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Almowallad SJ, Alqahtani LS. Synergistic antimicrobial action of chitosan-neem extracts nanoformulation as a promising strategy for overcoming multi-drug resistant bacteria. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 272:132337. [PMID: 38797302 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to analyze and identify the phytochemical components found in neem leaf extracts using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) methods. The extract samples were acquired using ethyl acetate (EA) and petroleum ether (PE) solvents. Moreover, the extracts were assessed for their antibacterial and antioxidant features. In addition, chitosan nanoparticles (Cs NPs) containing neem extracts were synthesized and evaluated for their potential antibacterial properties, explicitly targeting multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria. The neem extracts were analyzed using GC-MS, which identified components such as hydrocarbons, phenolic compounds, terpenoids, alkaloids, and glycosides. Results revealed that the PE extract showed significant antibacterial activity against a range of bacteria. In addition, the PE extract exhibited significant antioxidant activity, exceeding both the EA extract and vitamin C. In addition, both extracts exhibited notable antibiofilm activity, significantly inhibiting the production of biofilm. The Cs NPs, loaded with neem extracts, exhibited significant antibacterial action against multidrug-resistant (MDR) microorganisms. The Cs NPs/EA materials had the greatest zone of inhibition values of 24 ± 2.95 mm against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Similarly, the Cs NPs/PE materials exhibited a zone of inhibition measurement of 22 ± 3.14 mm against P. aeruginosa. This work highlights the various biochemical components of neem extracts, their strong abilities to combat bacteria and oxidative stress, and the possibility of Cs NPs containing neem extracts as effective treatments for antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanaa J Almowallad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71421, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Leena S Alqahtani
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 23445, Saudi Arabia
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Shome A, Ali S, Haydar MS, Sarkar K, Roy S, Adhikary P, Roy MN. Synthesis of Spherical Mn 2O 3 Nanozymes from Different Green Precursors for their Innovative Applications in Catalytic Properties and Bioactivity. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024; 10:1734-1742. [PMID: 38330433 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c00608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Here, spherical Mn2O3 nanozymes were synthesized via a one-step green method using different green precursors, and their physicochemical properties and biological activities were monitored with various green precursors. Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) was performed to determine the crystalline properties and phases involved in the formation of cubic Mn2O3 nanozymes. The synthesized nanozymes were spherical and examined by SEM and FESEM studies. All of the samples synthesized using different green precursors exhibited different sizes but similar spherical shapes. Moreover, all green-synthesized nanozymes catalyzed the oxidation reaction of the chromogenic substrate 3,3'5,5' tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) in the absence of H2O2, and A2 (lemon-mediated Mn2O3 nanozymes), which the followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics, showed the best activity. Therefore, A2 (lemon-mediated nanozyme) showed oxidase-mimicking activity with distinct Km and Vmax values calculated by the Lineweaver-Burk plot. Furthermore, the current nanozymes demonstrated a significant ability to kill both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria as well as effectively destroy biofilms under physiological conditions. Moreover, the green-mediated nanozymes also displayed ROS-scavenging activity. Our nanozymes exhibited scavenging activity toward OH and O2-• radicals and metal chelation activity, which were investigated colorimetrically. Therefore, these nanozymes might be used as effective antibacterial agents and also for the consumption of reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Shome
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Bengal, Darjeeling 734013, West Bengal, India
| | - Salim Ali
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Bengal, Darjeeling 734013, West Bengal, India
| | - Md Salman Haydar
- Department of Botany, University of North Bengal, Siliguri 734013, West Bengal, India
| | - Kushankur Sarkar
- Department of Botany, University of North Bengal, Siliguri 734013, West Bengal, India
| | - Swarnendu Roy
- Department of Botany, University of North Bengal, Siliguri 734013, West Bengal, India
| | - Prakriti Adhikary
- Department of Physics, University of North Bengal, Darjeeling 734013, West Bengal, India
| | - Mahendra Nath Roy
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Bengal, Darjeeling 734013, West Bengal, India
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Sunil, Anand S, Ahmad A, Prakash R, Singh A, Megha V. Clinical and Radiographic Evaluation of Various Herbal Products Used with Zinc Oxide as an Obturating Material in Primary Teeth: An In Vivo Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2023; 24:692-699. [PMID: 38152944 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10024-3559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
AIM To compare the clinical and radiographically mixture of zinc oxide with Aloe vera, Curcumin and neem as an obturating material for pulpectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study comprised of age group 4-8 years children requiring endodontic treatment for at least a single primary molar tooth. Sixty primary molar teeth from 43 children were divided equally and randomly into four study groups. The materials used for obturation were zinc oxide powder (ZnO) and Eugenol (ZOE) (group I), ZnO and Aloe vera Gel (group II), ZnO and Curcumin Powder (group III), ZnO and neem extract (group IV). They were evaluated clinically and radiographically at immediate postoperative and then at 1-, 3-, 6-, and 9-month intervals. RESULTS At the end of 9 months, the Chi-square test revealed 100% success rate for recovery of pain in group I and III, 66.66% in group II and 93.3% in group IV. The success rates for absence of abscess and for periradicular radiolucency in group I, III, and group IV were 100% and 66.6% for group II. The success rate for periapical radiolucency in group I and group III was 100%, in group II 66.6% and in group IV 93.35%. The success rate for all the groups shows 100% success in terms of pathological root resorption. CONCLUSION Zinc oxide eugenol has proven to be the best obturating material. ZnO with Aloe vera showed a success rate which is significantly lower than the other medicaments. ZnO with Curcumin and ZnO with neem had shown promising clinical and radiographical results. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE ZnO with Curcumin and ZnO with neem can be used as a root canal filling material in primary teeth with further follow-up studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Institute of Dental Studies & Technologies, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Siddharth Anand
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Buddha Institute of Dental Sciences & Hospital, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Asib Ahmad
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Kalka Dental College and Hospital, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ravi Prakash
- Department of Community Medicine, ESIC Medical College & Hospital, Patna, Bihar, India, Phone: +91 8527040922, e-mail:
