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Karki N, Kandel K, Shah K, Prasad P, Khanal J. Combination Therapy in Diabetes Mellitus Patients Attending Outpatient Department in a Tertiary Care Centre: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study. JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc 2022; 60:1016-1020. [PMID: 36705114 PMCID: PMC9795118 DOI: 10.31729/jnma.7642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Assessing anti-diabetic drug use patterns in hospitals is an important activity which helps to promote the rational use of drugs and may suggest measures to change prescribing habits for the better. This study aimed to find the use of combination therapy in diabetes mellitus patients attending the outpatient department of a tertiary care centre. Methods A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 201 diabetes mellitus patients in the internal medicine department from 2 March 2022 to 30 June 2022 for a duration of four months after approval from the Institutional Review Committee (Protocol No: IRC-LMC-01/R-022). Diabetic patients prescribed at least one anti-diabetic drug in prescription forms were included. Socio-demographic profiles, clinical characteristics and anti-diabetic drug use pattern-related data were collected. Convenience sampling was used. Point estimate and 95% Confidence Interval were calculated. Results Among 201 patients, 134 (66.66%) (60.14-73.18, 95% Confidence Interval) patients were given combination therapy. The most common combination therapy was metformin 500 mg and sitagliptin 50 mg. A total of 324 anti-diabetic drugs were used. The average number of drugs prescribed per patient was 1.6±0.7. The number of anti-diabetic drugs prescribed by generic name and from the national essential drugs list was 74 (22.83%) and 188 (58.02%) respectively. Biguanides were used in 176 (87.56%) patients. Conclusions These findings were similar to some other studies conducted in similar settings. In most patients, combination drug therapy was more prevalent. Among combination therapy, two drug combinations were more prevalent. Keywords diabetes mellitus; drug combinations; outpatients; teaching hospital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naresh Karki
- Department of Pharmacology, Lumbini Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Tansen, Palpa, Nepal,Correspondence: Dr Naresh Karki, Department of Pharmacology, Lumbini Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Tansen, Palpa, Nepal. , Phone: +977-9844028216
| | - Kamal Kandel
- Department of Pharmacology, Lumbini Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Tansen, Palpa, Nepal
| | - Kyushu Shah
- Department of Pharmacology, Lumbini Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Tansen, Palpa, Nepal
| | - Pravin Prasad
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medicine, Maharajgunj, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Jeevan Khanal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Lumbini Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Tansen, Palpa, Nepal
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Muacevic A, Adler JR. Assessment of Glycemic Control in Patients With Diabetes in Northern Sudan Using Calculated HbA1c. Cureus 2022; 14:e33080. [PMID: 36721598 PMCID: PMC9883808 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.33080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes mellitus (DM) significantly burdens health services worldwide. As a simple and cost-effective method, the mathematical calculation of HbA1c is coming to be of value in areas with scarce resources. This study aimed to use calculated HbA1c to ascertain the prevalence of uncontrolled DM and correlate it with the risk factors for DM. METHODS In the River Nile State of northern Sudan, a cross-sectional study was conducted in five leading cities from May to August 2021. Patients diagnosed and recorded as having type 2 or type 1 DM were included in this study. Enzymatic methods were used to assess fasting blood glucose (FBG). We used the mean of three FBG readings for three months to calculate HbA1c using the equation {HbA1c = (FBG mg/dl) x 0.03+2.6}, which was used to compute the estimated mediocre blood sugar over the course of three months. RESULTS A total of 2047 diabetic patients from northern Sudan were studied for their DM control. Nearly two-thirds (65.2%) had uncontrolled DM. Of the patients studied, uncontrolled DM was significantly positively associated with older age, history of ischemic heart disease, and being a housewife. Multivariate regression analysis showed significant correlations between uncontrolled DM, an inactive lifestyle, and obesity. CONCLUSION The prevalence of uncontrolled DM among known patients with diabetic in northern Sudan is high (65.2%). The inactive lifestyles of housewives and freelance workers, having type 1 DM, and being hypertensive and obese are risk factors significantly associated with uncontrolled DM and its related complications.
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Tiwari K, Bisht M, Kant R, Handu SS. Prescribing pattern of anti-diabetic drugs and adherence to the American Diabetes Association's (ADA) 2021 treatment guidelines among patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus: A cross-sectional study. J Family Med Prim Care 2022; 11:6159-6164. [PMID: 36618206 PMCID: PMC9810884 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_458_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glycemic control is the major therapeutic objective in diabetes. Poor glycemic control in diabetes mellitus can be prevented by using rational use of anti-diabetic medication, which needs to be evaluated for effectiveness by prescription pattern studies. The objective of this study was to assess the prescribing pattern and adherence to the American Diabetic Association's (ADA) treatment guidelines in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in a tertiary care teaching hospital in Uttarakhand, India. Methodology This cross-sectional study was conducted on 206 type 2 diabetic patients who were prescribed anti-diabetic therapy. Patient's demographic details and drugs prescribed, with their dosage, were recorded to study the prescription pattern. Results Oral anti-diabetic drugs were most commonly prescribed in 149 (72.33%) type 2 diabetic mellitus patients. Five of these patients (3.35%) were on metformin monotherapy, whereas majority of patients (81, 54.36%) were on a fixed dose combination of Glimepiride (SU) + Metformin (MET). Forty-five patients (30.20%) were on MET + Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors (DPP4I) combination; 5 (3.35%) were on MET + SU + alpha-glucosidase inhibitors (AGI) combination; 7 (4.69%) were on MET + SU + Pioglitazone (PIO) (Thiazolidinediones) combination; 6 (4.02%) were on sodium/glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2I) and 57 (27.66%) were on insulin therapy. Out of 206 patients, the prescriptions of 185 patients (89.8%) were adherent and of 21 patients (10.19%) were not adhering to ADA 2021 treatment guidelines. Conclusion Oral anti-diabetic agents predominate the prescribing pattern practices for type 2 DM but there was a shift in trend towards the use of fixed-dose combinations (FDC) in the management of type 2 DM, and majority of prescriptions were adherent to ADA treatment guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalpana Tiwari
- Department of Pharmacology, AIIMS Rishikesh, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Manisha Bisht
- Department of Pharmacology, AIIMS Rishikesh, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India,Address for correspondence: Dr. Manisha Bisht, Additional Professor (Pharmacology), AIIMS Rishikesh, Virbhadra Road, Rishikesh - 249 203, Uttarakhand, India. E-mail:
| | - Ravi Kant
- Department of General Medicine, AIIMS Rishikesh, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
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Kumari S, Jain S, Kumar S. Effects of Polypharmacy in Elderly Diabetic Patients: A Review. Cureus 2022; 14:e29068. [PMID: 36249664 PMCID: PMC9554834 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.29068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a chronic condition brought on by either insufficient insulin production by the pancreas or inefficient insulin utilization by the body or both. A hormone called insulin controls blood sugar. Multiple co-morbidities can arise as a result of the progressive nature of diabetes, necessitating the use of numerous medications. As one or more medications may be used to treat each ailment, the older population with multimorbidity frequently uses many medications, also known as polypharmacy. Due to polypharmacy, harmful medication interactions, and food-drug interactions can occur. Because of the numerous co-morbidities that already exist, there is an increasing tendency of prescribing polypharmacy.
