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Garg D, Patel S, Sankhla CS, Holla VV, Paramanandam V, Kukkle PL, Pandey S, Schneider SA, Pal PK. Movement Disorders in Patients with Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis: A Systematic Review. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2024; 11:770-785. [PMID: 38748762 PMCID: PMC11233848 DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.14062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is a complication of measles, occurring after a latency of 4-10 years. It continues to occur in developing countries although resurgence is being reported from developed countries. Characteristic features include progressive neuropsychiatric issues, myoclonus, seizures, movement disorders and visual impairment. Electroencephalography (EEG) typically shows periodic generalized discharges, and elevated CSF anti-measles antibodies are diagnostic. Movement disorders are being increasingly recognized as part of the clinical spectrum, and range from hyperkinetic (chorea, dystonia, tremor, tics) to hypokinetic (parkinsonism) disorders and ataxia. OBJECTIVES This article aims to comprehensively review the spectrum of movement disorders associated with SSPE. METHODS A literature search was conducted in PubMed and EMBASE databases in December 2023 and articles were identified for review. RESULTS Movement disorders reported in SSPE included hyperkinetic (chorea, dystonia, tremor and tics), hypokinetic (parkinsonism), ataxia and extraocular movement disorders. Myoclonus, a core clinical feature, was the most frequent "abnormal movement." Movement disorders were observed in all clinical stages, and could also be a presenting feature, even sans myoclonus. Hyperkinetic movement disorders were more common than hypokinetic movement disorders. An evolution of movement disorders was observed, with ataxia, chorea and dystonia occurring earlier, and parkinsonism later in the disease. Neuroradiological correlates of movement disorders remained unclear. CONCLUSION A wide spectrum of movement disorders was observed throughout the clinical stages of SSPE. Most data were derived from case reports and small case series. Multicentric longitudinal studies are required to better delineate the spectrum and evolution of movement disorders in SSPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divyani Garg
- Department of NeurologyAll India Institute of Medical SciencesNew DelhiIndia
| | - Sahil Patel
- Department of NeurologyP. D. Hinduja National Hospital & Medical Research CentreMumbaiIndia
| | - Charulata S. Sankhla
- Department of NeurologyP. D. Hinduja National Hospital & Medical Research CentreMumbaiIndia
| | - Vikram V. Holla
- Department of NeurologyNational Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS)BangaloreIndia
| | | | | | - Sanjay Pandey
- Department of Neurology and Stroke MedicineAmrita Institute of Medical SciencesFaridabadIndia
| | | | - Pramod K. Pal
- Department of NeurologyNational Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS)BangaloreIndia
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Sinha R, Singh S, Balamurugan N, Pandey A. Myoclonic-Atonic Epilepsy Masquerading as Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis: A Clinical Conundrum. ANNALS OF CHILD NEUROLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.26815/acn.2022.00227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Datta AK, Ghosh PC, Bera M, Mukherjee A, Chaudhuri J, Pandit A. A video-based discussion of movement disorders in paediatric anti NMDAR encephalitis: A case series from Eastern India. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2022; 37:40-45. [PMID: 35051735 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2022.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The spectrum of movement disorders associated with anti N-Methyl-d-Aspartate-Receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis is myriad, particularly in children, possibilities of which were investigated from two tertiary care centres. METHODS A retrospective study was conducted in two tertiary referral centres in Eastern India, analysing data of 8 paediatric patients diagnosed as anti NMDAR encephalitis, presenting with one or more movement disorders (MDs). RESULTS All the patients were of Bengali ethnicity with a median age of 9 years (3-16 years) and with female predilection (62.5%). CSF pleocytosis was a common feature in all. Seizures were described in 62.5%% of patients with a solitary patient exhibiting abnormalities on brain imaging. 3 out of 8 (37.5%) of patients presented with a single MD while the remaining had more than one type. Oro-linguo-facial dyskinesias and dystonia (37.5% each) were the most common movement type followed by chorea (12.5%). Complex stereotypies, myoclonus and facial tics were noted in one patient each. All patients received pulse methyl prednisolone. Escalation to second line therapy in form of rituximab was done for 5 patients (62.5%). Following immunotherapy, hyperkinetic movements resolved in 50% of patients, with persistence of movements in one (12.5%). A mortality of 37.5% was noted. Median duration of follow up was 26 months, during which none of the patients had evidence of systemic neoplasm. CONCLUSION MDs are a core feature of anti NMDAR encephalitis, particularly in the paediatric age group, understanding and characterization of which, is the key to early diagnosis and effective therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amlan Kusum Datta
- Department of Neurology, Bangur Institute of Neurology, IPGMER SSKM Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
| | - Prakash Chandra Ghosh
- Department of Paediatrics, Midnapur Medical College and Hospital, West Bengal, India.