| | - Aparna Singh
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Buddha Institute of Dental Sciences & Hospital, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Vasundhara Megha
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Buddha Institute of Dental Sciences & Hospital, Patna, Bihar, India
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Roghanizadeh L, Akbarzadeh Baghban A, Azizzadeh J, Asgary S. A Bibliometric Study on the Top 101 Most-Cited Articles of Dental Journals of the Middle East/North Africa Countries From 2011 to 2021. J Lasers Med Sci 2023; 14:e15. [PMID: 37583497 PMCID: PMC10423963 DOI: 10.34172/jlms.2023.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: This retrospective descriptive study evaluated the Scopus-indexed dental journals and their most-cited documents affiliated with the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries from 2011 to 2021. Methods: Dental journals affiliated with MENA countries, their bibliometric indicators (SJR, CiteScore, SNIP, and H-index), and the 101 most cited articles of the considered journals were extracted and studied through descriptive statistics. In addition, the "citation per year" of each top 101 articles was calculated. Spearman's rho test was used for pairwise comparisons of the correlation coefficient values between each two of the considered bibliometric indicators. Results: The number of citations of the 101 most-cited papers ranged from 35 to 203. The mean (SD) citations of studied articles were 61.33 (37.58) and the median was 46. Furthermore, CiteScore had the highest significant correlation with SJR (r=0.828, P˂0.001). Moreover, the citation per year of the top 101 documents had no significant relationship with any of the journals' bibliometric indicators. Conclusion: Because journal performance and citation rate are multi-dimensional concepts, a single metric cannot express them thoroughly despite correlations between indices. "European Journal of Dentistry" from Turkey, "Saudi Dental Journal" from Saudi Arabia, and "Iranian Endodontic Journal" and "Journal of Lasers in Medical Sciences" both from Iran had the highest ranks in the SCImago portal and the highest scores in bibliometric indices amongst the MENA dental journals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyla Roghanizadeh
- Dental Research Center, Research Institute of Dental Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Akbarzadeh Baghban
- Proteomics Research Center, Department of Biostatistics, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jila Azizzadeh
- Iranian Center for Endodontic Research, Research Institute of Dental Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Asgary
- Iranian Center for Endodontic Research, Research Institute of Dental Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Tahir R, Albargi HB, Ahmad A, Qadir MB, Khaliq Z, Nazir A, Khalid T, Batool M, Arshad SN, Jalalah M, Alsareii SA, Harraz FA. Development of Sustainable Hydrophilic Azadirachta indica Loaded PVA Nanomembranes for Cosmetic Facemask Applications. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:156. [PMID: 36837659 PMCID: PMC9959350 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13020156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Nanofiber-based facial masks have attracted the attention of modern cosmetic applications due to their controlled drug release, biocompatibility, and better efficiency. In this work, Azadirachta indica extract (AI) incorporated electrospun polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) nanofiber membrane was prepared to obtain a sustainable and hydrophilic facial mask. The electrospun AI incorporated PVA nanofiber membranes were characterized by scanning electron microscope, Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) drug release, water absorption analysis, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging, and antibacterial activity (qualitative and quantitative) at different PVA and AI concentrations. The optimized nanofiber of 376 ± 75 nm diameter was obtained at 8 wt/wt% PVA concentration and 100% AI extract. The AI nanoparticles of size range 50~250 nm in the extract were examined through a zeta sizer. The water absorption rate of ~660% and 17.24° water contact angle shows good hydrophilic nature and water absorbency of the nanofiber membrane. The UV-Vis also analyzed fast drug release of >70% in 5 min. The prepared membrane also exhibits 99.9% antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and has 79% antioxidant activity. Moreover, the membrane also had good mechanical properties (tensile strength 1.67 N, elongation 48%) and breathability (air permeability 15.24 mm/s). AI-incorporated nanofiber membrane can effectively be used for facial mask application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rizwan Tahir
- Department of Textile Engineering, National Textile University, Faisalabad 37610, Pakistan
| | - Hasan B. Albargi
- Promising Centre for Sensors and Electronic Devices (PCSED), Advanced Materials and Nano-Research Centre, Najran University, Najran 11001, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Arts, Najran University, Najran 11001, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adnan Ahmad
- Department of Textile Engineering, National Textile University, Faisalabad 37610, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Bilal Qadir
- Department of Textile Engineering, National Textile University, Faisalabad 37610, Pakistan
| | - Zubair Khaliq
- Department of Materials, National Textile University, Faisalabad 37610, Pakistan
| | - Ahsan Nazir
- Department of Textile Engineering, National Textile University, Faisalabad 37610, Pakistan
| | - Tanzeela Khalid
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Misbah Batool
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan
| | - Salman Noshear Arshad
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lahore University of Management Sciences, Lahore 54792, Pakistan
| | - Mohammed Jalalah
- Promising Centre for Sensors and Electronic Devices (PCSED), Advanced Materials and Nano-Research Centre, Najran University, Najran 11001, Saudi Arabia
- Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Najran University, Najran 11001, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saeed A. Alsareii
- Promising Centre for Sensors and Electronic Devices (PCSED), Advanced Materials and Nano-Research Centre, Najran University, Najran 11001, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Najran University, Najran 11001, Saudi Arabia
| | - Farid A. Harraz
- Promising Centre for Sensors and Electronic Devices (PCSED), Advanced Materials and Nano-Research Centre, Najran University, Najran 11001, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts at Sharurah, Najran University, Najran 11001, Saudi Arabia
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Meghana S, Nagaveni N, Poornima T. Comparison of Syzygium Aromaticum (clove) and Punica Granatum (Pomegranate) extracts with 2% chlorhexidine in dentinal tubule disinfection against faecalis by using real-time PCR: an in-vitro study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEDODONTIC REHABILITATION 2022. [DOI: 10.56501/intjpedorehab.v7i2.699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: A vital and significant goal in treating a tooth with an apical infection is getting rid of the germs in the pulp space. Recurrent root canal infections are most frequently linked to Enterococcus faecalis and can happen even after endodontic therapy. E. faecalis can resist routine endodontic disinfectants and can also survive the nutrient-deprived conditions in the root filled tooth. So, an attempt has been made to eliminate the microorganisms using the herbal extracts which have antimicrobial properties and comparing it with the well accepted and excellent antimicrobial agent 2% chlorhexidine.
