostic Science & Oral Biology King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shaik Mohamed Shamsudeen
- Department of Dental Diagnostic Science & Oral Biology King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Shaik Mohammed Asif
- Department of Dental Diagnostic Science & Oral Biology King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saeed Alassiri
- Department of Dental Diagnostic Science & Oral Biology King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalil Ibrahim Assiri
- Department of Dental Diagnostic Science & Oral Biology King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
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Prasad P, Jaber M, Y. D, Ramani P, Arafat A, Khairy A. SRY gene isolation from teeth for forensic gender identification-An observational study. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0294751. [PMID: 38170699 PMCID: PMC10763931 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Personal identification in forensics is possible with gender determination using DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) analysis. DNA isolation from teeth samples subjected to extreme temperatures has been shown to predict the gender of the deceased. However, the literature lacks studies on DNA extracted from tooth samples exposed to freezing temperatures. This study aimed to isolate the SRY gene from the extirpated pulp of teeth that were subjected to varying temperatures for gender identification. Thirty teeth with vital pulps, divided into 3 groups were included in the study. Each group consisted of 5 male and 5 female tooth samples. The groups were exposed to diverse environmental factors for three weeks. Group 1: room temperature (R group); Group 2: high temperature (H group) and Group 3: freezing temperature (F group). Later, DNA was isolated from the pulp tissue, and the SRY gene was amplified using PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction). The Sensitivity and Specificity of the results were analyzed. SRY gene detected in the study samples identified accurate gender with a 46.70% Sensitivity and 93.30% Specificity. Significant difference was found in the correlation between gene expression and gender among the three groups (p = 1.000). The study validates that dental pulp tissue can be a reliable source for DNA extraction. And SRY gene amplification from teeth exposed to diverse environmental conditions. Further investigations are required to validate its application in forensics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prathibha Prasad
- Basic Dental Sciences Department, College of Dentistry, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
- Center of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohamed Jaber
- Center of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
- College of Dentistry, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Dinesh Y.
- Department of Oral Pathology, College of Dentistry, Saveetha University, Thandalam, India
| | - Prathibha Ramani
- Department of Oral Pathology, College of Dentistry, Saveetha University, Thandalam, India
| | | | - Abdalla Khairy
- College of Dentistry, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
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G M, Govindarajan S, Veeraraghavan V, Varadarajan S, Balasubramaniam A, R D. Used Toothbrush as a Potential Source of Gene Expression Among Subjects With Systemic Disease and Adverse Habits. Cureus 2022; 14:e31391. [DOI: 10.7759/cureus.31391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Sujatha G, Veeraraghavan VP, Alamoudi A, Bahammam MA, Bahammam SA, Alhazmi YA, Alharbi HS, Alzahrani KJ, Al-Ghamdi MS, Alzahrani FM, Varadarajan S, Raj AT, Patil S. Role of Toothbrushes as Gene Expression Profiling Tool for Oral Cancer Screening in Tobacco and Alcohol Users. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:8052. [PMID: 35805720 PMCID: PMC9266251 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19138052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
AIM The use of toothbrushes was investigated as a potential RNA source and gene expression profiling tool for oral cancer screening in tobacco and alcohol users. METHODOLOGY A total of 20 subjects were selected on the basis of inclusion and exclusion criteria. They were divided into two groups: group I-healthy controls (n = 6); group II-individuals who consume tobacco and alcohol (n = 14). After the volunteers brushed their teeth using a soft-bristle toothbrush with ~0.5 gm of toothpaste, the toothbrushes were collected, and the gene expression of BAX, BCL2, CDK4, CKDN2A, GNB3, and TCF7L2 was assessed. RESULTS The gene expression of BAX decreased significantly in alcoholics and smokers (0.13867 ± 0.12014), while the gene expression of BCL2 increased in alcoholics and smokers (1.91001 ± 0.90425) in comparison with healthy controls (p = 0.0054 and p = 0.0055). Although there was increased expression of CDK4, CKDN2A, and TCF7L2 and decreased expression of GNB3 in smokers and alcoholics, the results were not significant. CONCLUSIONS A toothbrush is a good source of RNA, and gene expression analysis can be performed using the genetic material retrieved from toothbrushes, which can aid in the early diagnosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma among tobacco and alcohol users. Further studies with a larger sample size and different durations of toothbrush use should be conducted to explore the role of toothbrushes as a noninvasive tool for disease diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Govindarajan Sujatha
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sri Venkateswara Dental College and Hospital, Chennai 600130, India; (G.S.); (S.V.); (A.T.R.)
- Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha University, Chennai 600130, India
| | - Vishnu Priya Veeraraghavan
- Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics (COMManD), Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai 600130, India;
| | - Ahmed Alamoudi
- Oral Biology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Maha A. Bahammam
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
- Executive Presidency of Academic Affairs, Saudi Commission for Health Specialties, Riyadh 11614, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarah Ahmed Bahammam
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, Taibah University, Medina 42353, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Yaser Ali Alhazmi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan 45412, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Hazar S. Alharbi
- Department of Basic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Khalid J. Alzahrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratories Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia; (K.J.A.); (M.S.A.-G.); (F.M.A.)
| | - Mohammad S. Al-Ghamdi
- Department of Clinical Laboratories Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia; (K.J.A.); (M.S.A.-G.); (F.M.A.)
| | - Fuad M. Alzahrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratories Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia; (K.J.A.); (M.S.A.-G.); (F.M.A.)
| | - Saranya Varadarajan
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sri Venkateswara Dental College and Hospital, Chennai 600130, India; (G.S.); (S.V.); (A.T.R.)
| | - A. Thirumal Raj
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sri Venkateswara Dental College and Hospital, Chennai 600130, India; (G.S.); (S.V.); (A.T.R.)
| | - Shankargouda Patil
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, Division of Oral Pathology, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan 45412, Saudi Arabia
- Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics (COMManD), Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai 600130, India
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Poma A, Cesare P, Bonfigli A, Volpe AR, Colafarina S, Vecchiotti G, Forgione A, Zarivi O. A qPCR-duplex assay for sex determination in ancient DNA. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269913. [PMID: 35687599 PMCID: PMC9187067 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular biology techniques are increasingly being used in sex identification of skeletal remains when traditional anthropometric analyzes are not successful in identifying sex of remains that are incomplete, fragmented and /or of immature individuals. In the present work, we investigated the possibility of determining sex by using the qPCR-duplex method for both ancient and modern DNA samples. This method involves the co-amplification of two genes in a single reaction system and the subsequent analysis of the fusion curves; the gene sequences used for the construction of suitable primers are those of steroid sulfatase (STS) and testis specific protein Y-linked 1 (TSPY) genes which turned out to be two sensitive markers as they have a detection limit of 60 pg and 20 pg respectively on modern DNA. The validity of the method was verified on modern DNA in which gender was identified in all the samples with 100% accuracy; thus, allowing for the same results as the classic method with amelogenin, but in a faster and more immediate way, as it allows for sex determination solely by analyzing the denaturation curves without having to perform an electrophoretic run. The proposed molecular technique proves to be sensitive and precise even on degraded DNA, in fact on 9 archaeological finds dating from the VII-XII century in which sex had been identified through anthropometric analysis, it confirmed the sex of 8 out of 9 finds correctly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Poma
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Patrizia Cesare
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Antonella Bonfigli
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Anna Rita Volpe
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Sabrina Colafarina
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Giulia Vecchiotti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Alfonso Forgione
- Department of Human Studies, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Osvaldo Zarivi
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Toothbrushes as a Source of DNA for Gender and Human Identification-A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182111182. [PMID: 34769701 PMCID: PMC8583683 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182111182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background: Few studies have reported the use of toothbrushes as a reliable source of DNA for human or gender identification. The present systematic review with the available information was conducted to answer the focus question “Is a toothbrush a reliable source of DNA for human or gender identification?”. Methods: The keyword combination “Toothbrush” and “DNA” was used to search databases including MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science along with a manual search of reference lists of relevant articles. Duplicates and irrelevant articles were excluded, and the remaining articles were fully read for the final selection of articles. The risk of bias of the included studies was evaluated using the Appraisal tool for Cross-Sectional Studies (AXIS tool). Results: Of the 130 articles obtained, 122 duplicates or irrelevant articles were eliminated. Following the full-text reading of eight articles, five articles were selected based on eligibility criteria. The five studies reported that a toothbrush is a good source of DNA irrespective of the time interval. In a few studies some samples were not sufficient for complete DNA profiling due to factors such as the method of DNA extraction. Conclusion: Although a toothbrush is an excellent source of DNA for human and gender identification, future studies with a larger sample size, appropriate control group, and standardized technique of DNA extraction need to be conducted. Additionally, factors influencing the quantity and quality of DNA in toothbrushes need to be determined with standardized techniques.
