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Khobragade NH, Sheth DB, Patel CA, Beladiya JV, Patel S, Dalal M. Polycystic ovary syndrome: Insights into its prevalence, diagnosis, and management with special reference to gut microbial dysbiosis. Steroids 2024; 208:109455. [PMID: 38876407 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2024.109455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) represents major endocrine and metabolic disorder among women largely characterized by hyperandrogenism and oligomenorrhea precipitates serious complications such as type 2 diabetes, early atherosclerosis, infertility, and endometrial cancer. Several etiological theories were proposed to define the exact cause of the PCOS, which is characterized, by the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, ovarian morphology, and release of adrenal steroid hormones, metabolic syndrome, and hereditary factors. The review explored the role of dysbiosis and the mechanisms through which microbial dysbiosis can affect PCOS development. In recent time, various research groups highlighted the role of microbial gut dysbiosis associated with obesity as potential etiological factor for the PCOS. In the present review, we reviewed the mechanisms attributed to the microbial dysbiosis and treatment approaches to deal with the situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha H Khobragade
- Research Scholar, Department of Pharmacology, Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India; Department of Pharmacology, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Devang B Sheth
- Department of Pharmacology, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.
| | - Chirag A Patel
- Department of Pharmacology, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Jayesh V Beladiya
- Department of Pharmacology, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Sandip Patel
- Department of Pharmacology, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Mittal Dalal
- Department of Pharmacology, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
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Coffin T, Wray J, Sah R, Maj M, Nath R, Nauhria S, Maity S, Nauhria S. A Review and Meta-Analysis of the Prevalence and Health Impact of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Among Medical and Dental Students. Cureus 2023; 15:e40141. [PMID: 37304389 PMCID: PMC10256275 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.40141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Women currently comprise the majority of students graduating from medical school and face unique stressors not seen with their male counterparts. In particular, during their medical education, women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) experience symptoms of the disorder, which strongly impact both their academic and social lives. This in turn influences their academic and professional future. Although women as medical professionals, in general, are happy with their careers, awareness, and understanding on the part of medical educators will definitely be helpful to women medical students in their path to being successful medical professionals. The first objective of our current study is to find the prevalence of PCOS in medical and dental students. The second objective is to find the academic and health impacts of PCOS and what type of interventions are being adopted to relieve the symptoms. Using the keywords such as "PCOS," "medical students," and "dental students", the search engines PubMed, Embase, and Scopus were used to retrieve relevant articles published from 2020 to 2022. After removing the duplicates, 11 prospective cross-sectional studies were utilized for qualitative and quantitative analysis. The pooled prevalence of 2,206 female medical students diagnosed with PCOS was 24.7%. The students in the various studies were aware of their PCOS diagnosis and were taking therapeutic medications. The most common associated complications reported were BMI abnormalities, abnormal hair growth, and acne, along with other complications such as stress and poor academic and social life. The majority also had significant family histories of concurrent clinical conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, and other menstrual abnormalities. Considering the huge impact of PCOS, medical educators, policymakers, and all stakeholders should take proactive measures to accommodate students' needs and bridge the social gap. Special awareness of needed lifestyle changes should be a part of the medical education curriculum for an inclusive educational environment, as it will minimize the gender discrepancy in academic satisfaction and professional life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Coffin
- Medicine, St. George's University School of Medicine, St. George's, GRD
| | - Jadzia Wray
- Medicine, St. George's University School of Medicine, St. George's, GRD
| | | | - Mary Maj
- Biochemistry, St. George's University School of Medicine, St. George's, GRD
| | - Reetuparna Nath
- Educational Services, St. George's University, St. George's, GRD
| | | | - Sabyasachi Maity
- Physiology, St. George's University School of Medicine, St. George's, GRD
| | - Samal Nauhria
- Pathology, St. Matthew's University, Georgetown, CYM
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Sharma M, Khapre M, Saxena V, Kaushal P. Polycystic ovary syndrome among Indian adolescent girls - A systematic review and metanalysis. Nepal J Epidemiol 2021; 11:1063-1075. [PMID: 34733568 PMCID: PMC8560138 DOI: 10.3126/nje.v11i3.38460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder in the progenitive age group and the leading cause of infertility. The worldwide prevalence of PCOS in women varies between 2.2% to 26%. Due to limited literature on burden of PCOS among adolescent girls, its significance is still unfathomed as a research is few and far between in the present time. We conducted Systematic review and metanalysis to estimate the pooled prevalence of PCOS among Indian adolescent girls (14-19 years). Methods With the help of a search strategy, two authors searched Scopus, Embase and Pubmed independently. We screened studies considering eligibility criteria and extracted data. Selected studies were assessed for quality and risk biases using the NIH tool. R software was used for analysis. Results Twelve studies were included in the meta-analysis. The total number of participants in the study was 4473. All studies scored average and above as per the NIH quality assessment tool. The prevalence of PCOS among adolescents based on the Rotterdam criteria was 17.74 per 100 (CI = 11.77-23.71) with I2 =97 %. Hospital-based studies had a comparatively higher prevalence of PCOS as compared to community-based. Conclusion Pooled prevalence of PCOS among Indian adolescents’ girls was high, approximately one in five.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megha Sharma
- MPH PG School of Public Health AIIMS Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Meenakshi Khapre
- Deptartment of Community and Family Medicine, AIIMS Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Vartika Saxena
- Deptartment of Community and Family Medicine, AIIMS Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Pawna Kaushal
- MPH PG School of Public Health AIIMS Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
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Does body mass index have an effect on the prevalence of various symptoms of polycystic ovary syndrome and their associated risk factors? ANTHROPOLOGICAL REVIEW 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/anre-2021-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The present cross-sectional study is an attempt to understand the effect of body mass index (BMI) on the prevalence of various symptoms of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and to evaluate its associated risk factors.
