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Xia Y, Chen Q, Liu HN, Chi Y, Zhu Y, Shan LS, Dai B, Wu L, Shi X. Synthetic routes and clinical application of new drugs approved by EMA during 2023. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 277:116762. [PMID: 39151275 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2024] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
In 2023, the European Medicines Agency (EMA) granted approval to 77 new molecular entities (NMEs), consisting of 45 new chemical entities (NCEs) and 32 new biological entities (NBEs). These pharmacological agents encompass a broad spectrum of therapeutic domains, including oncology, cardiology, dermatology, diagnostic medicine, endocrinology, gastroenterology and hepatology, metabolic disorders, and neurology. Among the 77 approved pharmaceuticals, three received accelerated review status, and 17 (22 %) were granted orphan drug designation for the treatment of rare diseases. This review provides an overview of the clinical applications and synthetic routes of 42 newly approved NCEs by the EMA in 2023. The objective is to offer a comprehensive understanding of the synthetic approaches used in the development of these drug molecules, thereby inspiring the creation of novel, efficient, and applicable synthetic methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qingqing Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - He-Nan Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuan Chi
- Department of Radiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Li-Shen Shan
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Bing Dai
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Lin Wu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Xiaobao Shi
- Department of Radiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
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Gagare R, Sharma A, Garg P. AndroPred: an artificial intelligence-based model for predicting androgen receptor inhibitors. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024; 42:7340-7348. [PMID: 37493402 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2239935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR), a steroid receptor, plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer (PCa). AR controls the transcription of genes that help cells avoid apoptosis and proliferate, thereby contributing to the development of PCa. Understanding AR molecular mechanisms has led to the development of newer drugs that inhibit androgen production enzymes or block ARs. The FDA has approved a small number of AR-inhibiting drugs for use in PCa thus far, as the identification of novel AR inhibitors is difficult, expensive, time-consuming, and labor-intensive. To accelerate the process, artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms were employed to predict AR inhibitors using a dataset of 2242 compounds. Four machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) algorithms were used to train different prediction models based on molecular descriptors (1D, 2D, and molecular fingerprints). The DL-based prediction model outperformed the other trained models with accuracies of 92.18% and 93.05% on the training and test datasets, respectively. Our findings highlight the potential of DL, particularly the DNN model, as an effective approach for predicting AR inhibitors, which could significantly streamline the process of identifying novel AR inhibitors in PCa drug discovery. Further validation of these models using experimental assays and prospective testing of newly designed compounds would be valuable to confirm their predictive power and applicability in practical drug discovery settings.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Gagare
- Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, India
| | - Anju Sharma
- Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, India
| | - Prabha Garg
- Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, India
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De Santis M, Breijo SM, Robinson P, Capone C, Pascoe K, Van Sanden S, Hashim M, Trevisan M, Daly C, Reitsma F, van Beekhuizen S, Ruan H, Heeg B, Verzoni E. Feasibility of Indirect Treatment Comparisons Between Niraparib Plus Abiraterone Acetate and Other First-Line Poly ADP-Ribose Polymerase Inhibitor Treatment Regimens for Patients with BRCA1/2 Mutation-Positive Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Adv Ther 2024; 41:3039-3058. [PMID: 38958846 PMCID: PMC11263413 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-024-02918-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPi) are a novel option to treat patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Niraparib plus abiraterone acetate and prednisone (AAP) is indicated for BRCA1/2 mutation-positive mCRPC. Niraparib plus AAP demonstrated safety and efficacy in the phase 3 MAGNITUDE trial (NCT03748641). In the absence of head-to-head studies comparing PARPi regimens, the feasibility of conducting indirect treatment comparisons (ITC) to inform decisions for patients with first-line BRCA1/2 mutation-positive mCRPC has been explored. METHODS A systematic literature review was conducted to identify evidence from randomized controlled trials on relevant comparators to inform the feasibility of conducting ITCs via network meta-analysis (NMA) or population-adjusted indirect comparisons (PAIC). Feasibility was assessed based on network connectivity, data availability in the BRCA1/2 mutation-positive population, and degree of within- and between-study heterogeneity or bias. RESULTS NMAs between niraparib plus AAP and other PARPi regimens (olaparib monotherapy, olaparib plus AAP, and talazoparib plus enzalutamide) were inappropriate due to the disconnected network, differences in trial populations related to effect modifiers, or imbalances within BRCA1/2 mutation-positive subgroups. The latter issue, coupled with the lack of a common comparator (except for olaparib plus AAP), also rendered anchored PAICs infeasible. Unanchored PAICs were either inappropriate due to lack of population overlap (vs. olaparib monotherapy) or were restricted by unmeasured confounders and small sample size (vs. olaparib plus AAP). PAIC versus talazoparib plus enzalutamide was not possible due to lack of published arm-level baseline characteristics and sufficient efficacy outcome data in the relevant population. CONCLUSION The current randomized controlled trial evidence network does not permit robust comparisons between niraparib plus AAP and other PARPi regimens for patients with 1L BRCA-positive mCRPC. Decision-makers should scrutinize any ITC results in light of their limitations. Real-world evidence combined with clinical experience should inform treatment recommendations in this indication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria De Santis
- Department of Urology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Urology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sara Martínez Breijo
- A Coruña University Hospital, C/As Xubias de Arriba nº 86, 15006, A Coruña, Spain
- Department of Urology, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Universidad de A Coruña (UDC), 15006, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Paul Robinson
- Janssen-Cilag Limited, 50-100 Holmers Farm Way, High Wycombe, HP12 4EG, UK
| | - Camille Capone
- Janssen-Cilag, 1 Rue Camille Desmoulins, 92130, Issy Les Moulineaux, France.