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Evaluation of drug utilization pattern of antidiabetic drugs and 10-year cardiovascular risk in new and recently diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: a prospective, longitudinal, observational, hospital-based study. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13410-022-01049-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Ali MD, Ahmad A, Banu N, Patel M, Ghosn SA, Eltrafi Z. Evaluation of drug utilisation pattern and cost associated with diabetes mellitusType 2 management in Saudi Arabia. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902022e20681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ayaz Ahmad
- Mohammed Al-Mana College for Medical Sciences, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nuzhat Banu
- Mohammed Al-Mana College for Medical Sciences, Saudi Arabia
| | - Munfis Patel
- Mohammed Al-Mana College for Medical Sciences, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Zainab Eltrafi
- Mohammed Al-Mana College for Medical Sciences, Saudi Arabia
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Peterson TA, Fontil V, Koliwad SK, Patel A, Butte AJ. Quantifying Variation in Treatment Utilization for Type 2 Diabetes Across Five Major University of California Health Systems. Diabetes Care 2021; 44:908-914. [PMID: 33531419 PMCID: PMC7985428 DOI: 10.2337/dc20-0344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Using the newly created University of California (UC) Health Data Warehouse, we present the first study to analyze antihyperglycemic treatment utilization across the five large UC academic health systems (Davis, Irvine, Los Angeles, San Diego, and San Francisco). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This retrospective analysis used deidentified electronic health records (EHRs; 2014-2019) including 97,231 patients with type 2 diabetes from 1,003 UC-affiliated clinical settings. Significant differences between health systems and individual providers were identified using binomial probabilities with cohort matching. RESULTS Our analysis reveals statistically different treatment utilization patterns not only between health systems but also among individual providers within health systems. We identified 21 differences among health systems and 29 differences among individual providers within these health systems, with respect to treatment intensifications within existing guidelines on top of either metformin monotherapy or dual therapy with metformin and a sulfonylurea. Next, we identified variation for medications within the same class (e.g., glipizide vs. glyburide among sulfonylureas), with 33 differences among health systems and 86 among individual providers. Finally, we identified 2 health systems and 55 individual providers who more frequently used medications with known cardioprotective benefits for patients with high cardiovascular disease risk, but also 1 health system and 8 providers who prescribed such medications less frequently for these patients. CONCLUSIONS Our study used cohort-matching techniques to highlight real-world variation in care between health systems and individual providers. This demonstrates the power of EHRs to quantify differences in treatment utilization, a necessary step toward standardizing precision care for large populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Peterson
- Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Valy Fontil
- Division of General Internal Medicine, University of California, San Francisco at Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center, San Francisco, CA.,UCSF Center for Vulnerable Populations, San Francisco, CA
| | - Suneil K Koliwad
- Division of Endocrinology, University of California, San Francisco at Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center, San Francisco, CA.,Diabetes Center and Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Ayan Patel
- Center for Data-driven Insights and Innovation, University of California Health, University of California Office of the President, Oakland, CA
| | - Atul J Butte
- Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA .,Center for Data-driven Insights and Innovation, University of California Health, University of California Office of the President, Oakland, CA
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Atal S, Joshi R, Balakrishnan S, Singh P, Fatima Z, Jain N. Pattern of Disease and Therapy for Diabetes along with Impact of Generic Prescribing on Cost of Treatment among Outpatients at a Tertiary Care Facility. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2020; 13:93-101. [PMID: 34084054 PMCID: PMC8142908 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_405_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: India has become the diabetes capital of the world. Analyzing trends in drug prescribing helps in judging rationality of prescriptions in different settings. This study aimed to assess disease and prescribing trends with a special emphasis on evaluating use of metformin, insulin, fixed dose combinations (FDCs), concomitant medications, pill burden, and costs of drug therapy in diabetes. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study in which patients of either sex who attended the diabetes clinic at a tertiary care center over 9 months were included consecutively. Basic demographic profile, clinical, and treatment details on the day of visit were collected from the prescription charts. Drug costs for prescriptions were calculated using generic and median brand prices of formulations using a recognized commercial drug directory and generic price list of the government, respectively. Data were analyzed by using Microsoft Excel and Open Epi online software to compare results with published studies. Results: Average age of diabetics was 53.9 ± 11.8 years and disease duration was 8.13 ± 7.78 years in 336 prescriptions analyzed. Dual drug regimens were seen in 32.7% prescriptions, most commonly metformin and sulfonylureas, followed by triple drug regimens (25%) with inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV) inhibitor. Metformin was prescribed in 95% prescriptions (mean dose 1511 ± 559.87 mg) and insulin in 22.6% prescriptions. Angiotensin receptor blocker (ARBs) and statins were the most commonly prescribed concomitant drugs. One FDC per prescription (median) each for diabetes and comorbidities were prescribed. Daily pill burden was 4.59 ± 2.65 pills. The median monthly cost of drug therapy with branded prescribing was INR 870.43 and INR 393.72 with the use of generics. Inferences drawn by comparison with published data showed variable results for different parameters analyzed. Conclusion: Disease pattern was as expected for the region and trends of therapy showed concurrence with rational prescribing. Pill burden and cost of therapy remain high with a significant contribution of comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubham Atal
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Rajnish Joshi
- Department of General Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Sadasivam Balakrishnan
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Pooja Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Zeenat Fatima
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Nidhi Jain
- Department of Pharmacology, Gandhi Medical College, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
