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Jagtap CY, Mishra AK, Nariya M, Shukla VJ, Prajapati PK. Product development and characterization of the Ayurvedic herbo-mineral-metallic compound- Hridayarnava Rasa. J Ayurveda Integr Med 2024; 15:100886. [PMID: 38759538 PMCID: PMC11127204 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaim.2024.100886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herbo-mineral-metallic formulations are an inseparable part of the Ayurveda system of traditional medicine. Hridayarnava Rasa (HR) is a preparation containing metals like copper, sulphur, and mercury in processed forms and other herbs that do not produce toxic effects and adverse drug reactions when taken in appropriate dosage. Ayurveda practitioners use it in treating cardiac diseases like hypertension, cardiotoxicity and many more. The rasa-aushadhis possess characteristics such as rapid efficacy, little dosage required, and extensive therapeutic applicability. Hridayarnava Rasa [AFI Part-1, 20:55] has been employed for the treatment of various diseases from ancient times. A systematic study of these formulations manufacturing is required to maintain their quality, safety, and efficacy is a need of time to protect the immense faith of patients in Ayurveda. OBJECTIVES The present study aimed to prepare HR as per standard operating procedures mentioned in the classical text and to characterize it physio-chemically using advanced analytical techniques. MATERIALS AND METHODS HR was prepared and physicochemical analyses and assay of elements by ICP-AES were carried out as per Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API). Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field emission gun scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy (FEG SEM, EDAX), CHNS-O analysis, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA), Particle size distribution analysis (PSD) was carried out. RESULTS The XRD analysis of HR showed the presence of unreacted sulphur and sulfides of copper and mercury. FEG SEM revealed the particles in the form of aggregates as nanocrystallites in the range of 100-1000 nm. Elemental analysis showed the presence of copper, sulphur, and mercury in major, along with traces of iron, calcium, sodium, potassium, and magnesium. In FTIR analysis, 18 peaks were observed, which strongly suggests the presence of various organic groups. In the TGA, four peaks were seen, which can be attributed to sulphur volatilization and oxidative changes in mercury. In PSD analysis, 50% of the material was found below 16.40 μm. CONCLUSION To establish a piece of fundamental knowledge and ensure uniformity of these rasa-aushadhis, it is imperative to conduct an analysis of their characteristics as per classical texts and modern analytical techniques. Additionally, it is crucial to investigate the significance of each procedural step included in the preparation process. The inferences drawn are helpful as an essential aid for quality assurance and standardization of this herbo-mineral-metallic formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mukesh Nariya
- Pharmacology Lab, ITRA, Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar, Gujarat - 361008, India
| | - Vinay J Shukla
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Lab, ITRA, Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar, Gujarat - 361008, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar Prajapati
- Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Rajasthan Ayurved University, Jodhpur, Rajasthan - 342037, India
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R SU, Alnuwaiser MA, S LM, Betageri VS, A SV, Khan MI, Guedri K. Facile synthesis of silver doped-copper oxide nano materials utilizing areca catechu (AC) leaf extract and their antidiabetic and anticancer studies. J INDIAN CHEM SOC 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jics.2022.100606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Rauf A, Abu-Izneid T, Khalil AA, Hafeez N, Olatunde A, Rahman M, Semwal P, Al-Awthan YS, Bahattab OS, Khan IN, Khan MA, Sharma R. Nanoparticles in clinical trials of COVID-19: An update. Int J Surg 2022; 104:106818. [PMID: 35953020 PMCID: PMC9359769 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2022.106818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Once the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the COVID-19 (Coronavirus Infectious Disease-19) outbreak to be pandemic, massive efforts have been launched by researchers around the globe to combat this emerging infectious disease. Strategies that must be investigated such as expanding testing capabilities, developing effective medicines, as well as developing safe and effective vaccines for COVID-19 disease that produce long-lasting immunity to human system. Now-a-days, bio-sensing, medication delivery, imaging, and antimicrobial treatment are just a few of the medical applications for nanoparticles (NPs). Since the early 1990s, nanoparticle drug delivery methods have been employed in clinical trials. Since then, the discipline of nanomedicine has evolved in tandem with expanding technological demands to better medicinal delivery. Newer generations of NPs have emerged in recent decades that are capable of performing additional delivery tasks, allowing for therapy via novel therapeutic modalities. Many of these next generation NPs and associated products have entered clinical trials and have been approved for diverse indications in the present clinical environment. For systemic applications, NPs or nanomedicine-based drug delivery systems have substantial benefits over their non-formulated and free drug counterparts. Nanoparticle systems, for example, are capable of delivering medicines and treating parts of the body that are inaccessible to existing delivery systems. As a result, NPs medication delivery is one of the most studied preclinical and clinical systems. NPs-based vaccines delivering SARS-CoV-2 antigens will play an increasingly important role in prolonging or improving COVID-19 vaccination outcomes. This review provides insights about employing NPs-based drug delivery systems for the treatment of COVID-19 to increase the bioavailability of current drugs, reducing their toxicity, and to increase their efficiency. This article also exhibits their capability and efficacy, and highlighting the future aspects and challenges on nanoparticle products in clinical trials of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdur Rauf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Swabi, Swabi, Anbar, 23430, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Pakistan.