Aim: To compare Syzygium aromaticum (Clove) and Punica granatum (Pomegranate) extracts with 2% chlorhexidine in dentinal tubule disinfection with Real-time polymerase chain reaction which was used to detect E. faecalis.
Methods: Thirty-six extracted premolar teeth were selected, access cavity was prepared and cleaning and shaping was done. With the help of a rotating diamond disc bur, the middle part of the root was sliced. E. faecalis was applied to the tooth specimens and left on them for 21 days. Group 1 specimens had pomegranate extract, Group 2 contained clove extract, and Group 3 contained 2% CHX. After being watered by the corresponding groups, the specimens were incubated for 5 days. A Gates-Glidden drill was used to collect the dentinal shavings, which were then subjected to DNA isolation before being subjected to real-time PCR analysis.
Statistical analysis used: The results were statistically analyzed using one way ANOVA and Post hoc Tukey's analysis.
Results: Threshold cycle (Ct) values showed greater inhibition of bacterial load with pomegranate extracts followed by 2% chlorhexidine. Lesser reduction of bacterial load was found with clove extract.
Conclusion: Pomegranate extract, an herbal extract with therapeutic potential which can be utilised as an efficient substitute for 2% CHX for treating E. fecalis.
Keywords: Clove; Pomegranate; E. Fecalis; Real-time PCR.
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R R, SP SD, B N, S R. In vitro antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity of Neem and Kirata herbal formulation mediated Silver nanoparticles. Bioinformation 2022; 18:1069-1074. [PMID: 37693082 PMCID: PMC10484693 DOI: 10.6026/973206300181069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) gain great interest among noble metal nanoparticles due to their broad applications in medicine, dentistry, drug delivery, tissue and tumour imaging, biolabeling, and biosensing. The antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and antiparasitic activity of AgNPs is well documented in the literature. This study aimed to determine the antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity of Neem and Kirata herbal formulation-mediated silver nanoparticles against oral biofilm. The green synthesis of Neem and Kirata herbal formulation-mediated silver nanoparticles was done. The antimicrobial action against the strains of Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, and Streptococcus mutans were assessed. The results showed that the newly formulated nanoparticle had effective anti-microbial properties and decreased cytotoxic properties which make it advantageous for clinical applications and treatment modalities. It showed great potential for the nanoparticle in decreasing the bacterial effects and cytotoxic nature thereby providing future scope for clinical application in preventing oral biofilm formation and its deleterious effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah R
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical sciences(SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai - 77
| | - Saravana Dinesh SP
- Nanobiomedicine Lab, Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Science, Saveetha University, Chennai -77, India
| | - Nivethigaa B
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical sciences(SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai - 77
| | - Rajeshkumar S
- Nanobiomedicine Lab, Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Science, Saveetha University, Chennai -77, India
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Patntirapong S, Aupaphong V, Pipatboonyarit P, Kritsuttsikun K, Phubai T. Dose-dependent effects of neem crude extract on human dental pulp cell and murine osteoblast viability and mineralization. Braz Dent J 2022; 33:56-64. [PMID: 36477965 PMCID: PMC9733376 DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440202205207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neem has been used as a medicine due to its beneficial properties such as anti-microbial effects. Neem products for oral application are on the rise. Before recommendation for therapeutic use in human, its effects on cellular activities need to be examined. Therefore, the aim of this study was to test the effects of the ethanolic neem crude extract on dental pulp cells and osteoblasts in terms of cell viability, mineralization, and gene expressions. The ethanolic neem extract derived from dry neem leaves was subjected to chemical identification using GC-MS. Human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) and pre-osteoblasts (MC3T3) were treated with various concentrations of the neem crude extract. Cell viability, mineralization, and gene expressions were investigated by MTT assay, real-time PCR, and alizarin red S assay, respectively. Statistical analysis was performed by one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett test. GC-MS detected several substance groups such as sesquiterpene. Low to moderate doses of the neem crude extract (4 - 16 µg/ml) did not affect hDPSC and MC3T3 viability, while 62.5 µg/ml of the neem extract decreased MC3T3 viability. High doses of the neem crude extract (250 - 1,000 µg/ml) significantly reduced viability of both cells. The neem crude extract at 1,000 µg/ml also decreased viability of differentiated hDPSC and MC3T3 and their mineralization. Furthermore, 4 µg/ml of neem inhibited viability of differentiated hDPSC. There is no statistical difference in gene expressions related to cell differentiation. In conclusion, the neem crude extract affected cell viability and mineralization. Cell viability altered differently depending on the doses, cell types, and cell stages. The neem crude extract did not affect cell differentiation. Screening of its effect in various aspects should be examined before the application for human use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somying Patntirapong
- Thammasat University Research Unit in Dental and Bone Substitute Biomaterials, Faculty of Dentistry, Thammasat University, Pathumthani, Thailand
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Shivakumar VH, Tegginamani AS, Zain NM. Antimicrobial efficiency of Tinospora cordifolia and Ocimum tenuiflorum against Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2022; 26:470-475. [PMID: 37082076 PMCID: PMC10112095 DOI: 10.4103/jomfp.jomfp_68_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The application of traditional medicinal plants and their products for treatment has been an integral part of our culture and continues to play a key role as many infectious microorganisms are resistant to synthetic drugs. Tinospora cordifolia and Ocimum tenuiflorum herbs have shown medicinal properties and have gained importance in modern research. Aims This study assessed the antimicrobial activities of Tinospora cordifolia and Ocimum tenuiflorum against Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans to conventional medications such as chlorhexidine and nystatin. Methodology The S. mutans and C. albicans were grown and maintained on Columbia agar plates and yeast malt extract agar respectively. An ethanolic extract was made and subjected to rotary evaporation to remove the ethanol. The antimicrobial activity of plant extracts was determined using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. The standard drugs, 10 μg/disc nystatin and 0.12% chlorhexidine, were used as a positive control. The zone of inhibition was measured after 24 hours. Results At a concentration of 3 mgs., the zone of inhibition of 25.6 mm was found with T. cordifolia, followed by 15.8 mm with O. tenuiflorum against S. mutans, and 0.12% chlorhexidine, at 21.7 ± 0.43 mm. A zone of inhibition of 23 mm and 22.9 mm was observed in both T. cordifolia and O. tenuiflorum against C. albicans, respectively. Positive control of nystatin showed 26.1 ± 0.46 mm. Conclusion Tinospora cordifolia has better antimicrobial activity against S. mutans compared to Ocimum tenuiflorum. Whereas at higher concentrations, both extracts were effective against C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanishree H. Shivakumar
- Paediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, SEGi University, Kota Damansara, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Anand S. Tegginamani
- Oral Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, SEGi University, Kota Damansara, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nurhayati M. Zain
- Centre of Preclinical Science Studies, Faculty of Dentistry, University Tecknologi MARA, Malaysia
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Dutt Y, Pandey RP, Dutt M, Gupta A, Vibhuti A, Samuel Raj V, Chang CM, Priyadarshini A. Synthesis and Biological Characterization of Phyto-Fabricated Silver Nanoparticles from Azadirachta indica. J Biomed Nanotechnol 2022. [DOI: 10.1166/jbn.2022.3402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) have garnered a lot of interest in sectors like medicine, cosmetics, food, and pharmaceuticals for antibacterial catalytic properties, reduced toxicity, and easy production. Biological synthesis of silver nanoparticle (AgNPs) is considered as green, eco-friendly,
and cost-effective approach; therefore, Azadirachta indica extracts were utilized for a dual role of fabrication and functionalization of AgNPs. Optical and physical characterizations were achieved for confirming the biosynthesized AgNPs. SEM images detected quasi-spherical AgNPs of
44.04 to 66.50 nm. Some of potent phytochemicals like flavonoids and proteins from Azadirachta indica formed a strong coating or capping on the AgNPs without affecting their secondary structure by interacting with Ag+ and NPs for the formation of AgNPs. AgNPs exhibited strong
antibacterial activity (MIC 10 μg/ml) against multidrug-resistant bacteria Enterococcus faecalis; at different concentrations, no IC50 values were recorded for AgNPs as well as Azadirachta indica signifying low cytotoxicity in the exposed concentration range. The DNA
degradation activity of AgNPs through the TUNEL assay revealed no significant increase in the overall FITC mean fluorescence intensity as well as a DNA fragmentation index with 5.45% DNA damage (10 μg/ml AgNPs). Drug uptake of AgNPs was also investigated through a permeability assay
via Caco-2 cell lines at test concentrations where apparent permeability was detected as moderate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh Dutt
- Department of Microbiology, SRM University, 39, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, Post Office P.S. Rai, Sonepat, Haryana 131029, India
| | - Ramendra Pati Pandey
- Department of Microbiology, SRM University, 39, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, Post Office P.S. Rai, Sonepat, Haryana 131029, India
| | - Mamta Dutt
- Mamta Dental Clinic, Opposite Sector 29, Main Badkhal Road, Faridabad, Haryana 121002, India
| | - Archana Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, SRM University, 39, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, Post Office P.S. Rai, Sonepat, Haryana 131029, India
| | - Arpana Vibhuti
- Department of Biotechnology, SRM University, 39, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, Post Office P.S. Rai, Sonepat, Haryana 131029, India
| | - V. Samuel Raj
- Department of Microbiology, SRM University, 39, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, Post Office P.S. Rai, Sonepat, Haryana 131029, India
| | - Chung-Ming Chang
- Master & Ph.D. Program in Biotechnology Industry, Chang Gung University, No. 259, Wenhua 1st Rd., Guishan Dist. Taoyuan City, 33302, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Anjali Priyadarshini
- Department of Microbiology, SRM University, 39, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, Post Office P.S. Rai, Sonepat, Haryana 131029, India
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Wylie MR, Merrell DS. The Antimicrobial Potential of the Neem Tree Azadirachta indica. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:891535. [PMID: 35712721 PMCID: PMC9195866 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.891535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Azadirachta indica (A. Juss), also known as the neem tree, has been used for millennia as a traditional remedy for a multitude of human ailments. Also recognized around the world as a broad-spectrum pesticide and fertilizer, neem has applications in agriculture and beyond. Currently, the extensive antimicrobial activities of A. indica are being explored through research in the fields of dentistry, food safety, bacteriology, mycology, virology, and parasitology. Herein, some of the most recent studies that demonstrate the potential of neem as a previously untapped source of novel therapeutics are summarized as they relate to the aforementioned research topics. Additionally, the capacity of neem extracts and compounds to act against drug-resistant and biofilm-forming organisms, both of which represent large groups of pathogens for which there are limited treatment options, are highlighted. Updated information on the phytochemistry and safety of neem-derived products are discussed as well. Although there is a growing body of exciting evidence that supports the use of A. indica as an antimicrobial, additional studies are clearly needed to determine the specific mechanisms of action, clinical efficacy, and in vivo safety of neem as a treatment for human pathogens of interest. Moreover, the various ongoing studies and the diverse properties of neem discussed herein may serve as a guide for the discovery of new antimicrobials that may exist in other herbal panaceas across the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina R Wylie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - D Scott Merrell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Altayb HN, Yassin NF, Hosawi S, Kazmi I. In-vitro and in-silico antibacterial activity of Azadirachta indica (Neem), methanolic extract, and identification of Beta.d-Mannofuranoside as a promising antibacterial agent. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:262. [PMID: 35610569 PMCID: PMC9131563 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03650-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial resistance became the leading cause of death globally, resulting in an urgent need for the discovery of new, safe, and efficient antibacterial agents. Compounds derived from plants can provide an essential source of new types of antibiotics. A. indica (neem) plant is rich in antimicrobial phytoconstituents. Here, we used the sensitive and reliable gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) approach, for the quantitative and quantitative determination of bioactive constituents in methanolic extract of neem leaves grown in Sudan. Subsequently, antibacterial activity, pharmacokinetic and toxicological properties were utilized using in silico tools. RESULTS The methanolic extract of neem leaves was found to have antibacterial activity against all pathogenic and reference strains. The lowest concentration reported with bacterial activity was 3.125%, which showed zones of inhibition of more than 10 mm on P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, Citrobacter spp., and E. coli, and 8 mm on Proteus spp., E. faecalis, S. epidermidis, and the pathogenic S. aureus. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of 30 chemical compounds, including fatty acids (11), hydrocarbons (9), pyridine derivatives (2), aldehydes (2), phenol group (1), aromatic substances (1), coumarins (1), and monoterpenes (1). In silico and in vitro tools revealed that.beta.d-Mannofuranoside, O-geranyl was the most active compound on different bacterial proteins. It showed the best docking energy (-8 kcal/mol) and best stability with different bacterial essential proteins during molecular dynamic (MD) simulation. It also had a good minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) (32 μg/ml and 64 μg/ml) against S. aureus (ATCC 25,923) and E. coli (ATCC 25,922) respectively. CONCLUSION The methanolic extract of A. indica leaves possessed strong antibacterial activity against different types of bacteria. Beta.d-Mannofuranoside, O-geranyl was the most active compound and it passed 5 rules of drug-likeness properties. It could therefore be further processed for animal testing and clinical trials for its possible use as an antibacterial agent with commercial values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisham N Altayb
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
- Centre for Artificial Intelligence in Precision Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Nijood F Yassin
- Department Microbiology, College of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Salman Hosawi
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Centre for Artificial Intelligence in Precision Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Imran Kazmi
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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Tulbah HI. Anticandidal efficacy on Polymide based denture resin using Photodynamic therapy, chemical and herbal disinfectants and their effect on surface roughness and hardness. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2022; 39:102874. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.102874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Nair LSR, Soman A, George S, Jose D, Sain S, Salim S. Comparative Evaluation of Antimicrobial Efficacies of 0.2% Chlorhexidine and 4% Tulsi Extract in the Decontamination of Child Toothbrushes: An Observational Analytical Study. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent 2022; 12:85-92. [PMID: 35281682 PMCID: PMC8896584 DOI: 10.4103/jispcd.jispcd_245_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of 0.2% chlorhexidine and 4% tulsi extract as toothbrush decontaminants. Materials and Methods Of 100 children, who attended the outpatient unit of Department of Pediatric dentistry, 81 children, who satisfied all the inclusion criteria were subjected to systematic sampling, after arranging them in the alphabetical order and were grouped into three. The first child came under Group I, second under Group II, third under Group III, fourth one again under Group I, and so on till the 81st child. In the baseline phase, the children were provided precoded toothbrushes and toothpastes and instructed to place those brushes to be put after use, in single-use glasses. After obtaining the baseline value of Streptococcus mutans colony count, the participants of Group I was given 0.2% chlorhexidine, Group II was given 4% tulsi extract, and distilled water for Group III, to be used as toothbrush decontaminants for 5 days. The toothbrushes were then collected back, and were subjected to microbial analysis. Statistical analysis was performed by using Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Mann-Whitney U test with P < 0.05. Results All test solutions, 0.2% chlorhexidine and 4% tulsi extract, except for distilled water, showed a statistically significant reduction of S. mutans count. There was no statistical difference between the efficacies of 4% tulsi extract and 0.2% chlorhexidine, although the latter showed a better reduction. Conclusion Tulsi extract may well be a perfect replacement to chlorhexidine for reducing the S. mutans count in the child toothbrushes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lekshmy S R Nair
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, PMS College of Dental Science and Research, Trivandrum, Kerala, India,Address for correspondence: Dr. Lekshmy S. R. Nair, Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, PMS College of Dental Science and Research, Trivandrum 695028, Kerala, India. E-mail:
| | - Anandaraj Soman
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, PMS College of Dental Science and Research, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - Sageena George
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, PMS College of Dental Science and Research, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - Deepak Jose
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, PMS College of Dental Science and Research, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - Shaniya Sain
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, PMS College of Dental Science and Research, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - Shiad Salim
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, PMS College of Dental Science and Research, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
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Rajakumar S, Revanth MP, Kasi A, Sujitha P. Evaluating the antibacterial efficacy and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) of three different herbal extracts on recalcitrant endodontic pathogens - An in vitro study. J Int Oral Health 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/jioh.jioh_5_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Wandering through southwestern Nigeria: An inventory of Yoruba useful angiosperm plants. Heliyon 2022; 8:e08668. [PMID: 35024488 PMCID: PMC8733184 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper is a compilation of all known uses of angiosperm plants by the Yoruba people of southwestern Nigeria. Information was gathered from the past experiences of authors and surveys of books, journal articles, dissertations (published and unpublished) and theses using online databases. The review presents 493 angiosperm species (65 monocots and 428 dicots) belonging to 99 families, of which Fabaceae contributed the highest number of useful plants (72 spp.), followed by Euphorbiaceae (31 spp.), Malvaceae (30 spp.), and Asteraceae (25 spp.). Generally, of the identified plants, 418 species are for medicinal purposes, 85 species are utilized as food and beverages, 65 species for other uses including games, food packaging, and arts and crafts while 22 species are used for magical purposes such as success charm, enhancing disappearance, protection from witches and escaping from the repercussion of an act. This study provides baseline ethnobotanical data for future quantitative analyses of useful plants in the region, as indigenous plant knowledge has not been properly explored and documented among the Yoruba people.