A total of 250 PCOS women diagnosed by Rotterdam Criteria (2003), age ranging from 18–45 years, attending OPD of Gynaecology and Obstetrics of PGIMER, Chandigarh, India were enrolled in the study. All the participants were divided in three groups according to their body mass index (BMI).
The polycystic ovaries (83.2%) were the most frequently occurring symptoms of PCOS followed by hirsutism (74.4%), oligomenorrhea (60%), seborrhea (45.2%) and acne (40%). Category wise frequency distribution showed higher prevalence of symptoms among women in overweight/obese category, which were further supported by correspondence analysis. Results of multivariate analysis revealed that marital status, type of diet, socio-economic status and physical activity level were potential risk factors contributing to severe manifestations of PCOS symptoms.
Obesity denoted as an important risk factor can exaggerate many symptoms of PCOS and also be a causative factor for menstrual disturbance.
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Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene polymorphisms in the risk of polycystic ovary syndrome and ovarian cancer. Biosci Rep 2021; 40:225735. [PMID: 32639550 PMCID: PMC7369393 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20200995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymorphisms of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) in hormone metabolism pathways might cause metabolic disturbances and contribute to the development of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and ovarian cancer, but the published studies were inconsistent. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the MTHFR C677T (rs1801133) and A1298C (rs1801131) gene polymorphisms in the risk of PCOS and ovarian cancer by meta-analysis. A comprehensive electronic search was conducted in databases for studies published from 1995 to 2020. The pooled ORs were calculated by Revman 5.2 software. Twenty-nine articles including 45 case–control studies were included. We found that MTHFR C677T polymorphisms were correlated with elevated PCOS risk (TT vs. CT+CC: OR = 1.41, 95%CI = 1.20–1.67; TT+CT vs. CC: OR = 1.54, 95%CI = 1.07–2.22; CT vs. CC+TT: OR = 1.18, 95%CI 1.04–1.33; TT vs. CC: OR = 1.47, 95%CI = 1.03–2.11; T vs. C: OR = 1.25, 95%CI = 1.06–1.47), which were more obvious in Middle Eastern subgroup. MTHFR A1298C polymorphisms were also associated with overall PCOS susceptibility (CC vs. AC+AA: OR = 2.55, 95% CI = 1.61–4.03; CC+AC vs. AA: OR = 1.84, 95%CI = 1.04–3.28; CC vs. AA: OR = 2.66, 95%CI = 1.68–4.22; C vs. A: OR = 1.67, 95%CI = 1.03–2.71), which were mainly reflected in Asian subjects. For ovarian cancer, MTHFR C677T polymorphisms were only related with elevated ovarian cancer risk in Asian population, while no significant association was found for A1298C polymorphisms. This meta-analysis suggested that MTHFR C677T and MTHFR A1298C polymorphisms were correlated with elevated PCOS risk. MTHFR C667T only posed a higher risk for ovarian cancer in Asians instead of other populations, while MTHFR A1298C polymorphisms were not related to ovarian cancer risk. Further studies are needed to validate the conclusion.