| | - Tareq Abu-Izneid
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University for Science and Technology, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Anees Ahmed Khalil
- University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Nabia Hafeez
- Center of Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar-KPK, 25120, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Ahmed Olatunde
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, 740272, Nigeria
| | - Mominur Rahman
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, 1207 Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Prabhakar Semwal
- Department of Life Sciences, Graphic Era Deemed to be University, Dehradun, 248002, Uttarakhand, India
| | | | - Omar Salem Bahattab
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ishaq N Khan
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, 25100, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Arslan Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Rohit Sharma
- Department of Rasa Shastra &Bhaishajya Kalpana, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Bawazeer S, Rauf A, Emran TB, Aljohani ASM, Alhumaydhi FA, Khan Z, Ahmad L, Hemeg HA, Muhammad N, Sharma R, Maalik A, Khan I. Biogenic Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Rhazya stricta Extracts and Evaluation of Its Biological Activities. JOURNAL OF NANOMATERIALS 2022; 2022:1-11. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/7365931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Rhazya stricta is a well-known medicinal plant and source of numerous potential secondary metabolites including steroids, alkaloids, and tannins. R. stricta possesses multimedical applications and used for curing of various diseases such as inflammation, diabetes, sore throat, infectious, helminthiasis, arthritis, and cancer. The current investigation deals with synthesizing AgNPs using aqueous and ethanol extracts of R. stricta. The synthesized R. stricta-AgNPs were characterized through UV-visible, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) methods. The UV-visible analysis exhibited a characteristic absorption
at 475 nm in R. stricta ethanol AgNPs while this peak was absent in R. stricta aqueous crude extract. The thermal stability of R. stricta-AgNPs demonstrated that by increasing the reduction time and temperature, the absorption of AgNPs also increased, leading to more stable NPs formation. The FTIR spectra showed a broad peak at 450-550 cm-1 that confirmed the occurrence of AgNPs of R. stricta. The AFM study of the synthesized AgNPs revealed the spherical shape and size ranging from 30 nm to 90 nm. In antioxidant and antibacterial study, the R. stricta-AgNPs exhibited good antioxidant activity (87.94% and 88.37%) than the ethanol crude extract (50.00% and 56.81%) at 100 μg/mL using DPPH assay. Maximum antibacterial activity was recorded against Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus), which was 15 and 0 mm, while against Gram-negative bacteria (Klebsiella pneumonia) was found to be 16 and 14 mm, respectively, whereas against Bacillus subtills, a poor activity was recorded as 14 for extract and 0 mm for AgNPs, respectively. In the acetic acid-induced writhing model, the percent effect of extract (100 mg/kg) and AgNPs (15 mg/kg) was 79.98 and 83.23, respectively. The maximum muscle coordination effect of extracts in the inclined plan and traction test was 44% and 38% at higher doses. A mild sedative effect was also recorded against extract and AgNPs. The significant (
) effect of extract was noted at 100 mg/kg while AgNPs was more significant (
) at the tested dose of 15 mg/kg. These findings have concluded that R. stricta-AgNPs is an effective bioreductant of AgNPs synthesis and exhibit several applications in distinctive biomedical and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami Bawazeer
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, P.O. Box 42, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdur Rauf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Swabi, Anbar, 23430 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong 4381, Bangladesh
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Abdullah S. M. Aljohani
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad A. Alhumaydhi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zidan Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong 4318, Bangladesh
| | - Laiba Ahmad
- Khyber Medical College Peshawar, Peshawar, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Hassan A. Hemeg
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, P.O. Box 344, Al-Madinah Al-Monawra 41411, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naveed Muhammad
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Rohit Sharma
- Department of Rasa Shastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005 Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Aneela Maalik
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Ibrahim Khan
- Department of Chemistry, GPGC Charsadda, KPK, Pakistan