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Singh V, Roy M, Garg N, Kumar A, Arora S, Malik DS. An Insight into the Dermatological Applications of Neem: A Review on Traditional and Modern Aspect. RECENT ADVANCES IN ANTI-INFECTIVE DRUG DISCOVERY 2021; 16:94-121. [PMID: 34961431 DOI: 10.2174/2772434416666210604105251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dermatological disorders are cutaneous infirmities which are frequently occurring and increasing at an alarming rate. These range from mild itching/redness (dermatitis) to fatal skin cancers and has posed a major health concern. Azadirachta indica A. Juss (commonly known as neem), a member of Meliaceae family, is an Indian medicinal plant which has been known for its health promoting effects since ancient times. OBJECTIVE The review highlights the traditional practices, pharmacological aspects, and formulatory approach of neem for the treatment of dermatological disorders. Further, recent patents and novel delivery systems (developed and in pipeline) improving skin delivery and therapeutic profile of neem are discussed. RESULTS Neem is a traditional medicinal plant that has been employed for the prevention and treatment of numerous ailments covering systemic and topical disorders. Scientific studies have validated the traditional claims of neem and attributed these health benefits to the presence of more than 300 structurally diverse and complex compounds. It possesses anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, analgesic, antiviral, antifungal, immunomodulatory and antioxidant activities which substantiate its use as skin therapy. Various novel formulations and associated patents that improved the permeability of neem based products across skin could be found in literature. CONCLUSION Critical appraisal of available literature revealed that neem possesses anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antiseptic properties. Thus it has the potential to be developed as a single effective therapy for the management of multimodal skin disorders. Further, pharmaceutical tailoring of neem by implication of novel carriers could enhance its penetrability across skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varinder Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Meghaditya Roy
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Nidhi Garg
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Sandeep Arora
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
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Tasanarong T, Patntirapong S, Aupaphong V. The inhibitory effect of a novel neem paste against cariogenic bacteria. J Clin Exp Dent 2021; 13:e1083-e1088. [PMID: 34824693 PMCID: PMC8601697 DOI: 10.4317/jced.58781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dental caries is a major oral health problem, which associates with cariogenic bacteria. Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus are facultative anaerobic bacteria that are found in tooth decay. Accordingly, neem leaf extract was developed due to its great anti-microbial property against many bacteria. The aim of this study was to determine anti-cariogenic properties of neem leaf extract in a novel paste preparation.
Material and Methods The neem extract was derived from maceration of dry neem leaves in ethanol for 48 h. The ethanolic extract was subjected to chemical identification using GC-MS. Neem pastes were prepared from ethanolic extract mixed with polyethylene glycol paste with or without zinc oxide. S. mutans and L. acidophilus test were initiated at bacterial concentration of 108 CFU/ml. The antibacterial activity was then performed by disc diffusion method following by minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) technique.
Results GC-MS result displayed 35 compounds. Compounds found in the extract were n-Hexadecanoic acid (31.18%), Hentriacontane (18%), Phytol (16.79%). Disc diffusion showed that ethanolic extract and neem pastes inhibited growth of both bacteria. For MBC, neem paste with zinc oxide at concentration of neem 0.4 mg/ml was the most effective concentration on inhibiting S. mutans growth. Neem pastes and ethanolic extract at concentration of neem 6.25 mg/ml inhibited L. acidophilus growth.
Conclusions The ethanolic neem leaf extract and novel neem pastes had antimicrobial effect on both S. mutans and L. acidophilus. By this property, neem paste could be developed for the application in dental field, i.e. pulp capping. Key words:Neem, Azadirachta indica, antimicrobial, cariogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Somying Patntirapong
- Faculty of Dentistry, Thammasat University, Rangsit campus, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Visakha Aupaphong
- Faculty of Dentistry, Thammasat University, Rangsit campus, Pathum Thani, Thailand
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Multifunctional Therapeutic Potential of Phytocomplexes and Natural Extracts for Antimicrobial Properties. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10091076. [PMID: 34572660 PMCID: PMC8468069 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10091076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural products have been known for their antimicrobial factors since time immemorial. Infectious diseases are a worldwide burden that have been deteriorating because of the improvement of species impervious to various anti-infection agents. Hence, the distinguishing proof of antimicrobial specialists with high-power dynamic against MDR microorganisms is central to conquer this issue. Successful treatment of infection involves the improvement of new drugs or some common source of novel medications. Numerous naturally occurring antimicrobial agents can be of plant origin, animal origin, microbial origin, etc. Many plant and animal products have antimicrobial activities due to various active principles, secondary metabolites, or phytochemicals like alkaloids, tannins, terpenoids, essential oils, flavonoids, lectins, phagocytic cells, and many other organic constituents. Phytocomplexes’ antimicrobial movement frequently results from a few particles acting in cooperative energy, and the clinical impacts might be because of the direct effects against microorganisms. The restorative plants that may furnish novel medication lead the antimicrobial movement. The purpose of this study is to investigate the antimicrobial properties of the phytocomplexes and natural extracts of the plants that are ordinarily being utilized as conventional medications and then recommended the chance of utilizing them in drugs for the treatment of multiple drug-resistant disease.