| | - Katie Pascoe
- Janssen-Cilag Limited, 50-100 Holmers Farm Way, High Wycombe, HP12 4EG, UK
| | | | - Mahmoud Hashim
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention BV, Archimedesweg 4-6, 2333 CN, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marco Trevisan
- Janssen-Cilag AG, Gubelstrasse 34, 6300, Zug, Switzerland
| | - Caitlin Daly
- Cytel Inc., 1 University Avenue, 3rd Floor, Toronto, ON, M5J 2P1, Canada
| | - Friso Reitsma
- Cytel Inc., Weena 316-318, 3012 NJ, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Haoyao Ruan
- Cytel Inc., 1 University Avenue, 3rd Floor, Toronto, ON, M5J 2P1, Canada
| | - Bart Heeg
- Cytel Inc., Weena 316-318, 3012 NJ, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elena Verzoni
- SSD Genitourinary Medical Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
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Sharma K, Lanzilotto A, Yakubu J, Therkelsen S, Vöegel CD, Du Toit T, Jørgensen FS, Pandey AV. Effect of Essential Oil Components on the Activity of Steroidogenic Cytochrome P450. Biomolecules 2024; 14:203. [PMID: 38397440 PMCID: PMC10887332 DOI: 10.3390/biom14020203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) may impact the development of prostate cancer (PCa) by altering the steroid metabolism. Although their exact mechanism of action in controlling tumor growth is not known, EDCs may inhibit steroidogenic enzymes such as CYP17A1 or CYP19A1 which are involved in the production of androgens or estrogens. High levels of circulating androgens are linked to PCa in men and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) in women. Essential oils or their metabolites, like lavender oil and tea tree oil, have been reported to act as potential EDCs and contribute towards sex steroid imbalance in cases of prepubertal gynecomastia in boys and premature thelarche in girls due to the exposure to lavender-based fragrances. We screened a range of EO components to determine their effects on CYP17A1 and CYP19A1. Computational docking was performed to predict the binding of essential oils with CYP17A1 and CYP19A1. Functional assays were performed using the radiolabeled substrates or Liquid Chromatography-High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry and cell viability assays were carried out in LNCaP cells. Many of the tested compounds bind close to the active site of CYP17A1, and (+)-Cedrol had the best binding with CYP17A1 and CYP19A1. Eucalyptol, Dihydro-β-Ionone, and (-)-α-pinene showed 20% to 40% inhibition of dehydroepiandrosterone production; and some compounds also effected CYP19A1. Extensive use of these essential oils in various beauty and hygiene products is common, but only limited knowledge about their potential detrimental side effects exists. Our results suggest that prolonged exposure to some of these essential oils may result in steroid imbalances. On the other hand, due to their effect on lowering androgen output and ability to bind at the active site of steroidogenic cytochrome P450s, these compounds may provide design ideas for novel compounds against hyperandrogenic disorders such as PCa and PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katyayani Sharma
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University Children’s Hospital, Inselspital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; (K.S.); (A.L.); (J.Y.); (S.T.); (T.D.T.)
- Translational Hormone Research Program, Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland;
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Angelo Lanzilotto
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University Children’s Hospital, Inselspital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; (K.S.); (A.L.); (J.Y.); (S.T.); (T.D.T.)
- Translational Hormone Research Program, Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland;
| | - Jibira Yakubu
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University Children’s Hospital, Inselspital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; (K.S.); (A.L.); (J.Y.); (S.T.); (T.D.T.)
- Translational Hormone Research Program, Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland;
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Søren Therkelsen
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University Children’s Hospital, Inselspital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; (K.S.); (A.L.); (J.Y.); (S.T.); (T.D.T.)
- Translational Hormone Research Program, Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland;
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Clarissa Daniela Vöegel
- Translational Hormone Research Program, Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland;
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Hospital Inselspital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Therina Du Toit
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University Children’s Hospital, Inselspital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; (K.S.); (A.L.); (J.Y.); (S.T.); (T.D.T.)
- Translational Hormone Research Program, Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland;
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Hospital Inselspital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Amit V. Pandey
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University Children’s Hospital, Inselspital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; (K.S.); (A.L.); (J.Y.); (S.T.); (T.D.T.)
- Translational Hormone Research Program, Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland;
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Zhang JY, Zhao LJ, Wang YT. Synthesis and clinical application of small-molecule drugs approved to treat prostatic cancer. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 262:115925. [PMID: 37948954 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a prevalent form of cancer that primarily affects men, with a high incidence and mortality rate. It is the second most common cancer among males, following lung cancer. Typically occurring in individuals aged 50 and above, this malignant tumor originates from abnormal cells in the prostate tissue. If left untreated, it can spread to nearby tissues, lymph nodes, and even bones. Current treatment methods include surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. However, these treatments have certain limitations and side effects. Therefore, researching and developing new small-molecule drugs to treat prostate cancer is of great significance. In recent years, many small-molecule drugs have been proven to have therapeutic effects on prostate cancer. The purpose of this review is to give a comprehensive look at the clinical uses and synthetic methods of various significant small-molecule drugs that have been approved to treat prostate cancer, to facilitate the development of more powerful and innovative drugs for the effective control of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Yi Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou Normal University, 450044, China
| | - Li-Jie Zhao
- The Rogel Cancer Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, United States.
| | - Ya-Tao Wang
- First People's Hospital of Shangqiu, Henan Province, Shangqiu, 476100, China; Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, China.
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6
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Song Y, Ding L, An X, Zhao Y, Li X, Yang X, Xiao X. Hypokalemia after rituximab administration in nephrotic syndrome: two case reports. BMC Nephrol 2023; 24:214. [PMID: 37464309 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-023-03079-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Rituximab, a chimeric anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody, is an effective treatment for nephrotic syndrome. Hypokalemia is a rare adverse reaction among patients treated with rituximab although there have been extensive reports of acute and chronic adverse events with the administration of rituximab. We herein report two cases of symptomatic hypokalemia after intravenous rituximab administration in our center, to help health professionals consider the possibility of acute hypokalemia after rituximab administration, monitor potassium timely and develop an appropriate treatment plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyun Song
- Department of Nephrology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, No. 107 Wenhua West Road, 250000, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Lin Ding
- Department of Nephrology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, No. 107 Wenhua West Road, 250000, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Xin An
- Department of Nephrology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, No. 107 Wenhua West Road, 250000, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Yi Zhao
- Department of Nephrology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, No. 107 Wenhua West Road, 250000, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Xianhua Li
- Department of Nephrology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, No. 107 Wenhua West Road, 250000, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Xiangdong Yang
- Department of Nephrology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, No. 107 Wenhua West Road, 250000, Jinan, Shandong, PR China.
| | - Xiaoyan Xiao
- Department of Nephrology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, No. 107 Wenhua West Road, 250000, Jinan, Shandong, PR China.
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7
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Yamamoto D, Hongo H, Kosaka T, Aoki N, Oya M, Sato T. The sialyl-Tn antigen synthase genes regulates migration-proliferation dichotomy in prostate cancer cells under hypoxia. Glycoconj J 2023; 40:199-212. [PMID: 36806956 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-023-10104-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
A low-oxygen (hypoxia) tumor microenvironment can facilitate chemotherapy and radiation therapy resistance in tumors and is associated with a poor prognosis. Hypoxia also affects PCa (prostate cancer) phenotype transformation and causes therapeutic resistance. Although O-glycans are known to be involved in the malignancy of various cancers under hypoxia, the expression and function of O-glycans in PCa are not well understood. In this study, the saccharide primer method was employed to analyze O-glycan expression in PCa cells. Results showed that the expression of sTn antigens was increased in PCa cells under hypoxia. Furthermore, it was found that ST6GalNAc1, the sTn antigen synthase gene, was involved in the migration-proliferation dichotomy and drug resistance in PCa cells under hypoxia. The results of this study will contribute to the development of novel diagnostic markers and drug targets for PCa under hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Yamamoto
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 223-8522, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hongo
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, 160-8582, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeo Kosaka
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, 160-8582, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Natsumi Aoki
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, 160-8582, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mototsugu Oya
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, 160-8582, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshinori Sato
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 223-8522, Kanagawa, Japan.