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Romanian Viscum album L.—Untargeted Low-Molecular Metabolomic Approach to Engineered Viscum–AuNPs Carrier Assembly. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11141820. [PMID: 35890454 PMCID: PMC9316836 DOI: 10.3390/plants11141820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Viscum is one of the most famous and appreciated medicinal plants in Europe and beyond. The symbiotic relationship with the host tree and various endogenous and ecological aspects are the main factors on which the viscum metabolites’ profiles depend. In addition, European traditional medicine mentions that only in two periods of the year (summer solstice and winter solstice) the therapeutic potential of the plant is at its maximum. Many studies have investigated the phytotherapeutic properties of viscum grown on different species of trees. However, studies on Romanian viscum are relatively few and refer mainly to the antioxidant and antiproliferative activity of mistletoe grown on Acer campestre, Fraxinus excelsior, Populus nigra, Malus domestica, or Robinia pseudoacacia. This study reports the first complete low-molecular-weight metabolite profile of Romanian wild-grown European viscum. A total of 140 metabolites were identified under mass spectra (MS) positive mode from 15 secondary metabolite categories: flavonoids, amino acids and peptides, terpenoids, phenolic acids, fatty acids, organic acids, nucleosides, alcohols and esters, amines, coumarins, alkaloids, lignans, steroids, aldehydes, and miscellaneous. In addition, the biological activity of each class of metabolite is discussed. The development of a simple and selective phyto-engineered AuNPs carrier assembly is reported and an evaluation of the nanocarrier system’s morpho-structure is performed, to capitalize on the beneficial properties of viscum and AuNPs.
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Sharma R, Bedarkar P, Timalsina D, Chaudhary A, Prajapati PK. Bhavana, an Ayurvedic Pharmaceutical Method and a Versatile Drug Delivery Platform to Prepare Potentiated Micro-Nano-Sized Drugs: Core Concept and Its Current Relevance. Bioinorg Chem Appl 2022; 2022:1685393. [PMID: 35529314 PMCID: PMC9076343 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1685393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Scholars of ancient Ayurveda (Indian system of medicine) were extremely reasonable and had strong scientific rationality in fundamental concepts, which are also applied to drug manufacture and therapy. Bhavana is a unique traditional method of transformation of raw material/substances into the drug by levigation or wet grinding of powdered drugs with juice/decoction/solution of plant, animal, or mineral origin. This method adds the unique capability of affecting the physicochemical and biological properties of a drug, making the drug quicker, augmented, and persistent action with minimal dose. Despite the fact that Bhavana has a wide range of applications in Ayurvedic pharmaceutics, there is only a limited amount of knowledge of its fundamental notions. A comprehensive review was performed on the core concepts of Bhavana, alongside its possible pharmacotherapeutic effects and relevance in drug development, by probing Ayurvedic claims in light of published pharmaceutical, analytical, and pharmacological reports. Various processes, such as thermo- and photochemistry, physicochemical reactions, and mechanic chemical changes, appear to occur during Bhavana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Sharma
- Department of Rasashastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Prashant Bedarkar
- Department of Rasashastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, Institute of Teaching and Research in Ayurveda, Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar 361008, India
| | - Deepak Timalsina
- Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu 44618, Nepal
| | - Anand Chaudhary
- Department of Rasashastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar Prajapati
- Department of Rasashastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, All India Institute of Ayurveda, New Delhi 110076, India
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Rahman MM, Islam F, Afsana Mim S, Khan MS, Islam MR, Haque MA, Mitra S, Emran TB, Rauf A. Multifunctional Therapeutic Approach of Nanomedicines against Inflammation in Cancer and Aging. JOURNAL OF NANOMATERIALS 2022; 2022:1-19. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/4217529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a fatal disorder that affects people across the globe, yet existing therapeutics are ineffective. The development of submicrometer transport for optimizing the biodistribution of systemically provided medications is the focus of nanomedicine. Nanoparticle- (NP-) based treatments may enable the development of novel therapeutic approaches to combat this deadly disorder. In multifunctional, multimodal imaging, and drug delivery carriers, NPs generally play a major role. They have emerged as potential strategies for the invention of innovative therapeutic procedures in the last decade. The exponential growth of nanotechnologies in recent years has increased public awareness of the application of these innovative therapeutic approaches. Many tumor-targeted nanomedicines have been studied in cancer therapy, and there is clear evidence for a significant improvement in the therapeutic index of antineoplastic drugs. Age-related factors such as metabolic and physiological alterations in old age and inadequate animal models are currently understudied in nanomedicine and pharmacology. This review highlighted the most important targeting approaches, as well as public awareness, therapeutic advancements, and future prospects in age-related metabolic variations, and tumor-targeted nanomedicine studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Mominur Rahman