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Synergistic Effect of Plant Extracts on Endodontic Pathogens Isolated from Teeth with Root Canal Treatment Failure: An In Vitro Study. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10050552. [PMID: 34065139 PMCID: PMC8151008 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10050552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate the synergistic antimicrobial activity of extracts obtained from Salvadora persica (Miswak), Commiphora molmol (myrrh) and Azadirachta indica (neem) in combination with commercially available antimicrobial agents: penicillin, tetracycline, ofloxacin and fluconazole on endodontic pathogens such as Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus mitis,Actinomyces naeslundii and Candida albicans. MATERIALS AND METHODS Microbiological samples from the root canals of the teeth undergoing retreatment were taken using sterile paper points kept at full length in the canal for 30 s. The disc diffusion method was used to check the susceptibility of microbes to the plant extracts and antimicrobials by measuring the diameter of the inhibition zones. Against the microbes, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC)/minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of the plant extracts were assessed. The fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) was used to estimate the synergistic effect of plant extracts combined with antimicrobials against the resistant endodontic microbes. RESULTS The findings clearly indicate the effectiveness of all the three plant extracts, Commiphora molmol, Azadirachta indica, Salvadora persica, against all the experimental pathogenic microorganisms except for the ineffectiveness of Azadirachta indica, Salvadora persica against Candidaalbicans. Maximum antimicrobial activity was displayed by Azadirachta indica against Enterococcusfaecalis (MIC = 0.09 ± 1.2 mg/mL, MBC = 0.78 ± 1.25 mg/mL) and the minimum antimicrobial activity was displayed by Commiphora molmol against Actinomyces naeslundii (MIC = 12.5 ± 3.25 mg/mL, MBC = 100 ± 3.75 mg/mL). The best synergy was displayed by Commiphora molmol with fluconazole against Candidaalbicans (FICI = 0.45). CONCLUSIONS The current study delineates the variable antimicrobial activity of plant extracts against the experimental endodontic pathogenic microorganisms. Plant extracts in conjunction with various antimicrobials can be valuable aids in combating relatively resistant endodontic microorganisms that have been the cause of worry in recent years, leading to failure even in treatment procedures following all required protocols.
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Dimou I, Dritsas S, Aggelopoulou P, Vassilatou K, Damianaki S, Giaouris E. Development of a herbal mouthwash containing a mixture of essential oils and plant extracts and in vitro testing of its antimicrobial efficiency against the planktonic and biofilm-enclosed cariogenic bacterium Streptococcus mutans. BIOFOULING 2021; 37:397-409. [PMID: 34027763 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2021.1924693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A herbal mouthwash containing essential oils of holy basil and mountain tea, extracts of St John's wort and European goldenrod (Bucovia™) and cetylpyridinium chloride, was developed and in vitro tested for its efficiency against biofilm formation by Streptococcus mutans, together with its eradicating activity against already preformed (48 h with saccharose) streptococcal biofilm. The minimum inhibitory (MIC) and bactericidal concentrations (MBC) of the final formulation, as well as of its individual components, were initially determined. The results revealed that the mouthwash needed to be applied at two-times its MIC (0.63% v.v-1) to completely inhibit biofilm formation by S. mutans, which was otherwise capable of developing a robust biofilm on the tested surface. Once fully developed, the matrix of the biofilm was found to contain a significant amount of exopolysaccharides protecting the cells, being impossible to eradicate even when exposed to pure mouthwash for 15 min, highlighting the great recalcitrance of biofilm-embedded S. mutans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Dimou
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of the Environment, University of the Aegean, Myrina, Lemnos, Greece
| | - Stavros Dritsas
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of the Environment, University of the Aegean, Myrina, Lemnos, Greece
| | - Paraskevi Aggelopoulou
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of the Environment, University of the Aegean, Myrina, Lemnos, Greece
- The NuCLab, Nutrition and Cosmetics R&D Laboratory, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | - Efstathios Giaouris
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of the Environment, University of the Aegean, Myrina, Lemnos, Greece
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Zhou P, Chrepa V, Karoussis I, Pikos MA, Kotsakis GA. Cytocompatibility Properties of an Herbal Compound Solution Support I n vitro Wound Healing. Front Physiol 2021; 12:653661. [PMID: 33868021 PMCID: PMC8044745 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.653661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the cytocompatibility of an herbal extract compound oral rinse [StellaLife VEGA (SLife)] against relevant human cellular models of oral surgical wound healing. SL was compared to the gold standard for peri-/post-operative oral surgical use, i.e., Chlorhexidine (CHX) and to a commonly utilized essential-oil (EO) based antiseptic rinse. Fibroblasts and primary oral stem cells of the apical papilla (SCAPs) were employed to assess its comparative cytotoxicity to the active comparator antiseptic rinses and its effects on wound healing in vitro. In cytotoxicity assays, multiple timepoints were tested ranging from clinically relevant of 60-s rinsing to protracted challenge of up to 5 min, to determine dose-dependent toxicity. The SLife group consistently demonstrated minimal cytotoxicity as compared to active comparators across experimental timepoints and different cells lines. At concentrations up to 20% v/v SLife-challenged fibroblasts and SCAPs demonstrated no significant toxicity as compared to unstimulated controls (p > 0.05). When assessing wound healing, a scratch wound assay revealed significantly accelerated cell migration for SLife as compared to CHX (p < 0.05). Notably, all active comparator antiseptic rinses affected wound healing responses by significantly reducing total collagen deposition after intermittent “rinsing” intervals that simulated post-surgical oral rinsing. Nonetheless, intermittent as well as continuous challenge of cells with SLife had a positive effect in functional collagen assays. An herbal extract compound-based oral rinse was found to be cytocompatible to cells critical to oral wound healing and to promote fibroblast migration and differentiation, contrary to existing antiseptic rinses that lack selective cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhou
- Translational Periodontal Research Laboratory, Department of Periodontics, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Vanessa Chrepa
- Department of Endodontics, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Ioannis Karoussis
- Department of Periodontics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Georgios A Kotsakis
- Translational Periodontal Research Laboratory, Department of Periodontics, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States.,Department of Periodontics, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
