Comparative analysis of gingival crevicular fluid a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 8 levels in health and periodontal disease: A clinic-biochemical study

Clinical Evaluation of Pathognomonic Salivary Protease Fingerprinting for Oral Disease Diagnosis

Dental decay (Caries) and periodontal disease are globally prevalent diseases with significant clinical need for improved diagnosis. As mediators of dental disease-specific extracellular matrix degradation, proteases are promising analytes. We hypothesized that dysregulation of active proteases can be functionally linked to oral disease status and may be used for diagnosis. To address this, we examined a total of 52 patients with varying oral disease states, including healthy controls. Whole mouth saliva samples and caries biopsies were collected and subjected to analysis. Overall proteolytic and substrate specific activities were assessed using five multiplexed, fluorogenic peptides. Peptide cleavage was further described by inhibitors targeting matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) and cysteine, serine, calpain proteases (CSC). Proteolytic fingerprints, supported by supervised machine-learning analysis, were delineated by total proteolytic activity (PepE) and substrate preference combined with inhibition profiles. Caries and peridontitis showed increased enzymatic activities of MMPs with common (PepA) and divergent substrate cleavage patterns (PepE), suggesting different MMP contribution in particular disease states. Overall, sensitivity and specificity values of 84.6% and 90.0%, respectively, were attained. Thus, a combined analysis of protease derived individual and arrayed substrate cleavage rates in conjunction with inhibitor profiles may represent a sensitive and specific tool for oral disease detection.

Reduced ADAM8 levels upon non-surgical periodontal therapy in patients with chronic periodontitis

OBJECTIVE

To determine effect of non-surgical periodontal treatment on a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 8 (ADAM8) levels in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of patients with chronic periodontitis (CP) in comparison with those of patients with gingivitis and to find correlations between ADAM8 levels and clinical parameters.

DESIGN

Twenty-two and eleven patients with CP and gingivitis, respectively, were examined for four clinical parameters, probing depth, clinical attachment level, gingival and plaque indices. GCF from the selected gingivitis or periodontitis sites with distinct severities was sampled by Periopaper strips. The non-surgical treatments, including scaling and/or root planing and oral hygiene instruction, were provided for all patients. Clinical measurements and GCF sampling were repeated at three months after the treatments. ADAM8 concentrations were analyzed by ELISA and normalized by GCF volumes or total protein amounts.

RESULTS

All patients exhibited significant improvement of almost every clinical parameter after treatment, whereas the median ADAM8 concentrations were significantly decreased at the moderate and severe periodontitis sites of patients with CP (p < 0.05). Moreover, the significantly positive correlations between ADAM8 concentrations and four clinical parameters were found in both moderate and severe groups (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

ADAM8 concentrations were decreased by non-surgical periodontal therapy in patients with chronic periodontitis at the moderate and severe sites and were correlated with four clinical parameters, implying that GCF ADAM8 levels reflect inflammatory and bone-resorbing activities in the periodontal pocket.

SheddomeDB: the ectodomain shedding database for membrane-bound shed markers

BACKGROUND

A number of membrane-anchored proteins are known to be released from cell surface via ectodomain shedding. The cleavage and release of membrane proteins has been shown to modulate various cellular processes and disease pathologies. Numerous studies revealed that cell membrane molecules of diverse functional groups are subjected to proteolytic cleavage, and the released soluble form of proteins may modulate various signaling processes. Therefore, in addition to the secreted protein markers that undergo secretion through the secretory pathway, the shed membrane proteins may comprise an additional resource of noninvasive and accessible biomarkers. In this context, identifying the membrane-bound proteins that will be shed has become important in the discovery of clinically noninvasive biomarkers. Nevertheless, a data repository for biological and clinical researchers to review the shedding information, which is experimentally validated, for membrane-bound protein shed markers is still lacking.

RESULTS

In this study, the database SheddomeDB was developed to integrate publicly available data of the shed membrane proteins. A comprehensive literature survey was performed to collect the membrane proteins that were verified to be cleaved or released in the supernatant by immunological-based validation experiments. From 436 studies on shedding, 401 validated shed membrane proteins were included, among which 199 shed membrane proteins have not been annotated or validated yet by existing cleavage databases. SheddomeDB attempted to provide a comprehensive shedding report, including the regulation of shedding machinery and the related function or diseases involved in the shedding events. In addition, our published tool ShedP was embedded into SheddomeDB to support researchers for predicting the shedding event on unknown or unrecorded membrane proteins.

CONCLUSIONS

To the best of our knowledge, SheddomeDB is the first database for the identification of experimentally validated shed membrane proteins and currently may provide the most number of membrane proteins for reviewing the shedding information. The database included membrane-bound shed markers associated with numerous cellular processes and diseases, and some of these markers are potential novel markers because they are not annotated or validated yet in other databases. SheddomeDB may provide a useful resource for discovering membrane-bound shed markers. The interactive web of SheddomeDB is publicly available at http://bal.ym.edu.tw/SheddomeDB/ .