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Sekhoacha M, Riet K, Motloung P, Gumenku L, Adegoke A, Mashele S. Prostate Cancer Review: Genetics, Diagnosis, Treatment Options, and Alternative Approaches. Molecules 2022; 27:5730. [PMID: 36080493 PMCID: PMC9457814 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is one of the malignancies that affects men and significantly contributes to increased mortality rates in men globally. Patients affected with prostate cancer present with either a localized or advanced disease. In this review, we aim to provide a holistic overview of prostate cancer, including the diagnosis of the disease, mutations leading to the onset and progression of the disease, and treatment options. Prostate cancer diagnoses include a digital rectal examination, prostate-specific antigen analysis, and prostate biopsies. Mutations in certain genes are linked to the onset, progression, and metastasis of the cancer. Treatment for localized prostate cancer encompasses active surveillance, ablative radiotherapy, and radical prostatectomy. Men who relapse or present metastatic prostate cancer receive androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), salvage radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. Currently, available treatment options are more effective when used as combination therapy; however, despite available treatment options, prostate cancer remains to be incurable. There has been ongoing research on finding and identifying other treatment approaches such as the use of traditional medicine, the application of nanotechnologies, and gene therapy to combat prostate cancer, drug resistance, as well as to reduce the adverse effects that come with current treatment options. In this article, we summarize the genes involved in prostate cancer, available treatment options, and current research on alternative treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamello Sekhoacha
- Department of Pharmacology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Keamogetswe Riet
- Department of Health Sciences, Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Paballo Motloung
- Department of Health Sciences, Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Lemohang Gumenku
- Department of Health Sciences, Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Ayodeji Adegoke
- Department of Pharmacology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
- Cancer Research and Molecular Biology Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 200005, Nigeria
| | - Samson Mashele
- Department of Health Sciences, Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
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Padmakar Darne C, Velaparthi U, Saulnier M, Frennesson D, Liu P, Huang A, Tokarski J, Fura A, Spires T, Newitt J, Spires VM, Obermeier MT, Elzinga PA, Gottardis MM, Jayaraman L, Vite GD, Balog A. The Discovery of BMS-737 as a Potent, CYP17 Lyase-Selective Inhibitor for the Treatment of Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2022; 75:128951. [PMID: 36031020 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2022.128951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We report herein, the discovery of BMS-737 (compound 33) as a potent, non-steroidal, reversible small molecule inhibitor demonstrating 11-fold selectivity for CYP17 lyase over CYP17 hydroxylase, as well as a clean xenobiotic CYP profile for the treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Extensive SAR studies on the initial lead 1 at three different regions of the molecule resulted in the identification of BMS-737, which demonstrated a robust 83% lowering of testosterone without any significant perturbation of the mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid levels in cynomologous monkeys in a 1-day PK/PD study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Upender Velaparthi
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543, United States.
| | - Mark Saulnier
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543, United States
| | - David Frennesson
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543, United States
| | - Peiying Liu
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543, United States
| | - Audris Huang
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543, United States
| | - John Tokarski
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543, United States
| | - Aberra Fura
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543, United States
| | - Thomas Spires
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543, United States
| | - John Newitt
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543, United States
| | - Vanessa M Spires
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543, United States
| | - Mary T Obermeier
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543, United States
| | - Paul A Elzinga
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543, United States
| | - Marco M Gottardis
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543, United States
| | - Lata Jayaraman
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543, United States
| | - Gregory D Vite
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543, United States
| | - Aaron Balog
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543, United States
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10
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Yamamoto D, Sasaki K, Kosaka T, Oya M, Sato T. Functional analysis of GCNT3 for cell migration and EMT of castration-resistant prostate cancer cells. Glycobiology 2022; 32:897-908. [PMID: 35867813 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwac044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is a malignant tumor that is resistant to androgen deprivation therapy. Treatments for CRPC are limited, and no diagnostic markers are currently available. O-glycans are known to play an important role in cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and metastasis of cancer cells. However, the differences in the O-glycan expression profiles for normal prostate cancer (PCa) cells compared to CRPC cells have not yet been investigated. In this study, the saccharide primer method was employed to analyze the O-glycans expressed in CRPC cells. Expression levels of core 4-type O-glycans were significantly increased in CRPC cells. Furthermore, the expression level of N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferase 3 (GCNT3), a core 4-type O-glycan synthase gene, was increased in CRPC cells. The expression of core 4-type O-glycans and GCNT3 was presumed to be regulated by androgen deprivation. GCNT3 knockdown induced cell migration and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). These observations elucidate the mechanism of acquisition of castration resistance in PCa and offer new possibilities for the development of diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets in the treatment of PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Yamamoto
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Katsumasa Sasaki
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takeo Kosaka
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mototsugu Oya
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshinori Sato
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Kanagawa, Japan
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11
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Safarulla S, Khillar PS, Kini S, Jaiswal AK. Tissue engineered scaffolds as 3D models for prostate cancer metastasis to bone. MATERIALS TODAY COMMUNICATIONS 2021; 28:102641. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mtcomm.2021.102641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
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12
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Mehralitabar H, Ghasemi AS, Gholizadeh J. Abiraterone and D4, 3-keto Abiraterone binding to CYP17A1, a structural comparison study by molecular dynamic simulation. Steroids 2021; 167:108799. [PMID: 33465380 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2021.108799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The importance of computer-aided drug design and development is clear nowadays. These approaches smooth the way of designing some efficient candidates based on drugs in use. At this place, we studied the mechanism of D4-abiraterone (D4A), the active metabolite of Abiraterone (Abi), binding to CYP17A1 compared with Abi. The molecular dynamics simulation results reveal that the metabolite, which lacks the key 3β-OH group, has a varied H-bond forming pattern. The critical H-bond between 3β-OH of Abi with Asn_202 turns to 3 Keto-O of D4A with Arg_239 in the substrate-binding site. This interaction causes a remarkable distance of 0.63 nm between D4A nitrogen and Fe in heme, which reduces its 17,20 lyase selectivity. The D4A keto moiety presents an immense number of H-bond with surrounding solvent molecules compared with the Abi hydroxyl group. As a result, D4A develops a weaker H-bond network with the enzyme. Otherwise, the heterocyclic nature of inhibitors helps for noticeable van der Waals interaction formation with CYP17A1. However, Abi stabilized position in the binding site helps more van der Waals interactions deposition than D4A. These results convinced the importance of the conserved H-bond for acquiring the proper position by the substrate or inhibitor in the binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Havva Mehralitabar
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Payame Noor University, P.O. Box 19395-3697, Tehran, Iran
| | - A S Ghasemi
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Payame Noor University, P.O. Box 19395-3697, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Jahed Gholizadeh
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Payame Noor University, P.O. Box 19395-3697, Tehran, Iran
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Wiesehöfer M, Czyrnik ED, Spahn M, Ting S, Reis H, Dankert JT, Wennemuth G. Increased Expression of AKT3 in Neuroendocrine Differentiated Prostate Cancer Cells Alters the Response Towards Anti-Androgen Treatment. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:578. [PMID: 33540707 PMCID: PMC7867287 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13030578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with advanced prostate carcinoma are often treated with an androgen deprivation therapy but long-term treatment can result in a metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. This is a more aggressive, untreatable tumor recurrence often containing areas of neuroendocrine differentiated prostate cancer cells. Using an in vitro model of NE-like cancer cells, it could previously be shown that neuroendocrine differentiation of LNCaP cells leads to a strong deregulation of mRNA and miRNA expression. We observe elevated RNA and protein levels of AKT Serine/Threonine Kinase 3 (AKT3) in neuroendocrine-like LNCaP cells. We used prostate resections from patients with neuroendocrine prostate cancer to validate these results and detect a co-localization of neuroendocrine marker genes with AKT3. Analysis of downstream target genes FOXO3A and GSK3 strengthens the assumption AKT3 may play a role in neuroendocrine differentiation. Overexpression of AKT3 shows an increased survival rate of LNCaP cells after apoptosis induction, which in turn reflects the significance in vivo or for treatment. Furthermore, miR-17, -20b and -106b, which are decreased in neuroendocrine-like LNCaP cells, negatively regulate AKT3 biosynthesis. Our findings demonstrate AKT3 as a potential therapeutic target and diagnostic tool in advanced neuroendocrine prostate cancer and a new mRNA-miRNA interaction with a potential role in neuroendocrine differentiation of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Wiesehöfer
- Department of Anatomy, University Duisburg-Essen, D-45147 Essen, Germany; (M.W.); (E.D.C.); (J.T.D.)