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Deswal R, Narwal V, Dang A, Pundir CS. The Prevalence of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Brief Systematic Review. J Hum Reprod Sci 2020; 13:261-271. [PMID: 33627974 PMCID: PMC7879843 DOI: 10.4103/jhrs.jhrs_95_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), the major endocrinopathy among reproductive-aged women, is not yet perceived as an important health problem in the world. It affects 4%–20% of women of reproductive age worldwide. The prevalence, diagnosis, etiology, management, clinical practices, psychological issues, and prevention are some of the most confusing aspects associated with PCOS. Aim: The exact prevalence figures regarding PCOS are limited and unclear. The aim of this review is to summarize comprehensively the current knowledge on the prevalence of PCOS. Materials and Methods: Literature search was performed through PubMed, ScienceDirect, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar (up to December 2019). All relevant articles published in English language were identified following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Results: Our analysis yielded 27 surveys with a pooled mean prevalence of 21.27% using different diagnostic criteria. The proportion of women with PCOS also increased in the last decade. Conclusion: The current review summarizes and interprets the results of all published prevalence studies and highlights the burden of the syndrome, thereby supporting early identification and prevention of PCOS in order to reverse the persistent upward trend of prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Deswal
- Center for Medical Biotechnology, MD University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Vinay Narwal
- Department of Biochemistry, MD University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Amita Dang
- Center for Medical Biotechnology, MD University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Chandra S Pundir
- Department of Biochemistry, MD University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
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Kc S, Shah RK, Singh A, Prasai A, Bhandari B, Aryal S, Khatri A, Thapa M. Prevalence of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome among Medical Students of a Tertiary Care Hospital. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 58:297-300. [PMID: 32538921 PMCID: PMC7654459 DOI: 10.31729/jnma.4885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Polycystic ovarian syndrome is considered to be one of the most common endocrine disorders among women of reproductive age. Characterized by a triad of androgen excess, anovulation, infertility, and obesity the disease can lead to several complications like infertility, endometrial carcinoma. This study aims to find out its prevalence among female medical undergraduates. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among female undergraduate medical students in a tertiary care hospital from 1st to 7th February 2018. Ethical approval was taken from the Institutional Review Committee (reference number 10012018). The sample size was calculated. Systematic random sampling was done. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 20.0 was used. Point estimate at 95% Confidence Interval was calculated along with frequency and proportion for binary data. Results: Out of 381 participants, the prevalence of polycystic ovarian syndrome was found to be 35 (9.18%) at 95% Confidence Interval (6.28-12.08). Eighty (20.99%) participants were reported to have prolonged menses, 28 (7.34%) tended to grow dark, coarse hair, 79 (20.73%) reported being obese or overweight, and milky discharge from nipple was present in 4 (1.049%). Conclusions: The prevalence of polycystic ovarian syndrome was found to be similar to other studies conducted in similar settings. But still, it is a growing endocrinological problem in the females of the reproductive age group. Early screening is necessary to prevent lifelong complications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Saman Aryal
- Om Hospital and Research Centre, Chabahil, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Asmita Khatri
- Ministry of Social Development, Hetauda, Makwanpur, Nepal
| | - Meena Thapa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Kathmandu Medical College, Sinamangal, Kathmandu, Nepal
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Ganie MA, Vasudevan V, Wani IA, Baba MS, Arif T, Rashid A. Epidemiology, pathogenesis, genetics & management of polycystic ovary syndrome in India. Indian J Med Res 2020; 150:333-344. [PMID: 31823915 PMCID: PMC6902362 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_1937_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder predominantly affecting women of reproductive age. Clinical manifestations are diverse including hyperandrogenism, anovulation, infertility and increased risk of metabolic diseases besides psychosocial dysfunction. This review provides information on the problem of PCOS in India, its pathophysiology, genetics and an overview of current management options to instigate further research in this field. Prevalence of PCOS in India ranges from 3.7 to 22.5 per cent depending on the population studied and the criteria used for diagnosis. Abnormalities in leptin-adiponectin (adipocyte biology), oxidative stress and autoimmunity are among the mechanisms studied regarding pathogenesis of PCOS. Many candidate gene studies have shown associations with PCOS in various studies. Studies have consistently demonstrated the relationship between the well-known manifestation of hyperandrogenism among Indian PCOS women and the metabolic morbidities including insulin resistance, glucose intolerance and cardiovascular risk. Management of individual components of PCOS can be achieved by medications or surgical methods, though further clarification regarding pathogenesis of PCOS is needed to sharpen our therapeutic armamentarium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ashraf Ganie
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Vishnu Vasudevan
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Imtiyaz Ahmad Wani
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Mohammad Salem Baba
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Tasleem Arif
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Aafia Rashid
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
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Deswal R, Nanda S, Ghalaut VS, Roy PS, Dang AS. Cross‐sectional study of the prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome in rural and urban populations. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2019; 146:370-379. [DOI: 10.1002/ijgo.12893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Deswal
- Centre for Medical BiotechnologyMaharshi Dayanand University Rohtak India
| | - Smiti Nanda
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyPost Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences Rohtak India
| | - Veena S. Ghalaut
- Department of BiochemistryPost Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences Rohtak India
| | - Prasanta S. Roy
- Department of BiochemistryPost Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences Rohtak India
| | - Amita S. Dang
- Centre for Medical BiotechnologyMaharshi Dayanand University Rohtak India
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