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Pishdad P, Pishdad R, Pishdad GR, Panahi Y. A time to revisit the two oldest prandial anti-diabetes agents: acarbose and repaglinide. Endocrine 2020; 70:307-313. [PMID: 32621047 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-020-02396-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Compared with newer prandial anti-diabetes agents, repaglinide and acarbose are unique in being globally available in generic versions, being oral, and being the cheapest of all. The aim of this study was to compare their efficacy when used alone or in combination. METHODS In a randomized, double-blind, prospective study, 358 recently diagnosed type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients, who on a combined therapy with metformin and insulin glargine had a fasting plasma glucose (FGP) of <7.2 mmol/L but a 2-h postprandial plasma glucose (2hPPG) >10 mmol/L, were assigned to three groups of additional treatment with either repaglinide, acarbose, or repaglinide-plus-acarbose for 4 months. RESULTS With intention-to-treat analysis, 63% of repaglinide group, 45.4 percent of acarbose group, and 75.7% of repaglinide-plus-acarbose group reached the primary endpoint of 2hPPG < 10 mmol/L while maintaining FPG < 7.2 mmol/L. Treatment adherence rate was 75.6% with repaglinide, 61.4% with acarbose, and 81.3% with repaglinide-plus-acarbose (p = 0.001). Among the groups, weight was significantly lower in acarbose group (p < 0.05). Twenty-one percent of repaglinide patients, 4.9% of acarbose subjects, and 10.3% of repaglinide-plus-acarbose cases reported at least one episode of hypoglycemia (p < 0.005). HbA1C and basal insulin requirement were significantly lower in repaglinide group (p = 0.004, p = 0.0002). Triglycerides were lowest in acarbose group (p = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS Both acarbose and repaglinide were vastly effective in lowering postprandial hyperglycemia of recently diagnosed T2D. When combined, they were even more efficacious and the disease had a better outcome. Compared with newer peers, these two are particularly useful where and when cost consideration in diabetes treatment is a prime concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Pishdad
- Shiraz Medical School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Reza Pishdad
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Gholam Reza Pishdad
- Endocrine and Metabolism Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Yunes Panahi
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Tehran's Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Pishdad R, Pishdad P, Pishdad GR. Acarbose versus Repaglinide in Diabetes Treatment: A New Appraisal of Two Old Rivals. Am J Med Sci 2020; 359:212-217. [DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2020.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Kolokas K, Koufakis T, Avramidis I, Gerou S, Chatzidimitriou M, Kazakos K, Kotsa K. Fasting insulin levels correlate with the frequency of hypoglycemic events in people with type 2 diabetes on treatment with sulfonylureas: A pilot study. Indian J Pharmacol 2020; 52:44-48. [PMID: 32201446 PMCID: PMC7074423 DOI: 10.4103/ijp.ijp_80_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: We aimed to explore whether fasting insulin levels correlate with the risk of hypoglycemia in people with Type 2 diabetes (T2D) receiving sulfonylureas (SUs). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Our study included 58 individuals with T2D who had been on treatment with SUs, but not insulin, for more than 2 years. Confirmed hypoglycemic episodes during the past year were self-reported by the patients, and a potential relationship of hypoglycemic event frequency with fasting insulin levels was investigated. RESULTS: Fasting insulin concentrations were found to have a low positive and statistically significant correlation with the number of cases of mild hypoglycemia per year (ρ = 0.279/P = 0.034) and a moderately positive and statistically significant correlation with the number of severe hypoglycemic events per month (ρ = 0.349/P = 0.007) and per year (ρ = 0.39/P = 0.002). CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that fasting insulin levels might be a predictor of the risk of hypoglycemia in people with T2D on treatment with SUs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Kolokas
- 3rd Local Primary Care Unit (TOMY), Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism and Diabetes Center, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Theocharis Koufakis
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism and Diabetes Center, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Iakovos Avramidis
- Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetes Center, G. Papanikolaou General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Spyridon Gerou
- Medical Laboratories Analysis Iatriki S.A., Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria Chatzidimitriou
- Department of Medical Laboratories, Alexander Technological Educational Institute, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Kyriakos Kazakos
- Department of Nursing, Alexander Technological Educational Institute, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Kalliopi Kotsa
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism and Diabetes Center, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Krishnapillai V, Nair S, T N A, T P S, Soman B. Quality of medical prescriptions in diabetes and hypertension management in Kerala and its associated factors. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:193. [PMID: 32028918 PMCID: PMC7006375 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-8214-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kerala is facing challenges in the secondary prevention efforts of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). In spite of being the top performer in health parameters among Indian states, the burden of NCDs, especially diabetes mellitus (diabetes) and hypertension, is higher in Kerala. This research endeavours to identify the role of quality of medical prescriptions in secondary prevention of diabetes and hypertension and suggest corrective measures. METHODS This cross-sectional study involved collection of prescription data and other details from consenting doctors across seven districts in Kerala. After the quality of prescription was assessed using a checklist, scores were generated, and cutoff points were used to classify the prescriptions. PASW version 18 software, was used for data analysis which included univariate and bivariate analyses and logistic regression. The proportion of quality prescriptions was estimated after adjusting for clustering, and the proportion of doctors writing quality prescriptions was also estimated. Prior to the study, ethical clearance from Independent ethics committee in Health action by People (HAP) and informed consent from all the study participants were obtained. RESULTS After assessing 9199 prescriptions from 344 doctors, it was found that about 37.2% (95% CI: 34.9-39.4%) of the prescriptions were of good quality, and 48.2% (95% CI: 42.9-53.7%) of the doctors provided quality prescriptions. Factors associated with quality prescriptions were found to be knowledge about NCD guidelines, quality certifications of hospitals and usage of patient data management software. CONCLUSIONS In the context of rising prevalence of NCDs and the challenges in the secondary prevention efforts, this is one of the first studies in Kerala to evaluate the quality of prescriptions to manage NCDs as prescriptions often reflect the quality of medical management. The study also addresses other factors associated with quality medical management. The findings indicate that the scope for improvement is more than 50%, when considered for the overall quality of prescriptions in diabetes and hypertension management. Further, it was found that appropriate training of doctors, adherence to treatment guidelines and the use of technology may improve the overall quality of prescriptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayakumar Krishnapillai
- Health Action by People, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
- Department of Community Medicine, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences (AIMS), Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Sanjeev Nair
- Health Action by People, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Anand T N
- Health Action by People, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Sreelal T P
- Health Action by People, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.