| | - Elena Dilara Czyrnik
- Department of Anatomy, University Duisburg-Essen, D-45147 Essen, Germany; (M.W.); (E.D.C.); (J.T.D.)
| | - Martin Spahn
- Department of Urology, Lindenhofspital Bern, CHE-3012 Bern, Switzerland;
- Institute of Urology, University Duisburg-Essen, D-45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Saskia Ting
- Institute of Pathology, University Duisburg-Essen, D-45147 Essen, Germany; (S.T.); (H.R.)
| | - Henning Reis
- Institute of Pathology, University Duisburg-Essen, D-45147 Essen, Germany; (S.T.); (H.R.)
| | - Jaroslaw Thomas Dankert
- Department of Anatomy, University Duisburg-Essen, D-45147 Essen, Germany; (M.W.); (E.D.C.); (J.T.D.)
| | - Gunther Wennemuth
- Department of Anatomy, University Duisburg-Essen, D-45147 Essen, Germany; (M.W.); (E.D.C.); (J.T.D.)
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Verzicco I, Regolisti G, Quaini F, Bocchi P, Brusasco I, Ferrari M, Passeri G, Cannone V, Coghi P, Fiaccadori E, Vignali A, Volpi R, Cabassi A. Electrolyte Disorders Induced by Antineoplastic Drugs. Front Oncol 2020; 10:779. [PMID: 32509580 PMCID: PMC7248368 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of antineoplastic drugs has a central role in treatment of patients affected by cancer but is often associated with numerous electrolyte derangements which, in many cases, could represent life-threatening conditions. In fact, while several anti-cancer agents can interfere with kidney function leading to acute kidney injury, proteinuria, and hypertension, in many cases alterations of electrolyte tubular handling and water balance occur. This review summarizes the mechanisms underlying the disturbances of sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, and phosphate metabolism during anti-cancer treatment. Platinum compounds are associated with sodium, potassium, and magnesium derangements while alkylating agents and Vinca alkaloids with hyponatremia due to syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH). Novel anti-neoplastic agents, such as targeted therapies (monoclonal antibodies, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, immunomodulators, mammalian target of rapamycin), can induce SIADH-related hyponatremia and, less frequently, urinary sodium loss. The blockade of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) by anti-EGFR antibodies can result in clinically significant magnesium and potassium losses. Finally, the tumor lysis syndrome is associated with hyperphosphatemia, hypocalcemia and hyperkalemia, all of which represent serious complications of chemotherapy. Thus, clinicians should be aware of these side effects of antineoplastic drugs, in order to set out preventive measures and start appropriate treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignazio Verzicco
- Unità di Ricerca Cardiorenale, Clinica e Terapia Medica, Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia (DIMEC), University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Regolisti
- Unità di Ricerca sulla Insufficienza Renale Acuta e Cronica, Unità di Nefrologia, Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia (DIMEC), University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Federico Quaini
- Ematologia e Oncologia Medica, Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia (DIMEC), University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Pietro Bocchi
- Unità di Ricerca Cardiorenale, Clinica e Terapia Medica, Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia (DIMEC), University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Irene Brusasco
- Unità di Ricerca Cardiorenale, Clinica e Terapia Medica, Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia (DIMEC), University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Ferrari
- Unità di Ricerca Cardiorenale, Clinica e Terapia Medica, Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia (DIMEC), University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Giovanni Passeri
- Unità di Endocrinologia e Malattie Osteometaboliche, Clinica e Terapia Medica, Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia (DIMEC), University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Valentina Cannone
- Unità di Ricerca Cardiorenale, Clinica e Terapia Medica, Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia (DIMEC), University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Pietro Coghi
- Unità di Ricerca Cardiorenale, Clinica e Terapia Medica, Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia (DIMEC), University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Enrico Fiaccadori
- Unità di Ricerca sulla Insufficienza Renale Acuta e Cronica, Unità di Nefrologia, Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia (DIMEC), University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Alessandro Vignali
- Unità di Ricerca Cardiorenale, Clinica e Terapia Medica, Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia (DIMEC), University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Riccardo Volpi
- Unità di Ricerca Cardiorenale, Clinica e Terapia Medica, Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia (DIMEC), University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Unità di Endocrinologia e Malattie Osteometaboliche, Clinica e Terapia Medica, Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia (DIMEC), University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Aderville Cabassi
- Unità di Ricerca Cardiorenale, Clinica e Terapia Medica, Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia (DIMEC), University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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15
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Rendic SP, Peter Guengerich F. Human cytochrome P450 enzymes 5-51 as targets of drugs and natural and environmental compounds: mechanisms, induction, and inhibition - toxic effects and benefits. Drug Metab Rev 2019; 50:256-342. [PMID: 30717606 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2018.1483401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (P450, CYP) enzymes have long been of interest due to their roles in the metabolism of drugs, pesticides, pro-carcinogens, and other xenobiotic chemicals. They have also been of interest due to their very critical roles in the biosynthesis and metabolism of steroids, vitamins, and certain eicosanoids. This review covers the 22 (of the total of 57) human P450s in Families 5-51 and their substrate selectivity. Furthermore, included is information and references regarding inducibility, inhibition, and (in some cases) stimulation by chemicals. We update and discuss important aspects of each of these 22 P450s and questions that remain open.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- b Department of Biochemistry , Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville , TN , USA
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16
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Radium-223 Within the Evolving Treatment Options for Metastatic Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer: Recommendations from a European Expert Working Group. Eur Urol Oncol 2019; 3:455-463. [PMID: 31411991 DOI: 10.1016/j.euo.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Several ongoing clinical trials are investigating novel therapies and combinations of existing therapies for the treatment of patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. One such trial, ERA 223, has shown that the combination of abiraterone plus radium-223 did not improve symptomatic skeletal event-free survival compared with abiraterone plus placebo. Furthermore, an increase in bone fractures was observed with the combination of abiraterone and radium-223 in the study, particularly in patients not receiving bone health agents (denosumab or zoledronic acid). The results led to a change in the indication of radium-223 in Europe and also highlighted a need for greater awareness of bone health in patients with prostate cancer. Following a meeting to discuss these issues, we report in this article our views on the role of radium-223 within the emerging treatment options for patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. We discuss best practices, and provide expert recommendations for preserving bone health and sequencing of life-prolonging therapies in patients with prostate cancer in order to achieve optimal outcomes. PATIENT SUMMARY: We provide recommendations on maintaining bone health, sequencing of treatments, and the role of radium-223 therapy in prostate cancer. Radium-223 is a valuable treatment option for patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer and bone metastases. Monitoring and maintaining bone health are essential for patients with prostate cancer, and should be considered at the initiation of androgen deprivation therapy.