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Srirangarajan S, Sindhu V, Raju S, Rao RJ, Prabhu S, Rudresh V. Evaluation of gingival tissue samples for predicting the time of death using histological and biochemical tests. Forensic Sci Int 2021; 324:110850. [PMID: 34082395 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2021.110850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Thanatochemistry also known as chemistry of death and is used to determine post mortem interval (PMI). It is arguably one of the critical steps in forensic investigation. Recent addition of analyzing biochemical changes along with the traditional methods have gained importance, as they help us to record very early changes in the tissue specimens. In this view, our study aimed to correlate both histological changes and enzymatic changes in gingival tissue samples at intervals of immediate, 1 h, 5 h, 24 h and 48 h after death. Histologic changes noted were loss of epithelial architecture, chromatin clumping, nuclear vacuolation, karryopyknosis, eosinophilia and wide intercellular junctions. Two enzymes which differentiate between the autolytic phase (acid phosphatase) and putrefactive phase (ammonia) of decomposition were evaluated using UV spectrometer. Results in our study demonstrated there were variations as in gradual increase in ammonia levels (1.13±0.24-26.6±2.09) and gradual decrease in acid phosphatase levels (5.61±0.67-1.25±0.53) at different time intervals till 48 h. The cellular changes in gingival tissue could also be related to time. The result of our study helps us to identify potential of enzymatic changes which when correlated with histological reports helps us to predict the time of death accurately. Replicating this experiment in various known taphonomic conditions and other enzymes could highlight the usefulness of gingival tissue samples in determining time of death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sridharan Srirangarajan
- Department of Periodontics, Bangalore Institute of Dental Sciences and Post Graduate Research Centre, 5/3, Hosur road Bangalore, 560029 Karnataka, India.
| | - Vanama Sindhu
- Department of Periodontics, Bangalore Institute of Dental Sciences and Post Graduate Research Centre, 5/3, Hosur road Bangalore, 560029 Karnataka, India
| | - Shashidara Raju
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Coorg Institute of Dental Sciences, Virajpet, India
| | - Ravi J Rao
- Department of Periodontics, Bangalore Institute of Dental Sciences and Post Graduate Research Centre, 5/3, Hosur road Bangalore, 560029 Karnataka, India
| | - Srikumar Prabhu
- Department of Periodontics, Bangalore Institute of Dental Sciences and Post Graduate Research Centre, 5/3, Hosur road Bangalore, 560029 Karnataka, India
| | - Vinaya Rudresh
- Department of Periodontics, Bangalore Institute of Dental Sciences and Post Graduate Research Centre, 5/3, Hosur road Bangalore, 560029 Karnataka, India
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Maulani C, Auerkari EI. Molecular analysis for sex determination in forensic dentistry: a systematic review. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s41935-020-00210-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Sex determination can be useful in forensic casework, such as in mass disasters, transportation accidents, and cases of a missing person or sexual assault. The remnants of the body can be traced by DNA of the victim, using samples from various sources such as teeth, oral epithelial tissue, and saliva.