- Department of Community Medicine, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences (AIMS), Kochi, Kerala, India.
- International Decision Support Initiative (iDSI), London, UK.
| | - Biju Soman
- Health Action by People, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
- Achutha Menon Centre for Health Science Studies (AMCHSS), SCTIMST, Thiruvananthapuram, India
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Mirghani HO. An evaluation of adherence to anti-diabetic medications among type 2 diabetic patients in a Sudanese outpatient clinic. Pan Afr Med J 2019; 34:34. [PMID: 31762902 PMCID: PMC6859029 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2019.34.34.15161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Adherence to anti-diabetic medication is a known cornerstone in the management of type 2 diabetic patients. We sought to assess the factors associated with adherence to medication s among type 2 diabetic patients being followed up in a Sudanese outpatient clinic. Methods This cross-sectional study conducted among 102 patients with type 2 diabetes attending an outpatient clinic in Omdurman, Sudan during the period from June to December 2017. Participants were interviewed using a structured questionnaire to collect demographic data, number, and type of medications, polypharmacy, medications side effects, financial problems and education regarding drug used. The study of participants’ adherence to anti-diabetic medications was assessed using a validated questionnaire asking the patients about the percent and self-rating of adherence (Excellent, very good, good, fair and poor). The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to compare the adherent patients and their counterparts. A P-value < 0.05 was considered significant. Results The study results summarized the following: participants (70.6% women), their mean age was (59.62±9.91) years and nearly 60.8% were housewives, their glycated hemoglobin (mean± SD) was about 10.16±3.14, 37.3%, it implies that the patients were non-adherent to medications. In addition, other groups of patients with medication but non-adherence were younger ones (55.94±9.94 vs. 61.81±9.36, P=0.04) and had shown inadequate glycemic control (11.33±3.05vs. 9.47±3.04, P=0.04), however, this group of patients has reported more drug-related side effects (57.8% vs. 28.1%) because they were taking more drugs compared to their counterparts( F=4.115, P=0.047). The present study found no statistically significant differences in the following factors such as sex, occupation, education level, financial problems and insulin use. Conclusion In conclusion, the study revealed that adherence to anti-diabetic medications was sub-optimal among Sudanese type 2 diabetic patients and was associated with higher glycated hemoglobin seen among younger age groups. Besides the above, overdosing of medications and their side effects were evident.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyder Osman Mirghani
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
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Hills AP, Misra A, Gill JMR, Byrne NM, Soares MJ, Ramachandran A, Palaniappan L, Street SJ, Jayawardena R, Khunti K, Arena R. Public health and health systems: implications for the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes in south Asia. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2018; 6:992-1002. [PMID: 30287104 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(18)30203-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2016] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Many non-communicable chronic diseases, including type 2 diabetes, are highly prevalent, costly, and largely preventable. The prevention and management of type 2 diabetes in south Asia requires a combination of lifestyle changes and long-term health-care management. However, public health and health-care systems in south Asian countries face serious challenges, including the need to provide services to many people with inadequate resources, and substantial between-population and within-population inequalities. In this Series paper, we explore the importance and particular challenges of public health and health systems in south Asian countries (Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka) with respect to the provision of culturally appropriate lifestyle modification to prevent and manage diabetes, especially in resource-poor settings. Effective primary prevention strategies are urgently needed to counter risk factors and behaviours preconception, in utero, in infancy, and during childhood and adolescence. A concerted focus on education, training, and capacity building at the community level would ensure the more widespread use of non-physician care, including community health workers. Major investment from governments and other sources will be essential to achieve substantial improvements in the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Hills
- College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia.
| | - Anoop Misra
- Fortis C-DOC Centre of Excellence for Diabetes, Metabolic Diseases, and Endocrinology, New Delhi, India; National Diabetes, Obesity, and Cholesterol Foundation, New Delhi, India; Diabetes Foundation (India), New Delhi, India
| | - Jason M R Gill
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Nuala M Byrne
- College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| | - Mario J Soares
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Ambady Ramachandran
- India Diabetes Research Foundation & Dr A Ramachandran's Diabetes Hospitals, Guindy, Chennai, India
| | | | - Steven J Street
- College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| | - Ranil Jayawardena
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Kamlesh Khunti
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - Ross Arena
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes has become a major health care problem in India with an estimated 66.8 million people suffering from the condition, representing the largest number of any country in the world. OBJECTIVE The rising burden of diabetes has greatly affected the health care sector and economy in India. The goal of health care experts in India is to transform India into a diabetes care capital in the world. METHODS An expert detailed review of the medical literature with an Asian Indian context was performed. FINDINGS Recent epidemiologic studies from India point to a great burden from diabetes. Diabetes control in India is far from ideal with a mean hemoglobin A1c of 9.0%-at least 2.0% higher than suggested by international bodies. Nearly half of people with diabetes remain undetected, accounting for complications at the time of diagnosis. Screening can differentiate an asymptomatic individual at high risk from one at low risk for diabetes. Despite the large number of people with diabetes in India, awareness is low and needs to be addressed. Other challenges include balancing the need for glycemic control with risk reduction due to overly tight control, especially in high-risk groups and taking into account health care professional expertise, attitudes, and perceptions. Pharmacologic care should be individualized with early consideration of combination therapy. Regular exercise, yoga, mindful eating, and stress management form a cornerstone in the management of diabetes. CONCLUSIONS Considering the high cost incurred at various steps of screening, diagnosis, monitoring, and management, it is important to realize the cost-effective measures of diabetes care that are necessary to implement. Result-oriented organized programs involving patient education, as well as updating the medical fraternity on various developments in the management of diabetes, are required to combat the current diabetes epidemic in India.