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17
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Smith M, Parker C, Saad F, Miller K, Tombal B, Ng QS, Boegemann M, Matveev V, Piulats JM, Zucca LE, Karyakin O, Kimura G, Matsubara N, Nahas WC, Nolè F, Rosenbaum E, Heidenreich A, Kakehi Y, Zhang A, Krissel H, Teufel M, Shen J, Wagner V, Higano C. Addition of radium-223 to abiraterone acetate and prednisone or prednisolone in patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer and bone metastases (ERA 223): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 2019; 20:408-419. [DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(18)30860-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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18
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Singla N, Ghandour RA, Raj GV. Investigational luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) agonists and other hormonal agents in early stage clinical trials for prostate cancer. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2019; 28:249-259. [PMID: 30649971 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2019.1570130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The treatment and management of prostate cancer continues to evolve; newer classes of agents and combination therapies are being developed and some are being investigated in early phase clinical trials. AREAS COVERED We discuss investigational hormonal agents for the treatment of prostate cancer and focus primarily on luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) agonists in early stage trials. We look at agents that target the hormonal axis, including anti-androgens, gonadotropins, estrogenic agents and progestogenic agents and other non-hormonal agents often used in combination with LHRH agonists. We review these candidates in the specific clinical niche in which they might find utility. EXPERT OPINION Of all candidate compounds being evaluated in clinical trials, very few will receive FDA approval. Few, if any of the investigational agents discussed here will be used routinely in clinical practice for treating prostate cancer. Recognizing the reasons for the failure of agents to advance to later stage trials is important. Furthermore, a thorough understanding of the mechanisms underlying prostate cancer pathogenesis, including various points in the HGPA and parallel pathways, will help identify potentially actionable targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirmish Singla
- a Department of Urology , University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas , TX , USA
| | - Rashed A Ghandour
- a Department of Urology , University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas , TX , USA
| | - Ganesh V Raj
- a Department of Urology , University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas , TX , USA
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19
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Shinder BM, Shupe A, Lee GT, Stein MN, Kim IY, Singer EA. Role of the androgen signaling axis in genitourinary malignancies. Transl Cancer Res 2018; 7:1135-1142. [PMID: 30701159 DOI: 10.21037/tcr.2018.03.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
As we learn more about the molecular biology of genitourinary malignancies, novel therapeutic strategies can be developed. This is especially crucial for prostate, renal, and bladder cancer, where mortality rates remain high especially in advanced disease states. The androgen signaling axis and the androgen receptor (AR) are areas that are actively being explored for their role in these diseases. Although long been associated with prostate cancer development and progression, the role of AR in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and bladder cancer is becoming recognized as well. This review will highlight the current research into the role of the androgen signaling axis in genitourinary malignancies and how this pathway is being used to expand our therapeutic armamentarium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Shinder
- Section of Urologic Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey and Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Adam Shupe
- Section of Urologic Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey and Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Geun Taek Lee
- Section of Urologic Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey and Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Mark N Stein
- Division of Medical Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey and Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Isaac Y Kim
- Section of Urologic Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey and Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Eric A Singer
- Section of Urologic Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey and Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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20
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Patil Y, Shmeeda H, Amitay Y, Ohana P, Kumar S, Gabizon A. Targeting of folate-conjugated liposomes with co-entrapped drugs to prostate cancer cells via prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA). NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2018; 14:1407-1416. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2018.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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21
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Shaw J, Leveridge M, Norling C, Karén J, Molina DM, O'Neill D, Dowling JE, Davey P, Cowan S, Dabrowski M, Main M, Gianni D. Determining direct binders of the Androgen Receptor using a high-throughput Cellular Thermal Shift Assay. Sci Rep 2018; 8:163. [PMID: 29317749 PMCID: PMC5760633 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18650-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Androgen Receptor (AR) is a key driver in prostate cancer. Direct targeting of AR has valuable therapeutic potential. However, the lack of disease relevant cellular methodologies capable of discriminating between inhibitors that directly bind AR and those that instead act on AR co-regulators has made identification of novel antagonists challenging. The Cellular Thermal Shift Assay (CETSA) is a technology enabling confirmation of direct target engagement with label-free, endogenous protein in living cells. We report the development of the first high-throughput CETSA assay (CETSA HT) to identify direct AR binders in a prostate cancer cell line endogenously expressing AR. Using this approach, we screened a pharmacology library containing both compounds reported to directly engage AR, and compounds expected to target AR co-regulators. Our results show that CETSA HT exclusively identifies direct AR binders, differentiating them from co-regulator inhibitors where other cellular assays measuring functional responses cannot. Using this CETSA HT approach we can derive apparent binding affinities for a range of AR antagonists, which represent an intracellular measure of antagonist-receptor Ki performed for the first time in a label-free, disease-relevant context. These results highlight the potential of CETSA HT to improve the success rates for novel therapeutic interventions directly targeting AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Shaw
- Discovery Sciences, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, 310 Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Mathew Leveridge
- Discovery Sciences, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, 310 Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | | | - Daniel O'Neill
- Discovery Sciences, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, 310 Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge, UK
| | - James E Dowling
- Oncology, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, 35 Gatehouse Park, Waltham, MA, USA
| | - Paul Davey
- Oncology, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, 310 Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge, UK
| | - Suzanna Cowan
- Oncology, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, 310 Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Martin Main
- Discovery Sciences, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, 310 Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge, UK
| | - Davide Gianni
- Discovery Sciences, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, 310 Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge, UK.