Main body
The review aimed to describe research in forensic dentistry with DNA source from the oral region and methods of the applied DNA analysis. A search in PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus electronic databases from 2009 to 2019 was conducted to include studies according to PRISMA guidelines. Ten studies were eligible for the review. Genetic markers originated from dentin, dental pulp, saliva, or epithelial cells from buccal tissue and prosthesis. The applied DNA analysis methods were PCR, real-time PCR, and nested PCR.
Conclusions
The published articles mostly showed successful DNA extraction and sex determination, but the rate of success declined as the sample source underwent manipulation to mimic the forensic conditions. Amelogenin, SRY, and DYS14 were reliable indicators for sex determination. Molecular analysis has proved to be efficient and accurate, but the daily forensic practice must select the most appropriate method according to the available body remnants.
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Kholief M, El Shanawany S, Gomaa R. Sex determination from dental pulp DNA among Egyptians. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.1186/s41935-017-0030-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Abstract
Human identification during mass disasters using the stereotyped techniques such as fingerprint analysis is a cumbersome task. With a view to overcome this predicament, dental evidence of the deceased has gained importance in the recent years. Various branches of dentistry have augmented forensic research through innumerable scientific contributions. The following narrative review of literature aims to summarize the findings of studies that reported periodontal associations or potential associations that could play a role in forensic research. It is designed to inspire the “perio-society” to lend a helping hand to forensic odontology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Rakesh Gattani
- Department of Periodontology, Swargiya Dadasaheb Kalmegh Smruti Dental College and Hospital, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Snehal Prabhakar Deotale
- Department of Periodontology, Swargiya Dadasaheb Kalmegh Smruti Dental College and Hospital, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
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Chauhan I, Sugirtharaj G, Sathyan S, Beena VT, Banerjee M. Evaluation of salivary DNA obtained from dental prosthesis and its applicability in forensic investigations. J Forensic Leg Med 2016; 42:100-5. [PMID: 27337527 DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2016.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study evaluated the salivary DNA obtained from dental prosthesis after a period of storage and its applicability in human identification. MATERIAL AND METHODS In first phase, DNA was extracted after a span of 1 week and 1 month from the dental prosthesis dipped in whole saliva for 15 min. It was followed by PCR and electrophoresis. In second phase, from extracted DNA samples 15 STRs (short tandem repeats) of human genomic DNA were amplified via polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS & CONCLUSION DNA isolated from saliva stained dental prosthesis after a period of storage and the techniques employed are adequate for further forensic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isha Chauhan
- Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
| | - G Sugirtharaj
- Oral Pathology and Microbiology, SRM Dental College, Ramapuram, Chennai, India
| | - Sanish Sathyan
- Human Molecular Genetics Lab, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - V T Beena
- Oral Pathology and Microbiology, GDC, Kottayam, Kerala, India
| | - Moinak Banerjee
- Human Molecular Genetics Lab, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
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Ramakrishnan K, Sharma S, Sreeja C, Pratima DB, Aesha I, Vijayabanu B. Sex determination in forensic odontology: A review. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2015; 7:S398-402. [PMID: 26538886 PMCID: PMC4606628 DOI: 10.4103/0975-7406.163469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Forensic odontology is the application of dental principles to legal issues. Sex determination is a subdivision of forensic odontology and it is very important especially when information relating to the deceased is unavailable. Sex determination becomes the first priority in the process of identification of a person by a forensic investigator in the case of mishaps, chemical and nuclear bomb explosions, natural disasters crime investigations, and ethnic studies. This article reviews upon the various methods used in sex determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ramakrishnan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Adhiparasakthi Dental College, Melmaruvathur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Subramanya Sharma
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Adhiparasakthi Dental College, Melmaruvathur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - C Sreeja
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Adhiparasakthi Dental College, Melmaruvathur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - D Bhavani Pratima
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Adhiparasakthi Dental College, Melmaruvathur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - I Aesha
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Chettinad Dental College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - B Vijayabanu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Adhiparasakthi Dental College, Melmaruvathur, Tamil Nadu, India
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