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Fahadul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Sadia Afsana Mim
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Shajib Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Rezaul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Anamul Haque
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Saikat Mitra
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong 4381, Bangladesh
| | - Abdur Rauf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Swabi, Anbar, Swabi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
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Teja PK, Mithiya J, Kate AS, Bairwa K, Chauthe SK. Herbal nanomedicines: Recent advancements, challenges, opportunities and regulatory overview. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 96:153890. [PMID: 35026510 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herbal Nano Medicines (HNMs) are nano-sized medicine containing herbal drugs as extracts, enriched fractions or biomarker constituents. HNMs have certain advantages because of their increased bioavailability and reduced toxicities. There are very few literature reports that address the common challenges of herbal nanoformulations, such as selecting the type/class of nanoformulation for an extract or a phytochemical, selection and optimisation of preparation method and physicochemical parameters. Although researchers have shown more interest in this field in the last decade, there is still an urgent need for systematic analysis of HNMs. PURPOSE This review aims to provide the recent advancement in various herbal nanomedicines like polymeric herbal nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, phytosomes, nano-micelles, self-nano emulsifying drug delivery system, nanofibers, liposomes, dendrimers, ethosomes, nanoemulsion, nanosuspension, and carbon nanotube; their evaluation parameters, challenges, and opportunities. Additionally, regulatory aspects and future perspectives of herbal nanomedicines are also being covered to some extent. METHODS The scientific data provided in this review article are retrieved by a thorough analysis of numerous research and review articles, textbooks, and patents searched using the electronic search tools like Sci-Finder, ScienceDirect, PubMed, Elsevier, Google Scholar, ACS, Medline Plus and Web of Science. RESULTS In this review, the authors suggested the suitability of nanoformulation for a particular type of extracts or enriched fraction of phytoconstituents based on their solubility and permeability profile (similar to the BCS class of drugs). This review focuses on different strategies for optimising preparation methods for various HNMs to ensure reproducibility in context with all the physicochemical parameters like particle size, surface area, zeta potential, polydispersity index, entrapment efficiency, drug loading, and drug release, along with the consistent therapeutic index. CONCLUSION A combination of herbal medicine with nanotechnology can be an essential tool for the advancement of herbal medicine research with enhanced bioavailability and fewer toxicities. Despite the challenges related to traditional medicine's safe and effective use, there is huge scope for nanotechnology-based herbal medicines. Overall, it is well stabilized that herbal nanomedicines are safer, have higher bioavailability, and have enhanced therapeutic value than conventional herbal and synthetic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parusu Kavya Teja
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), An Institute of National Importance, Government of India, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Opp. Air Force Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar, 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Jinal Mithiya
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), An Institute of National Importance, Government of India, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Opp. Air Force Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar, 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Abhijeet S Kate
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), An Institute of National Importance, Government of India, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Opp. Air Force Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar, 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Khemraj Bairwa
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), An Institute of National Importance, Government of India, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Opp. Air Force Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar, 382355, Gujarat, India..
| | - Siddheshwar K Chauthe
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), An Institute of National Importance, Government of India, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Opp. Air Force Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar, 382355, Gujarat, India..