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22
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Mansinho A, Macedo D, Fernandes I, Costa L. Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer: Mechanisms, Targets and Treatment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1096:117-133. [PMID: 30324351 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-99286-0_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most common malignancy in men, and remains the second leading cause of cancer-related death in this gender [1]. Data suggests that 10-20% of patients with prostate cancer metastasis develop castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) within 5 years of follow-up, and that the median survival since development of castration resistance is approximately 14 months (range 9-30) [2]. Additionally, patients with non-metastatic CRPC are at higher risk of disease progression. Approximately 15-33% of patients develop metastasis within 2 years, increasing the mortality burden in this population [3, 4].
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Affiliation(s)
- André Mansinho
- Oncology Department, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Daniela Macedo
- Oncology Department, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Isabel Fernandes
- Department of Oncology, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte, Lisbon, Portugal.,Oncology Division, Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Luís Costa
- Department of Oncology, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte, Lisbon, Portugal. .,Oncology Division, Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Lisbon, Portugal.
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23
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Polotti CF, Kim CJ, Chuchvara N, Polotti AB, Singer EA, Elsamra S. Androgen deprivation therapy for the treatment of prostate cancer: a focus on pharmacokinetics. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2017; 13:1265-1273. [PMID: 29137489 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2017.1405934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Medical therapy has undergone many changes as our understanding of prostate cancer cell biology has improved. Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) remains the mainstay of therapy for metastatic disease. Metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is an important concern since we are unable to stop progression with currently available agents. Areas covered: Pharmacologic ADT is the most commonly used treatment for metastatic prostate cancer. Multiple agents are available for both first-line and second-line use: antiandrogens, estrogens, luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonists/antagonists, and CYP17 inhibitors. With adoption of these drugs, it is important to consider their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties. Many undergo metabolism through cytochrome P450. Levels may be altered with co-administration of drugs acting as enzyme inhibitors or inducers. Understanding mechanism of action, metabolism, and excretion of these drugs allows clinicians to provide the best therapeutic care while minimizing adverse events. Expert opinion: Many men with metastatic prostate cancer will progress to castration resistance. An understanding of resistance mechanisms at the cellular level has revealed new drug targets with hopes of halting or reversing progression of metastatic disease. Second-line agents, traditionally reserved for CRPC, are being studied in metastatic castrate-sensitive prostate cancer, and may offer practice-changing evidence supporting their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles F Polotti
- a Division of Urology , Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School , New Brunswick , NJ , USA
| | - Christopher J Kim
- a Division of Urology , Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School , New Brunswick , NJ , USA
| | - Nadiya Chuchvara
- a Division of Urology , Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School , New Brunswick , NJ , USA
| | - Alyssa B Polotti
- b Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacy Administration , University of the Sciences, Philadelphia College of Pharmacy , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Eric A Singer
- c Section of Urologic Oncology , Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School , New Brunswick , NJ , USA
| | - Sammy Elsamra
- a Division of Urology , Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School , New Brunswick , NJ , USA.,c Section of Urologic Oncology , Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School , New Brunswick , NJ , USA
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24
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Mikhaylenko DS, Efremov GD, Strelnikov VV, Zaletaev DV, Alekseev BY. Somatic Mutation Analyses in Studies of the Clonal Evolution and Diagnostic Targets of Prostate Cancer. Curr Genomics 2017; 18:236-243. [PMID: 28659719 PMCID: PMC5476950 DOI: 10.2174/1389202917666161102095900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PC) is the most common uro-oncological disease in the global population and still requires a more efficient laboratory diagnosis. Point mutations of oncogenes and tumor sup-pressor genes are the most frequent molecular genetic events in carcinogenesis. The mutations are re-sponsible, to a great extent, for the clonal evolution of cancer and can be considered as primary candi-date molecular markers of PC. Using next-generation sequencing to analyze the mutations in PC, the main molecular PC subtypes were identified, which depended on the presence of fusion genes and FOXA1, CHD1, and SPOP point mutations; other driver mutations responsible for the progression of PC subclones were also characterized. This review summarizes the data on early PC genetic markers (an mtDNA deletion, and TMPRSS2:ERG expression), as well as these somatic mutations at later stages of PC. Emphasis is placed on a switch in AR synthesis to a constitutively active variant and the point muta-tions that facilitate PC transition to a castration-refractory state that is resistant to new AR inhibitors. Based on the current whole-exome sequencing data, the frequencies and localizations of the somatic mu-tations that may provide new genetic diagnostic markers and drug targets are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry S Mikhaylenko
- Pathology Department, Molecular Genetics Group, N. Lopatkin Research Institute of Urology and Interventional Radiology - Branch of the National Medical Research Radiological Center, Moscow, Russia.,Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Medicine of the Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Gennady D Efremov
- Pathology Department, Molecular Genetics Group, N. Lopatkin Research Institute of Urology and Interventional Radiology - Branch of the National Medical Research Radiological Center, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Dmitry V Zaletaev
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Medicine of the Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Boris Y Alekseev
- Pathology Department, Molecular Genetics Group, N. Lopatkin Research Institute of Urology and Interventional Radiology - Branch of the National Medical Research Radiological Center, Moscow, Russia
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Bird IM, Abbott DH. The hunt for a selective 17,20 lyase inhibitor; learning lessons from nature. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 163:136-46. [PMID: 27154414 PMCID: PMC5046225 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Given prostate cancer is driven, in part, by its responsiveness to androgens, treatments historically employ methods for their removal from circulation. Approaches as crude as castration, and more recently blockade of androgen synthesis or receptor binding, are still of limited use long term, since other steroids of adrenal origin or tumor origin can supersede that role as the 'castration resistant' tumor re-emerges. Broader inhibition of steroidogenesis using relatively nonselective P450 inhibitors such as ketoconazole is not an alternative since a general disruption of steroid biosynthesis is neither safe nor effective. The recent emergence of drugs more selectively targeting CYP17 have been more effective, and yet extension of life has been on the scale of months rather than years. It is now becoming clear this shortcoming arises from the adaptive capabilities of many tumors to initiate local steroid synthesis and/or become responsive to novel early pathway adrenal steroids that are synthesized when lyase activity is not selectively blocked, and ACTH rises in the face of declining cortisol feedback. Abiraterone has been described as a lyase selective inhibitor, yet its use still requires co-administration of prednisone to suppress such a rise of ACTH and fall in cortisol. So is creation of a selective lyase inhibitor even possible? Can C19 steroid production be achieved without a prominent decline in