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Tripathy JP, Bahuguna P, Prinja S. Drug prescription behavior: A cross-sectional study in public health facilities in two states of North India. Perspect Clin Res 2018; 9:76-82. [PMID: 29862200 PMCID: PMC5950614 DOI: 10.4103/picr.picr_75_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Poor prescription practices result in increased side effects, adverse drug reactions, and high cost of treatment. The present study was undertaken to describe the drug-prescribing patterns in two North Indian states through prescription auditing. Materials and Methods: The study was carried out in 80 public health facilities across 12 districts in two states of Haryana and Punjab (6 in each) covering all levels of care. The information from prescription slips was abstracted on a structured pro forma for all patients who visited the pharmacy of the health facility. Results: A total of 1609 prescriptions were analyzed. On an average, 2.2 drugs were prescribed per patient. Nearly 84% of the drugs were prescribed from the essential drug list (EDL). Antibiotics were prescribed in 45.3% of prescriptions, followed by vitamins (34.8%) and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (33.9%). Drugs were prescribed in their generic names in 70% of cases. Diseases of the ear, nose, and throat (18%) were most common followed by the diseases of the gastrointestinal and renal (17%) and musculoskeletal system (16%). Only 40% of children suffering from diarrhea received oral rehydration salts while 80% of them received antibiotics. Among cases of upper respiratory tract infection, nearly 75% received antibiotics. Conclusion: The results of this study raise concerns about the overuse of antibiotics although most of the drugs (84%) were from the EDL and in generic names (70%). There is lack of data regarding prescription practices which necessitates real-time prescription monitoring through online data entry and transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaya Prasad Tripathy
- Centre for Operational Research, International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, The Union South East Asia Office, New Delhi, India.,School of Public Health, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Pankaj Bahuguna
- School of Public Health, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Shankar Prinja
- School of Public Health, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Indu R, Adhikari A, Maisnam I, Basak P, Sur TK, Das AK. Polypharmacy and comorbidity status in the treatment of type 2 diabetic patients attending a tertiary care hospital: An observational and questionnaire-based study. Perspect Clin Res 2018; 9:139-144. [PMID: 30090713 PMCID: PMC6058506 DOI: 10.4103/picr.picr_81_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose/Aim: Diabetes mellitus is associated with several comorbid conditions. Thus, often, diabetic patients are prescribed multiple drugs. Although multiple drugs help to combat various diseases, they also increase the propensity of drug interactions and adverse drug reactions. The present study thus tried to evaluate the comorbid conditions and concurrent medications associated with type 2 diabetic patients. It also aimed to address patient compliance for the medications provided to them. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional observational study conducted for 2 months – January–February 2017. Data were collected from prescriptions of the patients and also by interviewing the willing patients, attending the Diabetic Clinic of R. G. Kar Medical College, Kolkata, India. Results: During the study period, 150 patients were interviewed and their prescriptions were studied. Out of 150 patients, 69 (46%) were males and 81 (54%) were females. The mean age of the study population was 51.5 (±0.78) years. The present study evaluated that 83.3% (125) of the study population suffered from at least one comorbid conditions, the most common being hyperlipidemia (70.7%) and hypertension (47.3%). The average number of drugs prescribed is 4.72 (±0.11) per prescription. Metformin was prescribed to 96% of the patients. The concurrent medications recommended included hypolipidemics (72%), antihypertensives (68%), drugs for peptic ulcer (34.7%), and antiplatelets (10.7%). Conclusion: The present study thus concluded that diabetic patients suffer from a number of comorbid conditions, most commonly, cardiovascular problems. The comorbidity increased with the age. The level of polypharmacy was also high, thereby increasing the pill burden for the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania Indu
- Department of Pharmacology, R. G. Kar Medical College, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Anjan Adhikari
- Department of Pharmacology, R. G. Kar Medical College, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Indira Maisnam
- Department of Endocrinology, R. G. Kar Medical College, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Piyali Basak
- School of Bioscience and Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Tapas Kumar Sur
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Anup Kumar Das
- Department of Pharmacology, R. G. Kar Medical College, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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Devarajan TV, Venkataraman S, Kandasamy N, Oomman A, Boorugu HK, Karuppiah SKP, Balat D. Comparative Evaluation of Safety and Efficacy of Glimepiride and Sitagliptin in Combination with Metformin in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Indian Multicentric Randomized Trial - START Study. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2017; 21:745-750. [PMID: 28989886 PMCID: PMC5628548 DOI: 10.4103/ijem.ijem_176_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Modern sulfonylureas like glimepiride offer effective glycemic control with extrapancreatic benefits and good tolerability. The objective of the present study was to evaluate and compare safety and efficacy of glimepiride and sitagliptin in combination with metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS In this open-label, randomized, comparative, multicenter study, a total of 305 T2DM patients who were either drug naïve or uncontrolled on metformin were randomized to glimepiride 1 or 2 mg/sustained-release metformin 1000 mg once daily (glimepiride group, n = 202) or sitagliptin 50 mg/metformin 500 mg twice daily (sitagliptin group, n = 103) for 12 weeks. Primary endpoint was change in glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c). Secondary endpoints were change in fasting plasma glucose (FPG), postprandial plasma glucose (PPG), body mass index (BMI) and to assess overall safety profile. RESULTS At 12 weeks, there was a statistically significant difference in the mean HbA1c reduction in glimepiride group (0.42%) as compared to sitagliptin group (0.30%) (P = 0.001). Mean reduction in FPG and PPG was also statistically significant in the glimepiride group as compared to the sitagliptin group (P = 0.008). There was no significant difference in terms of change in BMI (0.07 ± 0.39 kg/m2 vs. 0.08 ± 0.31 kg/m2) in glimepiride and sitagliptin groups, respectively, (P = 0.644) between both the groups. The incidences of hypoglycemic events were also comparable among both the groups. CONCLUSION In T2DM patients, glimepiride/metformin combination exhibited significant reduction in glycemic parameters as compared to sitagliptin/metformin combination. Moreover, there was no significant difference between both the groups in terms of change in BMI and incidence of hypoglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. V. Devarajan