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Rastogi S, Pandey DN, Singh RH. COVID-19 pandemic: A pragmatic plan for ayurveda intervention. J Ayurveda Integr Med 2022; 13:100312. [PMID: 32382220 PMCID: PMC7177084 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaim.2020.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
World community is facing an unprecedented pandemic of novel corona virus disease (COVID-19) caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV- 2). The disease has spread globally with more than 1.43 million confirmed cases and 82,100 deaths as of April 8, 2020. Despite worldwide efforts to contain it, the pandemic is continuing to spread for want of a clinically-proven prophylaxis and therapeutic strategy. The dimensions of pandemic require an urgent harnessing of all knowledge systems available globally. Utilization of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Wuhan to treat COVID-19 cases sets the example demonstrating that traditional health care can contribute to treatment of these patients successfully. Drawing on the Ayurveda classics, contemporary scientific studies, and experiential knowledge on similar clinical settings, here we propose a pragmatic plan for intervention in India. We provide a plan for graded response, depending on the stage of infection among individuals, in a population. Notwithstanding the fact that no system of medicine has any evidence-based treatment for COVID-19 as yet, clinical interventions are required to be put in place. Therefore, pragmatic strategy proposed here for Ayurveda system of medicine requires immediate implementation. It will facilitate learning, generate evidence and shall be a way forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev Rastogi
- Dept of Kaya Chikitsa, State Ayurvedic College and Hospital, Lucknow, 226003, India.
| | - Deep Narayan Pandey
- Department of Environment/Forests, Government of Rajasthan, Secretariat, Jaipur, 302005, Rajasthan, India
| | - Ram Harsh Singh
- Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
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Bardhan N. Nanomaterials in diagnostics, imaging and delivery: Applications from COVID-19 to cancer. MRS COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 12:1119-1139. [PMID: 36277435 PMCID: PMC9576318 DOI: 10.1557/s43579-022-00257-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT In the past two decades, the emergence of nanomaterials for biomedical applications has shown tremendous promise for changing the paradigm of all aspects of disease management. Nanomaterials are particularly attractive for being a modularly tunable system; with the ability to add functionality for early diagnostics, drug delivery, therapy, treatment and monitoring of patient response. In this review, a survey of the landscape of different classes of nanomaterials being developed for applications in diagnostics and imaging, as well as for the delivery of prophylactic vaccines and therapeutics such as small molecules and biologic drugs is undertaken; with a particular focus on COVID-19 diagnostics and vaccination. Work involving bio-templated nanomaterials for high-resolution imaging applications for early cancer detection, as well as for optimal cancer treatment efficacy, is discussed. The main challenges which need to be overcome from the standpoint of effective delivery and mitigating toxicity concerns are investigated. Subsequently, a section is included with resources for researchers and practitioners in nanomedicine, to help tailor their designs and formulations from a clinical perspective. Finally, three key areas for researchers to focus on are highlighted; to accelerate the development and clinical translation of these nanomaterials, thereby unleashing the true potential of nanomedicine in healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelkanth Bardhan
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 500 Main St., Cambridge, 02142 MA USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, 02139 MA USA
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Verma S, Rathia S, Chandravanshi L, Gupta PK. Swarna Prashana - faith in the embrace of research. JOURNAL OF COMPLEMENTARY & INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 19:161-172. [PMID: 34766744 DOI: 10.1515/jcim-2021-0394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Childhood needs diverse nutritional requirements. Poor appetite, lifestyle changes, and poor digestion affects child immunity and make them prone to diseases. Kaumarabhritya, a branch of Ayurveda which deals in child and adolescent health care, has a unique concept of Swarna Prashana (SP) to promote generalized immunity and intellect. SP is commonly recommended to children between 0 and 12 years of age and given as a general health promoter to improve intellect, digestion, strength, immunity, longevity, and complexion. Multiple benefits of SP are mentioned in different Samhitas which needs to be explored on scientific background. Authors have highlighted content variabilities, plausible mechanisms, research tasks and potentials, lacunae, and future prospects about SP. This manuscript is a spotlight on current social, clinical, marketing, and scientific information of Swarna Prashana. SP can be a cost-effective, safe, infrastructure compatible, and prevention-centric approach to improve children's overall health status and has the potential to serve as a positive health care program for children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Verma
- Department of Kaumarabhritya, Shri NPA Govt Ayurved College, Raipur, CG, India
| | - Satyawati Rathia