cortisol and corresponding rise in ACTH? Decades of scientific study of CYP17 in humans and nonhuman primates, as well as nature's own experiments of gene mutations in humans, reveal 'true' or 'isolated' 17,20 lyase deficiency does quite selectively prevent C19 steroid biosynthesis whereas simple 17 hydroxylase deficiency also suppresses cortisol. We propose these known outcomes of natural mutations should be used to guide analysis of clinical trials and long term outcomes of CYP17 targeted drugs. In this review, we use that framework to re-evaluate the basic and clinical outcomes of many compounds being used or in development for treatment of castration resistant prostate cancer. Specifically, we include the nonselective drug ketoconazole, and then the CYP17 targeted drugs abiraterone, orteronel (TAK-700), galaterone (TOK-001), and seviteronel (VT-464). Using this framework, we can fully discriminate the clinical outcomes for ketoconazole, a drug with broad specificity, yet clinically ineffective, from that of abiraterone, the first CYP17 targeted therapy that is limited by its need for prednisone co-therapy. We also can identify potential next generation CYP17 targeted drugs now emerging that show signs of being far more 17,20 lyase selective. We conclude that a future for improved therapy without substantial cortisol decline, thus avoiding prednisone co-administration, seems possible at long last.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M Bird
- Department Ob/Gyn, University of Wisconsin-Madison SMPH, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - David H Abbott
- Department Ob/Gyn, University of Wisconsin-Madison SMPH, Madison, WI, USA; Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
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Anantharaman A, Friedlander TW. Targeting the androgen receptor in metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer: A review. Urol Oncol 2016; 34:356-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Udhane SS, Dick B, Hu Q, Hartmann RW, Pandey AV. Specificity of anti-prostate cancer CYP17A1 inhibitors on androgen biosynthesis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 477:1005-1010. [PMID: 27395338 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The orteronel, abiraterone and galeterone, which were developed to treat castration resistant prostate cancer, inhibit 17,20 lyase activity but little is known about their effects on adrenal androgen biosynthesis. We studied the effect of several inhibitors and found that orteronel was selective towards 17,20 lyase activity than abiraterone and galeterone. Gene expression analysis showed that galeterone altered the expression of HSD3B2 but orteronel did not change the expression of HSD3B2, CYP17A1 and AKR1C3. The CYP19A1 activity was not inhibited except by compound IV which lowered activity by 23%. Surprisingly abiraterone caused complete blockade of CYP21A2 activity. Analysis of steroid metabolome by gas chromatography - mass spectrometry revealed changes in steroid levels caused by different inhibitors. We can conclude that orteronel is a highly specific inhibitor of 17,20 lyase activity. The discovery of these specific drug actions on steroidogenic enzyme activities would be valuable for understanding the regulation of androgens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameer S Udhane
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Bernhard Dick
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Qingzhong Hu
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C2.3, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Rolf W Hartmann
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C2.3, Saarbrücken, Germany; Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Campus E 8.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Amit V Pandey
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland.
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Alex AB, Pal SK, Agarwal N. CYP17 inhibitors in prostate cancer: latest evidence and clinical potential. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2016; 8:267-75. [PMID: 27482286 DOI: 10.1177/1758834016642370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Since androgen signaling plays a pivotal role in the proliferation and metastasis of prostate cancer, androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) or castration therapy is considered the backbone of treatment for newly diagnosed metastatic prostate cancer. However, almost all men experience disease progression on ADT to a state known as metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC), which continues to be driven by intratumoral androgen synthesis or androgen receptor signaling. Hence, the extragonadal ablation of androgen synthesis from pregnane precursors holds much promise. An inhibitor of cytochrome P450 17α-hydroxy/17,20-lyase (CYP17) enzymes, abiraterone acetate, has already been approved for men with mCRPC. Newer CYP17 inhibitors continue to be developed which are either more selective or have concomitant inhibitory actions on AR signaling. These include VT-464, orteronel, and galeterone. Herein, we focus on the molecular mechanism of action, efficacy, latest evidence, and clinical potential of CYP17 inhibitors in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anitha B Alex
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Utah Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Sumanta K Pal
- Medical Oncology & Experimental Therapeutics, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Neeraj Agarwal
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Utah Huntsman Cancer Institute, 1950 Circle of Hope, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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Paltsev M, Kiselev V, Drukh V, Muyzhnek E, Kuznetsov I, Andrianova E, Baranovskiy P. First results of the double-blind randomized placebo-controlled multicenter clinical trial of DIM-based therapy designed as personalized approach to reverse prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN). EPMA J 2016; 7:5. [PMID: 27042242 PMCID: PMC4818865 DOI: 10.1186/s13167-016-0057-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Targeted pharmacological correction is used extensively in medical practice today. 3,3'-Diindolylmethane (DIM) is known as a substance with various anticancer properties. An interim study of the efficacy of a new drug Infemin on the basis of diindolylmethane (DIM) with improved bioavalability has been conducted. Methods The clinical trial had a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind design and was carried out in two parallel groups. The interim analysis of data included 21 patients diagnosed with a high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN). Group 1 (11 patients) received Infemin in a dose of 900 mg of DIM a day, and group 2 (10 patients) received placebo. To assess the efficacy of therapy, the analysis of morphological index (MI) changes based on the results of histological examinations of prostate biopsy specimens was performed, and a proportion of patients with persistent PIN in 12 months after Infemin initiation was calculated. Researchers also evaluated prostate size, urodynamic parameters (Qmax, Qave, Vres), IPSS, and QoL (quality of life) indices and International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after the Infemin administration start. Results After 12 months of treatment in the Infemin group, MI decreased from 0.50 to 0.08, while in the placebo group, it increased from 0.27 to 0.58; the difference between the groups was statistically significant (p = 0.0003, Mann-Whitney test). In 45.5 % of patients in the Infemin group, a complete regression of PIN was also observed, while in the placebo group, PIN regression was not observed in any patients (p = 0.053, Yates’ corrected chi-square). Study results in the Infemin group show improvement of maximal urinary flow rate Qmax (53.3 % increase compared to the initial value); however, the statistical significance was not reached (p = 0.180, Mann-Whitney test) due to the small sample size. Evaluation of other urodynamic parameters, prostate volume, quality of life, symptoms reflecting urination disorder, and erectile dysfunction symptoms did not reveal significant differences between the Infemin and placebo groups either which is probably due to the small sample size. Conclusions The intermediate results of the 21 patients in this multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study show that Infemin may be a promising drug candidate in patients with high-grade PIN. Trial registration www.chictr.org.cnChiCTR-INR-15007496
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Paltsev
- National Research Centre (NRC "Kurchatov Institute"), 1, Akademika Kurchatova Pl., Moscow, 123182 Russia
| | - Vsevolod Kiselev
- Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Miklukho-Maklaya St., 6, Moscow, 117198 Russia
| | - Vadim Drukh
- Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Miklukho-Maklaya St., 6, Moscow, 117198 Russia
| | - Ekaterina Muyzhnek