- Consultant Physician, Apollo First Med Hospitals, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S. Venkataraman
- Consultant Physician and Diabetologist, Apollo Hospitals, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Narayanan Kandasamy
- Consultant Endocrinologist and Diabetologist, Apollo Hospitals, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Abraham Oomman
- Consultant Cardiologist, Apollo Hospitals, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - S. K. P. Karuppiah
- Consultant Cardiologist, Apollo Speciality Hospital, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Dushyant Balat
- Consultant Cardiologist, Apollo Hospitals International Limited, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
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Pai SA, Kshirsagar NA. Pioglitazone utilization, efficacy & safety in Indian type 2 diabetic patients: A systematic review & comparison with European Medicines Agency Assessment Report. Indian J Med Res 2017; 144:672-681. [PMID: 28361819 PMCID: PMC5393077 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_650_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives: With pioglitazone ban and subsequent revoking in India along with varying regulatory decisions in other countries, it was decided to carry out a systematic review on its safety, efficacy and drug utilization in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in India and compare with the data from the European Medicines Agency Assessment Report (EMA-AR). Methods: Systematic review was performed as per the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, searching Medline/PubMed, Google Scholar and Science Direct databases using ‘pioglitazone AND India AND human’ and ‘pioglitazone AND India AND human AND patient’ and compared with EMA-AR. Spontaneous reports in World Health Organization VigiBase from India were compared with VigiBase data from other countries. Results: Sixty six publications, 26 (efficacy), 32 (drug utilization) and eight (safety), were retrieved. In India, pioglitazone was used at 15-30 mg/day mostly with metformin and sulphonylurea, being prescribed to 26.7 and 8.4 per cent patients in north and south, respectively. The efficacy in clinical trials (CTs) was similar to those in EMA-AR. Incidence of bladder cancer in pioglitazone exposed and non-exposed patients was not significantly different in an Indian retrospective cohort study. There were two cases and a series of eight cases of bladder cancer published but none reported in VigiBase. Interpretation & conclusions: In India, probably due to lower dose, lower background incidence of bladder cancer and smaller sample size in epidemiological studies, association of bladder cancer with pioglitazone was not found to be significant. Reporting of CTs and adverse drug reactions to Clinical Trials Registry of India and Pharmacovigilance Programme of India, respectively, along with compliance studies with warning given in package insert and epidemiological studies with larger sample size are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarayu A Pai
- National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (ICMR), Mumbai, India
| | - Nilima A Kshirsagar
- National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (ICMR), Mumbai, India
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Chinnappan S, Sivanandy P, Sagaran R, Molugulu N. Assessment of Knowledge of Diabetes Mellitus in the Urban Areas of Klang District, Malaysia. PHARMACY 2017; 5:E11. [PMID: 28970423 PMCID: PMC5419385 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy5010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is the most common cause of non-traumatic lower limb amputations and cardiovascular diseases. However, only a negligible percentage of the patients and subjects knew that the feet are affected in diabetes and diabetes affects the heart. Hence, a cross-sectional study was carried out to evaluate the knowledge of diabetes mellitus among the public of different age group, gender, ethnicity, and education level. A sample of 400 participants was randomly selected and data was collected using a structured questionnaire under non-contrived setting. The results showed that there is a statistically significant difference in knowledge on diabetes mellitus among different age groups and different ethnic origin but there is no significant difference in the knowledge among different gender and education level. Out of 400 respondents, 284 respondents (71%) knew that diabetes mellitus is actually a condition characterized by raised blood sugar. Age and education level of respondents were found to be the predominant predictive factors on diabetes knowledge, whereas the gender of respondents did not affect the findings of this study. An improved and well-structured educational programme that tackles the areas of weaknesses should be recommended to increase the level of knowledge on diabetes among Malaysians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasikala Chinnappan
- Department of Life Sciences, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia.
| | - Palanisamy Sivanandy
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia.
| | | | - Nagashekhara Molugulu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia.
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Gyawali B, Ferrario A, van Teijlingen E, Kallestrup P. Challenges in diabetes mellitus type 2 management in Nepal: a literature review. Glob Health Action 2016; 9:31704. [PMID: 27760677 PMCID: PMC5071649 DOI: 10.3402/gha.v9.31704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Diabetes has become an increasingly prevalent and severe public health problem in Nepal. The Nepalese health system is struggling to deliver comprehensive, quality treatment and services for diabetes at all levels of health care. This study aims to review evidence on the prevalence, cost and treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2 and its complications in Nepal and to critically assess the challenges to be addressed to contain the epidemic and its negative economic impact. DESIGN A comprehensive review of available evidence and data sources on prevalence, risk factors, cost, complications, treatment, and management of diabetes mellitus type 2 in Nepal was conducted through an online database search for articles published in English between January 2000 and November 2015. Additionally, we performed a manual search of articles and reference lists of published articles for additional references. RESULTS Diabetes mellitus type 2 is emerging as a major health care problem in Nepal, with rising prevalence and its complications especially in urban populations. Several challenges in diabetes management were identified, including high cost of treatment, limited health care facilities, and lack of disease awareness among patients. No specific guideline was identified for the prevention and treatment of diabetes in Nepal. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that a comprehensive national effort is needed to stem the tide of the growing burden of diabetes mellitus type 2 and its complications in Nepal. The government should develop a comprehensive plan to tackle diabetes and other non-communicable diseases supported by appropriate health infrastructure and funding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishal Gyawali