| | - Mitali Bera
- Department of Paediatrics, Midnapur Medical College and Hospital, West Bengal, India.
| | - Adreesh Mukherjee
- Department of Neurology, Bangur Institute of Neurology, IPGMER SSKM Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
| | - Jasodhara Chaudhuri
- Department of Neurology, Bangur Institute of Neurology, IPGMER SSKM Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
| | - Alak Pandit
- Department of Neurology, Bangur Institute of Neurology, IPGMER SSKM Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
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Chandra SR, Viswanathan LG, Pai AR, Wahatule R, Alladi S. Syndromes of Rapidly Progressive Cognitive Decline-Our Experience. J Neurosci Rural Pract 2019; 8:S66-S71. [PMID: 28936074 PMCID: PMC5602264 DOI: 10.4103/jnrp.jnrp_100_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Dementias are fairly slowly progressive degenerative diseases of brain for which treatment options are very less and carry a lot of burden on family and society. A small percentage of them are rapidly progressive and mostly carry a different course outcome. However, there are no definite criteria other than the time line for these patients. Aims: The aim of this was to identify and categorize the causes and course of rapidly progressive dementias seen in our center. Settings and Design: Patients who presented with rapid deterioration of cognitive functions within weeks to 1 year between 2011 and December 2016 were evaluated. Patients and Methods: All patients underwent all mandatory tests for dementia including brain imaging. Complete vasculitis workup, autoimmune encephalitis profile including Voltage Gated Potassium Channel, N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor, glutamic acid-decarboxylase, thyroid-peroxidase antibody, cerebrospinal fluid, and other special tests such as duodenal biopsy and paraneoplastic workup were done based on clinical indications. Results and Conclusions: Out of 144 patients 42 had immune-mediated encephalopathy, 18 had Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, 3 had Vitamin B12 deficiency, 63 had infection with neurocysticercosis, 7 had tuberculosis, 2 had HIV, 1 had herpes simplex encephalitis, 1 had neurosyphilis, 1 Whipples disease, 1 had Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis, 1 had Mass lesion, 3 had Frontotemporal dementia, and 3 had small vessel disease. Good majority of these patients have infective and immune-mediated causes and less number belong to degenerative group. Therefore, caution is needed to look for treatable cause as it carries a different treatment options and outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anupama Ramakanth Pai
- Department of Neuromicrobiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Rahul Wahatule
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Suvarna Alladi
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Sialidosis Type 1: Giant SSEP and Novel Mutation. Indian J Pediatr 2019; 86:760-761. [PMID: 30941624 DOI: 10.1007/s12098-019-02936-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Chandra SR, Ray S, Isaac T, R Pai A, Krishnareddy H, Dhar D, Philip M. A clinical TRIAD for early suspicion of autoimmune encephalitis as a possibility in patients presenting with progressive cognitive decline. Asian J Psychiatr 2019; 41:5-12. [PMID: 30836326 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2019.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Patients with progressive cognitive decline mostly suffer from degenerative disease and carry a relatively poor prognosis. But small groups among these patients have a potentially treatable cause of illness and therefore every patient with dementia needs to be considered treatable unless proved otherwise. This group can be identified only by high degree of suspicion based on clinical clues. We have evaluated the validity of some simple clinical clues which we noticed in our patients with immune mediated dementias. The Panic score, Epsworth sleepiness score, catatonic symptoms and history of seizures were compared between 23 and 11 patients with serologically confirmed anti-NMDA antibody and anti-VGKC antibody associated encephalitis respectively. They were compared with 20 patients with probable behavioral variant of Frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) and 20 patients with probable Alzheimer's disease (AD). Chi-square test was used to compare across the groups and there was significant difference (P < 0.05) across the 4 groups comprising anti NMDA encephalitis, anti VGKC encephalitis, FTD and AD among the four variables (Panic scores, Catatonic symptoms, Epsworth sleepiness score and seizures) studied. Our study revealed that panic and sleepiness is highly significant when tested across all groups and catatonia showed a trend towards NMDA and when compared with degenerative dementia versus immune mediated syndromes all the 4 parameters were highly significant This simple bedside TRIAD of panic, sleepiness with either of catatonia or seizures if found in patients it is appropriate to order antibody assessment before anything else is planned. This needs to be evaluated in a larger sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Chandra
- NIMHANS, Neurology, Department of Neurology, Faculty block, Neurocentre, 560029, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
| | - Somdattaa Ray
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, 560029, Karnataka, India.