- MiraxBioPharma, Closed Joint Stock Company, 12 Kutuzovsky av., 121248 Moscow, Russia
| | - Igor Kuznetsov
- IlmixGroup, Closed Joint Stock Company, 12 Kutuzovsky av., 121248 Moscow, Russia
| | - Evgeniya Andrianova
- IlmixGroup, Closed Joint Stock Company, 12 Kutuzovsky av., 121248 Moscow, Russia
| | - Pavel Baranovskiy
- National Research Centre (NRC "Kurchatov Institute"), 1, Akademika Kurchatova Pl., Moscow, 123182 Russia
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Mikhaylenko DS, Efremov GD, Sivkov AV, Zaletaev DV. Hormone resistance and neuroendocrine differentiation due to accumulation of genetic lesions during clonal evolution of prostate cancer. Mol Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893315060187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Schroeder RL, Tram P, Liu J, Foroozesh M, Sridhar J. Novel functionalized 5-(phenoxymethyl)-1,3-dioxane analogs exhibiting cytochrome P450 inhibition: a patent evaluation WO2015048311 (A1). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2015; 26:139-47. [PMID: 26514241 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2016.1105217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450's (CYP's) constitute a diverse group of over 500 monooxygenase hemoproteins, catalyzing transformations that involve xenobiotic metabolism, steroidogenesis and other metabolic processes. Over-production of the steroid hormone cortisol is implicated in the progression of diseases such as diabetes, heart failure and hypertension, stroke, Cushing's syndrome, obesity and renal failure, among others. The biosynthesis of cortisol involves a cascade of cholesterol metabolizing reactions regulated through three major CYP proteins: 17α-hydroxylase-C17/20-lyase (CYP17), 21-hydroxylase (CYP21), and 11β-hydroxylase (CYP11B1). Excess activities of these enzymes are linked to the progression of malignancies including prostate, breast, ovarian, and uterine cancers. A series of novel functionalized dioxane analogs have been developed and recently patented as CYP17, CYP21, and CYP11B1 inhibitors, which lead to the modulation of cortisol production as a method for treating, delaying, slowing, and inhibiting the implicated diseases. The findings disclosed in this patent have been analyzed and compared with the literature data on inhibitors of CYP17, CYP21, and CYP11B1. The compiled data provide insight into the novel functionality of the compounds described in the patent. In this regard, an objective opinion on the effectiveness and novel biochemistry of these compounds in comparison to current CYP inhibitors used in the treatment of cortisol-related diseases is presented in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Schroeder
- a Department of Chemistry , Xavier University of Louisiana , New Orleans , LA , USA
| | - Phan Tram
- a Department of Chemistry , Xavier University of Louisiana , New Orleans , LA , USA
| | - Jiawang Liu
- a Department of Chemistry , Xavier University of Louisiana , New Orleans , LA , USA
| | - Maryam Foroozesh
- a Department of Chemistry , Xavier University of Louisiana , New Orleans , LA , USA
| | - Jayalakshmi Sridhar
- a Department of Chemistry , Xavier University of Louisiana , New Orleans , LA , USA
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Fan L, Peng G, Hussain A, Fazli L, Guns E, Gleave M, Qi J. The Steroidogenic Enzyme AKR1C3 Regulates Stability of the Ubiquitin Ligase Siah2 in Prostate Cancer Cells. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:20865-20879. [PMID: 26160177 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.662155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Re-activation of androgen receptor (AR) activity is the main driver for development of castration-resistant prostate cancer. We previously reported that the ubiquitin ligase Siah2 enhanced AR transcriptional activity and prostate cancer cell growth. Among the genes we found to be regulated by Siah2 was AKR1C3, which encodes a key androgen biosynthetic enzyme implicated in castration-resistant prostate cancer development. Here, we found that Siah2 inhibition in CWR22Rv1 prostate cancer cells decreased AKR1C3 expression as well as intracellular androgen levels, concomitant with inhibition of cell growth in vitro and in orthotopic prostate tumors. Re-expression of either wild-type or catalytically inactive forms of AKR1C3 partially rescued AR activity and growth defects in Siah2 knockdown cells, suggesting a nonenzymatic role for AKR1C3 in these outcomes. Unexpectedly, AKR1C3 re-expression in Siah2 knockdown cells elevated Siah2 protein levels, whereas AKR1C3 knockdown had the opposite effect. We further found that AKR1C3 can bind Siah2 and inhibit its self-ubiquitination and degradation, thereby increasing Siah2 protein levels. We observed parallel expression of Siah2 and AKR1C3 in human prostate cancer tissues. Collectively, our findings identify a new role for AKR1C3 in regulating Siah2 stability and thus enhancing Siah2-dependent regulation of AR activity in prostate cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Fan
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Guihong Peng
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Arif Hussain
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201; Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Ladan Fazli
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Emma Guns
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Martin Gleave
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Jianfei Qi
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201.
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Han CS, Patel R, Kim IY. Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and clinical efficacy of abiraterone acetate for treating metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2015; 11:967-75. [DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2015.1041918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Georgi B, Korzeniewski N, Hadaschik B, Grüllich C, Roth W, Sültmann H, Pahernik S, Hohenfellner M, Duensing S. Evolving therapeutic concepts in prostate cancer based on genome-wide analyses (review). Int J Oncol 2014; 45:1337-44. [PMID: 25070358 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) continues to represent a major urooncological challenge due to tumor heterogeneity and the inevitable development of therapy resistance. Although androgen deprivation therapy retains an important role in the management of CRPC, recent evidence suggests that a broader spectrum of therapeutic targets may improve patient response and delay development of advanced disease. Genome-wide analyses have identified four major signaling nodes that are most frequently altered in prostate cancer: i) the androgen receptor (AR); ii) the PI3K pathway; iii) the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathway; and iv) the retinoblastoma protein (pRB) signaling pathway. Extensive crosstalk and redundancy exists between these signaling pathways, which underscores the need for combination therapies. There are several novel AR pathway inhibitors currently in clinical use. Clinical trials are being performed on single-agent PI3K inhibitors with some success in tumors with genetically altered PI3K components. MEK/ERK inhibitors are also in clinical trials and the importance of pRB inactivation in prostate cancer is becoming more widely recognized. A greater understanding of the effects of single agent therapy on compensatory signaling pathway activation that can potentially thwart antitumoral responses is urgently needed and will provide additional insight into the mechanism of therapy resistance and how to further delay the progression to lethal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Georgi
- Department of Urology, University of Heidelberg School of Medicine, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nina Korzeniewski
- Section of Molecular Urooncology, Department of Urology, University of Heidelberg School of Medicine, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Boris Hadaschik
- Department of Urology, University of Heidelberg School of Medicine, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carsten Grüllich
- National Center for Tumor Diseases, Department of Medical Oncology, University of Heidelberg School of Medicine, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wilfried Roth
- Department of Pathology, University of Heidelberg School of Medicine, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Holger Sültmann
- Division for Cancer Genome Research, National Center for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Center, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sascha Pahernik
- Department of Urology, University of Heidelberg School of Medicine, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Hohenfellner
- Department of Urology, University of Heidelberg School of Medicine, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Duensing
- Department of Urology, University of Heidelberg School of Medicine, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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