- Center for Global Health, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Nepal Development Society (NEDS), Bharatpur, Nepal; @hotmail.com
| | - Alessandra Ferrario
- LSE Health, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, United Kingdom
| | - Edwin van Teijlingen
- Faculty of Health & Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Dorset, United Kingdom
| | - Per Kallestrup
- Center for Global Health, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Satpathy SV, Datta S, Upreti B. Utilization study of antidiabetic agents in a teaching hospital of Sikkim and adherence to current standard treatment guidelines. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2016; 8:223-8. [PMID: 27413351 PMCID: PMC4929962 DOI: 10.4103/0975-7406.175975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Diabetes has gradually emerged as one of the most serious public health problems in our country. This underlines the need for timely disease detection and decisive therapeutic intervention. This prospective cross-sectional observational study aims at analyzing the utilization pattern of antidiabetic agents in a remote North-East Indian tertiary care teaching hospital in the perspective of current standard treatment guidelines. Materials and Methods: Diabetic patients receiving antidiabetic medication, both as outpatients and inpatients in our hospital over a period of 12 months (May 2013–May 2014), were included in this study. The data obtained were sorted and analyzed on the basis of gender, type of therapy, and hospital setting. Results: A total of 310 patients were included in the study. Metformin was the single most frequently prescribed antidiabetic agent (66.8%) followed by the sulfonylureas group (37.4%). Insulin was prescribed in 23.2% of the patients. Combination antidiabetic drug therapy (65.1%) was used more frequently than monotherapy (34.8%). The use of biguanides (P < 0.0001) and sulfonylureas (P = 0.02) in combination was significant as compared to their use as monotherapy. A total of 48% of all antidiabetic combinations used, comprised metformin and sulfonylureas (n = 96). Insulin use was significantly higher as monotherapy and in inpatients (P < 0.0001). The utilization of drugs from the National List of Essential Medicines was 51.2%, while 11% of antidiabetics were prescribed by generic name. Conclusion: The pattern of utilization largely conforms to the current standard treatment guidelines. Increased use of generic drugs is an area with scope for improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushrut Varun Satpathy
- Department of Pharmacology, Sikkim Manipal Institute of Medical Sciences, Sikkim Manipal University, 5 Mile, Tadong, Gangtok, East Sikkim, India
| | - Supratim Datta
- Department of Pharmacology, Sikkim Manipal Institute of Medical Sciences, Sikkim Manipal University, 5 Mile, Tadong, Gangtok, East Sikkim, India
| | - Binu Upreti
- Department of Community Medicine, Sikkim Manipal Institute of Medical Sciences, Sikkim Manipal University, 5 Mile, Tadong, Gangtok, East Sikkim, India
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Fadare J, Olamoyegun M, Gbadegesin BA. Medication adherence and direct treatment cost among diabetes patients attending a tertiary healthcare facility in Ogbomosho, Nigeria. Malawi Med J 2016; 27:65-70. [PMID: 26405515 DOI: 10.4314/mmj.v27i2.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes mellitus (DM) is now prevalent in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, with associated health and socioeconomic consequences. Adherence to antidiabetic medications has been shown to improve glycaemic control, which subsequently improves both the short- and long-term prognosis of the disease. The main objective of this study was to assess the level of adherence to antidiabetic drugs among outpatients in a teaching hospital in southwestern Nigeria. METHODS A cross-sectional study was carried out using the eight-item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-8) among diabetic patients attending the medical outpatients' diabetes clinic of Ladoke Akintola University Teaching Hospital, in Ogbomosho, Oyo State in southwestern Nigeria, during a three-month period (October to December 2013). RESULTS A total of 129 patients participated in the study with a male-to-female ratio of 1:1.5. Seventy-eight (60.5%) patients had systemic hypertension as a comorbid condition while the remaining were being managed for diabetes mellitus alone. Only 6 (4.7%) of the patients had type 1 DM while the remaining 123 (95.3%) were diagnosed with type 2 DM. Metformin was the most prescribed oral hypoglycaemic agent (n = 111, 58.7%) followed by glibenclamide (n = 49, 25.9%). Medication adherence was classified as good, medium, and poor for 52 (40.6%), 42 (32.8%), and 34 (26.6%) patients, respectively. Medication costs accounted for 72.3% of the total direct cost of DM in this study, followed by the cost of laboratory investigations (17.6%). CONCLUSION Adherence of diabetes patients in the study sample to their medications was satisfactory. There is a need for the integration of generic medicines into routine care as a way of further reducing the burden of healthcare expenditure on the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fadare
- Department of Pharmacology, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - M Olamoyegun
- Department of Medicine, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology (LAUTECH) and LAUTECH Teaching Hospital, Ogbomosho, Nigeria
| | - B A Gbadegesin
- Department of Medicine, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology (LAUTECH) Teaching Hospital, Ogbomosho, Nigeria
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New Insights into the Role of Metformin Effects on Serum Omentin-1 Levels in Acute Myocardial Infarction: Cross-Sectional Study. Emerg Med Int 2015; 2015:283021. [PMID: 26682070 PMCID: PMC4670866 DOI: 10.1155/2015/283021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Serum omentin-1 level was low in the most types of ischemic heart disease compared to normal subjects; it also dependently correlated with coronary heart disease; thus, omentin-1 is regarded as a novel biomarker in IHD. Objective. The aim of the present study was to establish the links between omentin-1 and acute myocardial infarction in metformin patients. Subjects and Methods. A cross-sectional study was performed on eighty-five patients with type II DM and acute MI. They are divided as follows: Group I, 62 patients with type II DM who received metformin prior to onset of acute MI; Group II, 23 patients with type II DM who did not receive metformin prior to onset of acute MI; and Group III, 30 normal healthy controls. Venous blood was drawn from each participant for determination of lipid profile, plasma omentin-1, cardiac troponin-I (cTn-I) and other routine tests. Results. Patients that presented with acute MI that received metformin show a significant difference in all biochemical parameters (p < 0.001); metformin increases serum omentin-1 level and decreases serum cardiac troponin-I level compared with control subjects and nonmetformin treated patients. Conclusion. Metformin pharmacotherapy increases omentin-1 serum levels and may be regarded as a potential agent in the prevention of the occurrences of acute MI in diabetic patients.