- Department of Kaumarabhritya, Shri NPA Govt Ayurved College, Raipur, CG, India
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Patil-Bhole T, Wele A, Gudi R, Thakur K, Nadkarni S, Panmand R, Kale B. Nanostructured gold in ancient Ayurvedic calcined drug 'swarnabhasma'. J Ayurveda Integr Med 2021; 12:640-648. [PMID: 34690042 PMCID: PMC8642718 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaim.2021.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Swarnabhasma (calcined gold) is a famous ancient Ayurvedic medicine. However, its detail characteristic investigations are very limited. OBJECTIVE Herein, investigation of swarnabhasma is demonstrated using ancient and ultramodern techniques to understand the physicochemical nature of this drug, and to understand whether the mercury [Parada] used during preparation method marks its presence in swarnabhasma. MATERIALS AND METHODS The investigated swarnabhasma was prepared by repeated incinerations of Au-Hg-Lemon juice amalgamation and sulphur. The bhasma was tested by all traditional tests of rasashastra. It was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM), Field Emission Transmission Electron Microscopy (FE-TEM), Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES), Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (EDXRF), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and gravimetric analysis. RESULTS Traditional tests of rasashastra were complied by the sample. XRD confirms that swarnabhasma consists of principally pure gold at nanoscale. FE-SEM showed agglomerated particles. FE-TEM showed that swarnabhasma contains highly crystalline nanostructured gold comprised with spherical gold nanoparticles of size, 5-20 nm. ICP-AES exhibited absolute absence of Hg and presence of Au, Si, Ag, Al, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Sr, Ti, and Zn. EDXRF confirmed the absence of mercury and confirmed the presence of Au, Si, Zr, Nb, S, Cl, K, Ca, Fe, and Ni. FTIR confirmed presence of water molecules adsorbed over surface of bhasma. Gravimetric analysis confirmed presence of 95% gold. CONCLUSION Nano-structuring of gold enhances the surface area as well as activity. The present investigation shows that the entire process from rasashastra confers the unique nanostructure to gold and same is responsible for its medicinal potential. This nanomedicine is highly stable, which is specified as niruttha and apunarbhava in rasashastra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trupti Patil-Bhole
- Department of Rasashastra and Bhaishajyakalpana, College of Ayurved, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune 411043, India.
| | - Asmita Wele
- Department of Rasashastra and Bhaishajyakalpana, College of Ayurved, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune 411043, India
| | - Ramacharya Gudi
- Shree Dhootapapeshwar Limited, Panvel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Kapil Thakur
- Shree Dhootapapeshwar Limited, Panvel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | | | - Rajendra Panmand
- Centre for Materials for Electronics Technology, Thrissur, 680581, Kerala, Under Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, India
| | - Bharat Kale
- Centre for Materials for Electronics Technology, Pune 411008, Maharashtra, Under Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, India
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Muthulakshmi L, Vijayakumar T, Selvam P, Annaraj J, Ranjan S, Dasgupta N. Strong and nonspecific synergistic antibacterial/antibiofilm impact of nano-silver biosynthesized and decorated with active ingredients of Oscimum basilicum L. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:153. [PMID: 33747703 PMCID: PMC7930159 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02687-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, Ocimum basilicum (a proven broad spectrum medicinal plant for broad-spectrum pharmacological activities) leaf extract was used as conjugates for the fabrication of silver nanoparticles (AgNP). Color change of the reaction mixture and UV-Visible spectrophotometry indicated the fabrication of silver nanoparticles, further X-ray diffraction (XRD) crystallography, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopic images (TEM), and Selected area electron diffraction (SAED) confirms the purity, monodispersity, and morphology including size (22.4 nm) and conjugated functional group of Ocimum basilicum. The conjugation of functional OH, N-O, and C=O groups was confirmed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The engineered AgNP have shown significantly efficient antibacterial and antibiofilm activities (92.7% biofilm inhibition) on diverse clinical strains and thus showed its potential for use in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmanan Muthulakshmi
- Department of Biotechnology, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil, 626 126 India
- Department of Materials Science, Madurai Kamaraj University, Palkalai Nagar, Madurai, Tamil Nadu 625 021 India
| | - T. Vijayakumar
- Department of Materials Science, Madurai Kamaraj University, Palkalai Nagar, Madurai, Tamil Nadu 625 021 India
| | - P. Selvam
- International Research Center, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil, 626 126 India
| | - J. Annaraj
- Department of Biotechnology, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil, 626 126 India
| | - Shivendu Ranjan
- Institute for Intelligent Systems, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, P. O. Box 524, Johannesburg, 2006 South Africa
| | - Nandita Dasgupta