| | - Thomas Isaac
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, 560029, Karnataka, India.
| | - Anupama R Pai
- Department of Neuromicrobiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, 560029, Karnataka, India.
| | - Haripriya Krishnareddy
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, 560029, Karnataka, India.
| | - Debjyoti Dhar
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, 560029, Karnataka, India.
| | - Mariamma Philip
- Associate Professor of Biostatistics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru - 560029, Karnataka, India.
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Chandra SR, Padmanabha H, Koti N, Kalya Vyasaraj K, Mailankody P, Pai AR. N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Encephalitis our Experience with Diagnostic Dilemmas, Clinical Features, and Outcome. J Pediatr Neurosci 2018; 13:423-428. [PMID: 30937083 PMCID: PMC6413609 DOI: 10.4103/jpn.jpn_96_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction A neuropsychiatric syndrome characterized by a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations. It is seen in patients with antibodies against NR1-NR2 heteromers of the NMDA receptor. As the spectrum is mainly psychiatric most patients are treated as psychiatric disease resulting in huge diagnostic delay. Patient and methods Here we describe 29 patients with NMDA encephalitis seen by the authors in the last five years. Percentage of Transfected cells showing granular cytoplasmic florescence was considered for positivity and severity both in CSF and serum. Their presenting diagnosis, clinical features and the dilemmas, alarming gaps, laboratory data, response to treatment and relapses are discussed. Observations All patients presented with a spectrum of psychiatric symptoms varying from panic to severe aggression, seizures, chorea, hemiplegia, catatonia, mitgehen, mutism, delirium, mania and memory problems. EEG is invariably abnormal as against imaging. Conclusion NMDA receptor mediated encephalitis should be suspected in all children and females of adolescent age with refractory neuropsychiatric syndrome. Both CSF and serum should be tested and regular follow up for relapses and neoplasms is mandatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadanandavalli R Chandra
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Hansashree Padmanabha
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Neeraja Koti
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Kishore Kalya Vyasaraj
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Pooja Mailankody
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Anupama R Pai
- Department of Neuromicrobiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Chandra SR, Viswanathan LG, Sindhu DM, Pai AR. Subacute Noninfective Inflammatory Encephalopathy: Our Experience and Diagnostic Problems. Indian J Psychol Med 2017; 39:183-187. [PMID: 28515556 PMCID: PMC5385748 DOI: 10.4103/ijpsym.ijpsym_433_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Immune dysregulation associated encephalopathies present with significant psychiatric manifestations and only a few soft neurological and general systemic features. They are generally resistant to treatment with psychiatric medications. Generalized orthostatic myoclonus and faciobrachial dystonic seizures are mistaken as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. PATIENTS AND METHODS Forty-two patients seen during 2010-2015 and diagnosed as noninfective encephalopathy were analyzed. Those patients with infective causes and those who had significant features of systemic manifestations of vasculitis and other disorders of central nervous system were excluded from the study. They were investigated with cerebrospinal fluid imaging, electroencephalogram (EEG), and antibody profile. RESULTS More than 70% patients had psychiatric manifestation as presenting features and reported to psychiatrist. Three patients had paraneoplastic and others N-methyl-D-aspartate, voltage-gated potassium channel, thyroid peroxidase, antinuclear antibody related, and few were due to unknown antibody. CONCLUSION Serious diagnostic errors are common and early diagnosis is based on high degree suspicion in patients presenting with new-onset refractory psychosis. Soft neurological features should be looked for and EEG serves as a very sensitive tool in establishing organicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Anupama Ramakanth Pai
- Department of Neuromicrobiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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