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Kalra S, Aamir AH, Raza A, Das AK, Azad Khan AK, Shrestha D, Qureshi MF, Md Fariduddin, Pathan MF, Jawad F, Bhattarai J, Tandon N, Somasundaram N, Katulanda P, Sahay R, Dhungel S, Bajaj S, Chowdhury S, Ghosh S, Madhu SV, Ahmed T, Bulughapitiya U. Place of sulfonylureas in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus in South Asia: A consensus statement. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2015; 19:577-96. [PMID: 26425465 PMCID: PMC4566336 DOI: 10.4103/2230-8210.163171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Since their introduction in clinical practice in the 1950's, Sulfonylureas (SUs) have remained the main-stay of pharmacotherapy in the management of type 2 diabetes. Despite their well-established benefits, their place in therapy is inappropriately being overshadowed by newer therapies. Many of the clinical issues associated with the use of SUs are agent-specific, and do not pertain to the class as such. Modern SUs (glimepiride, gliclazide MR) are backed by a large body of evidence, experience, and most importantly, outcome data, which supports their role in managing patients with diabetes. Person-centred care, i.e., careful choice of SU, appropriate dosage, timing of administration, and adequate patient counseling, will ensure that deserving patients are not deprived of the advantages of this well-established class of anti-diabetic agents. Considering their efficacy, safety, pleiotropic benefits, and low cost of therapy, SUs should be considered as recommended therapy for the treatment of diabetes in South Asia. This initiative by SAFES aims to encourage rational, safe and smart prescription of SUs, and includes appropriate medication counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Kalra
- Department of Endocrinology, Bharti Hospital and BRIDE, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - A H Aamir
- Department of Endocrinology, Post Graduate Medical Institute Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Abbas Raza
- Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - A K Das
- Department of Endocrinology, Pondicherry Institute of Medical Sciences, Puducherry, India
| | - A K Azad Khan
- Department of Public Health, Bangladesh University of Health Sciences, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Dina Shrestha
- Department of Endocrinology, Norvic International Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Md Faisal Qureshi
- Department of Endocrinology, Al-Khaliq Medicare Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Fariduddin
- Department of Endocrinology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Shahbag, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Fatema Jawad
- Department of Diabetology, Medilink Clinics, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Jyoti Bhattarai
- Department of Medicine, Trivuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Nikhil Tandon
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Noel Somasundaram
- South Asian Federation of Endocrine Societies, National Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Prasad Katulanda
- Department of Clinical Medicines, Diabetes Research Unit, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Rakesh Sahay
- Department of Endocrinology, Osmania Medical College, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Sanjib Dhungel
- Department of Medicine, Nepal Medical College Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Sarita Bajaj
- Department of Medicine, MLN Medical College, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Subhankar Chowdhury
- Department of Endocrinology, IPGMER and SSKM Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Sujoy Ghosh
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, IPGMER, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - S V Madhu
- Department of Medicine and Head, Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, UCMS-GTB Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Tofail Ahmed
- Department of Endocrinology, BIRDEM, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Uditha Bulughapitiya
- Department of Endocrinology, Kalubowila South Teaching Hospital, Kalubowila, Sri Lanka
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Jain S, Upadhyaya P, Goyal J, Kumar A, Jain P, Seth V, Moghe VV. A systematic review of prescription pattern monitoring studies and their effectiveness in promoting rational use of medicines. Perspect Clin Res 2015; 6:86-90. [PMID: 25878953 PMCID: PMC4394586 DOI: 10.4103/2229-3485.154005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Prescription pattern monitoring studies (PPMS) are a tool for assessing the prescribing, dispensing and distribution of medicines. The main aim of PPMS is to facilitate rational use of medicines (RUM). There is paucity of published data analysing the effectiveness of PPMS. The present review has been done to assess the effectiveness of prescription pattern monitoring studies in promoting RUM. Data search was conducted on internet. A multitude of PPMS done on different classes of drugs were collected and analyzed. PPMS using WHO prescribing indicators were also included. The present article reviews various prescription pattern monitoring studies of drugs conducted all over country and abroad. It was observed in the majority of such studies that physicians do not adhere to the guidelines made by regulatory agencies leading to irrational use of medicines. This in turn leads to increased incidence of treatment failure, antimicrobial resistance and economic burden on the patient and the community as a whole. The treatment of diseases by the use of essential drugs, prescribed by their generic names, has been emphasized by the WHO and the National Health Policy of India. We conclude that the prescription monitoring studies provide a bridge between areas like rational use of drugs, pharmacovigilance, evidence based medicine, pharmacoeconomics, pharmacogenetics and ecopharmacovigilance. In India, this is the need of the hour to utilise the data generated by so many prescription pattern monitoring studies done in every state and on every drug, so that the main aim of promoting rational use of drugs is fulfilled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shipra Jain
- Department of Pharmacology, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Prerna Upadhyaya
- Department of Pharmacology, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Jaswant Goyal
- Department of Pharmacology, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Abhijit Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Pushpawati Jain
- Department of Pharmacology, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Vikas Seth
- Department of Pharmacology, Mayo Institute of Medical Sciences, Gadia, Barabanki, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vijay V Moghe
- Department of Pharmacology, Terna Medical College, Nerul, Navi Mumbai, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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Metformin enhances the anti-adipogenic effects of atorvastatin via modulation of STAT3 and TGF-β/Smad3 signaling. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 456:173-8. [PMID: 25462562 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.11.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Adipocyte accumulation is associated with the development of obesity and obesity-related diseases. Interactions of master transcription factors and signaling cascades are required for adipogenesis. Regulation of excessive adipogenic processes may be an attractive therapeutic for treatment of obesity and obesity-related diseases. In this study, we found that atorvastatin exerts an anti-adipogenic activity in 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes, and that this activity is elevated in combination with metformin. Expression of the adipogenic master regulators PPARγ and C/EBPα, and their target gene aP2, was suppressed by atorvastatin. Furthermore, atorvastatin treatment resulted in increased activation of the key master regulator of cellular energy homeostasis, AMPK. These biological activities of atorvastatin were elevated in combination with metformin. These anti-adipogenic activities were associated with regulation of the STAT3 and TGF-β signaling cascades, resulting in the regulation of the expression of STAT3 target genes, such as KLF5, p53, and cyclin D1, and TGF-β signaling inhibitory genes, such as SMAD7. Our results suggest that combination therapy with atorvastatin and metformin may have therapeutic potential for the treatment of obesity and obesity-related diseases caused by excessive adipogenesis.
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