- Institute for Intelligent Systems, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, P. O. Box 524, Johannesburg, 2006 South Africa
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Subramaniyan Parimalam S, Badilescu S, Bhat R, Packirisamy M. The Siddhars: the great artisans of gold medicines in medieval South India. ADVANCES IN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13596-020-00540-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Talwar S, Sood S, Kumar J, Chauhan R, Sharma M, Tuli HS. Ayurveda and Allopathic Therapeutic Strategies in Coronavirus Pandemic Treatment 2020. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 6:354-363. [PMID: 33106765 PMCID: PMC7577842 DOI: 10.1007/s40495-020-00245-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review In the last month of 2019, i.e., December, COVID-19 hit Wuhan city in China. Since then, it has infected more than 210 countries and nearly about 33.4 million people with one million deaths globally. It is a viral disease with flu-like symptoms; hence, prevention and management is the best option to be adopted for its cure. Recent Findings Many healthcare systems, scientists, and researchers are fighting for the cure of this pandemic. Ayurvedic and allopathic treatments have been studied extensively and approached for the cure of COVID-19. In addition to ayurvedic treatments, the Ministry of Ayush, India, has also recommended many remedies to boost up immunity. Allopathic studies involved several antiviral drugs which were used in different combinations for the treatment of COVID-19. Summary Comparative analysis of Ayurveda and allopathic treatment strategies were carried out in the present study. Depending upon the patient’s conditions and symptoms, Ayurveda is useful for the treatment of COVID-19. Allopathic treatments inhibit viral infection by targeting majorly endocytosis, and angiotensin-converting enzyme (Ace) receptor signaling. In this article, we summarize different ayurvedic and allopathic medicines and treatment strategies which have been used for the treatment of COVID-19, a global pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivangi Talwar
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Noida, India
| | - Shivani Sood
- Department of Biotechnology, Mukand Lal National College, Yamuna Nagar, India
| | - Jayant Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Mukand Lal National College, Yamuna Nagar, India
| | - Ritu Chauhan
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Noida, India
| | - Mamta Sharma
- School of Law, Justice and Governance, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Hardeep Singh Tuli
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, 133207 India
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Chandra H, Kumari P, Bontempi E, Yadav S. Medicinal plants: Treasure trove for green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles and their biomedical applications. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2020.101518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Sharma R, Martins N, Kuca K, Chaudhary A, Kabra A, Rao MM, Prajapati PK. Chyawanprash: A Traditional Indian Bioactive Health Supplement. Biomolecules 2019; 9:E161. [PMID: 31035513 PMCID: PMC6571565 DOI: 10.3390/biom9050161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chyawanprash (CP) is an Ayurvedic health supplement which is made up of a super-concentrated blend of nutrient-rich herbs and minerals. It is meant to restore drained reserves of life force (ojas) and to preserve strength, stamina, and vitality, while stalling the course of aging. Chyawanprash is formulated by processing around 50 medicinal herbs and their extracts, including the prime ingredient, Amla (Indian gooseberry), which is the world's richest source of vitamin C. Chyawanprash preparation involves preparing a decoction of herbs, followed by dried extract preparation, subsequent mixture with honey, and addition of aromatic herb powders (namely clove, cardamom, and cinnamon) as standard. The finished product has a fruit jam-like consistency, and a sweet, sour, and spicy flavor. Scientific exploration of CP is warranted to understand its therapeutic efficacy. Scattered information exploring the therapeutic potential of CP is available, and there is a need to assemble it. Thus, an effort was made to compile the scattered information from ancient Ayurvedic texts and treatises, along with ethnobotanical, ethnopharmacological, and scientifically validated literature, that highlight the role of CP in therapeutics. Citations relevant to the topic were screened.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Sharma
- Central Ayurveda Research Institute for Drug Development (CCRAS), Ministry of AYUSH, Government of India, 4-CN Block, Sector-V, Bidhannagar, Kolkata-700091, India.
| | - Natália Martins
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernani Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal.
- Institute for research and Innovation in Heath (i3S), University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, Rokitanskeho 62, 50003 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Ashun Chaudhary
- Department of Biotechnology, MMEC, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala-133207, India.
| | - Atul Kabra
- Department of Pharmacology, Kota College of Pharmacy, Kota, Rajasthan-324005, India.
| | - Meda M Rao
- Central Ayurveda Research Institute for Drug Development (CCRAS), Ministry of AYUSH, Government of India, 4-CN Block, Sector-V, Bidhannagar, Kolkata-700091, India.
| | - Pradeep Kumar Prajapati
- Department of Rasashastra & Bhaishajya Kalpana, All India Institute of Ayurveda, New Delhi- 110076, India.
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Alharbi NS, Govindarajan M, Kadaikunnan S, Khaled JM, Almanaa TN, Alyahya SA, Al-Anbr MN, Gopinath K, Sudha A. Nanosilver crystals capped with Bauhinia acuminata phytochemicals as new antimicrobials and mosquito larvicides. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2018; 50:146-153. [PMID: 30262272 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2018.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
To develop novel nanoformulated insecticides and antimicrobials, herein we produced Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) using the Bauhinia acuminata leaf extract. This unexpensive aqueous extract acted as a capping and reducing agent for the formation of AgNPs. We characterized B. acuminata-synthesized AgNPs by UV-vis and FTIR spectroscopy, XRD and TEM analyses. UV-vis spectroscopy analysis of B. acuminata-synthesized AgNPs showed a peak at 441.5 nm. FTIR shed light on functional groups from the phytoconstituents involved in nanosynthesis. XRD of B. acuminata-synthesized AgNPs suggested a face-centered cubic structure, with a highly crystalline nature. TEM of B. acuminata-synthesized AgNPs revealed mean size of 25 nm, with round shape. AgNPs tested at 60 μg/mL inhibited the growth of 5 bacteria and 3 fungal pathogens. In the insecticidal assays on important mosquito species, LC50 of the aqueous extract of B. acuminata leaves on the larvae of Anopheles stephensi, Aedes aegypti, and Culex quinquefasciatus were 204.07, 226.02, and 249.24 μg/mL, respectively. The B. acuminata-synthesized AgNPs exhibited higher larvicidal efficacy, with LC50 values of 24.59, 27.19, and 30.19 μg/mL, respectively. Therefore, herein we developed a single-step, reliable, inexpensive, and environmentally non-toxic synthesis process to obtain AgNPs with high bioactivity against pathogens and vectors. Given the effective antimicrobial and larvicidal activity, nanoparticles fabricated using plant extracts and extremely low concentrations of trace elements, such as silver, can be exploited for multipurpose activities. Our results pointed out that B. acuminata-synthesized AgNPs have a promising potential in antimicrobial food packaging, as well as a foliar spray to control plant pathogens in the field, and to synergize the efficacy of fungicidal and larvicidal formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiyf S Alharbi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Marimuthu Govindarajan
- Unit of Vector Control, Phytochemistry and Nanotechnology, Department of Zoology, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, 608002, Tamil Nadu, India; Department of Zoology, Government College for Women, Kumbakonam, 612001, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Shine Kadaikunnan
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jamal M Khaled
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Taghreed N Almanaa
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sami A Alyahya
- National Center for Biotechnology, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed N Al-Anbr
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kasi Gopinath
- Department of Packaging, Yonsei University, Gangwondo 26493, Republic of Korea
| | - Arumugam Sudha
- Department of Bioinformatics, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, India
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Samanta S, Singh BR, Adholeya A. Intracellular Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles Using an Ectomycorrhizal Strain EM-1083 of Laccaria fraterna and Its Nanoanti-quorum Sensing Potential Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Indian J Microbiol 2017; 57:448-460. [PMID: 29151646 PMCID: PMC5671422 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-017-0662-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this research work different shapes and sizes of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were synthesized through an intracellular biogenic approach, exploiting the chloroauric acid reducing and Au0 stabilizing potential of Laccaria fraterna EM-1083 mycelia. The intracellularly synthesized AuNPs exhibits anti-quorum sensing inhibitory potential against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The synthesized AuNPs were characterized using UV-visible spectroscopy; transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The characterization proved that the successful synthesis of highly stable crystalline AuNPs with various shapes. Here we tested inhibitory activity of AuNPs on QS-regulated biofilm development and pyocyanin production traits of P. aeruginosa. The qualitative and quantitative data demonstrated that AuNPs significantly inhibited the biofilm formation and pyocyanin production. In summary, our results signify the future use of intracellularly synthesized AuNPs in P. aeruginosa mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreeparna Samanta
- TERI-Deakin Nano Biotechnology Centre, The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), Teri Gram, Gwal Pahari, Gurgoan, 122001 India
| | - Braj Raj Singh
- TERI-Deakin Nano Biotechnology Centre, The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), Teri Gram, Gwal Pahari, Gurgoan, 122001 India
| | - Alok Adholeya
- TERI-Deakin Nano Biotechnology Centre, The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), Teri Gram, Gwal Pahari, Gurgoan, 122001 India
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