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Kalita C, Raja D, Saikia A, Saikia AK. Antibacterial property of Azadirachta indica, Ocimum sanctum, and Vitex negundo against oral microbes. J Conserv Dent 2020; 22:602-606. [PMID: 33088074 PMCID: PMC7542067 DOI: 10.4103/jcd.jcd_268_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Context: Plant extracts are used in folklore medicine from time immemorial to treat different oral diseases. Chemical constituents extracted from these natural resources are gifted with huge opportunities. Aim: The aim of this study is to assess the antibacterial property of Azadirachta indica (Neem), Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi), and Vitex negundo (Pochotia) against oral microorganisms. Materials and Methods: Plant extract was prepared with hot continuous extraction method by the Soxhlet Apparatus. Microorganisms isolated from the oral cavity and identified by Vitek-2. Bacterial inoculums poured and spread into Mueller Hinton plates. Plant extract was poured into prepared wells taking ciprofloxacillin as the positive control and dimethyl sulfoxide as the negative control. The experiment was performed in duplicates with two different concentrations of the extract and mean value of inhibition zone was calculated. Statistical Analysis: Paired t-test, analysis of variance, and regression analysis. Results: Isolated microorganisms were Klebsiella oxytoca, Kochuria kristinae, Acinetobacter boumani, Sphingomonas paucimobilis, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Streptococcus gordonii, Enterococcus faecalis, and Bacillus subtilis. Higher zone of inhibition was observed against E. faecalis by V. negundo followed by A. indica. Among the aqueous and acetone group, in the aqueous group, the regression models of K. kristinae and B. subtilis have been found to be statistically significant (P= < 0.05), whereas, in the acetone group, the regression model of B. subtilis has been found to be statistically significant (P = < 0.05). Conclusion: All the three plants showed antibacterial potency against the isolated organisms. Acetone group showed better efficacy than the aqueous extract group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandana Kalita
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Guwahati Medical College, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Dina Raja
- Department of Microbiology, Guwahati Medical College, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Ankumoni Saikia
- Department of Community Medicine, Guwahati Medical College, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Anjan Kumar Saikia
- Department of Oral Pathology, Regional Dental College, Guwahati, Assam, India
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Devi MT, Saha S, Tripathi AM, Dhinsa K, Kalra SK, Ghoshal U. Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Efficacy of Herbal Extracts Added to Root Canal Sealers of Different Bases: An In Vitro Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020; 12:398-404. [PMID: 32440044 PMCID: PMC7229369 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10005-1660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim This study aimed to evaluate and compare the antimicrobial efficacy of root canal sealers of different bases when mixed with herbal extracts. Materials and methods An evaluation of three sealers (Endomethasone, AH plus, Apexit plus) mixed with three herbal extracts [Emblica officinalis (Amla), Myristica fragrans (Nutmeg) and Salvadora persica (Miswak)] was done against nine strains of bacteria at various time intervals using the agar diffusion test. Moreover, measurement of the mean zones of inhibition was done. Results The largest zones of bacterial growth inhibition were observed with Endomethasone mixed with Myristica fragrans (Nutmeg) followed in the descending order by AH plus mixed with Salvadora persica (Miswak) and Apexit plus mixed with Salvadora persica (Miswak) respectively. The differences between zones of inhibition among different groups were found to be statistically significant. Conclusion Zinc-oxide-eugenol-based sealer (Endomethasone) mixed with herbal extracts produced the largest inhibitory zones followed in the descending order by resin-based sealer (AH plus) and calcium-hydroxide-based sealer (Apexit plus), respectively. Clinical significance Herbal plants such as [Emblica officinalis (Amla), Myristica fragrans (Nutmeg) and Salvadora persica (Miswak)] are rich sources of bioactive compounds that possess antimicrobial properties. Mixing their extracts with endodontic sealers can produce additive antimicrobial effect against microbes found in inflamed pulp. How to cite this article Devi MT, Saha S, Tripathi AM, et al. Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Efficacy of Herbal Extracts Added to Root Canal Sealers of Different Bases: An In Vitro Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2019;12(5):398–404.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minarani T Devi
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Sardar Patel Postgraduate Institute of Dental and Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sonali Saha
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Sardar Patel Postgraduate Institute of Dental and Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Abhay M Tripathi
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Sardar Patel Postgraduate Institute of Dental and Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kavita Dhinsa
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Sardar Patel Postgraduate Institute of Dental and Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sonali K Kalra
- Department of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Ujjala Ghoshal
- Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Abstract
As the world gets closer to eliminating malaria, the scientific community worldwide has begun to realize the importance of malaria transmission-blocking interventions. The onus of breaking the life cycle of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum predominantly rests upon transmission-blocking drugs because of emerging resistance to commonly used schizonticides and insecticides. This third part of our review series on malaria transmission-blocking entails transmission-blocking potential of preclinical transmission-blocking antimalarials and other non-malaria drugs/experimental compounds that are not in clinical or preclinical development for malaria but possess transmission-blocking potential. Collective analysis of the structure and the activity of these experimental compounds might pave the way toward generation of novel prototypes of next-generation transmission-blocking drugs.
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Bansal V, Gupta M, Bhaduri T, Shaikh SA, Sayed FR, Bansal V, Agrawal A. Assessment of Antimicrobial Effectiveness of Neem and Clove Extract Against Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans: An In vitro Study. Niger Med J 2020; 60:285-289. [PMID: 32180657 PMCID: PMC7053276 DOI: 10.4103/nmj.nmj_20_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is increasing interest to develop antimicrobial aids from alternative sources such as medicinal plants for the treatment of infectious diseases. Neem and clove are known to have antimicrobial properties. Aim The study aimed at detecting the antibacterial and antifungal activity of neem and clove extract against Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans. Materials and Methods Strains of S. mutans and C. albicans and selective media for growing micro-organisms were procured. Antimicrobial activity was assessed using two methods, by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) using the broth dilution method and determining the zone of inhibition using well diffusion method on mitis salivarius bacitracin selective for S. mutans and Saboraud's dextrose agar plates for C. albicans. One way ANOVA with post hoc analysis was done to compare the antimicrobial activity of extracts and 0.2% chlorhexidine. Results MIC of neem extract was found to be 4.2 mg/ml and 5.0 mg/ml against S. mutans and C. albicans, respectively. While for cloves, it was 5.5 mg/ml for both. Neem had the highest antibacterial activity with a mean zone of inhibition of 11.4 mm followed by chlorhexidine and cloves whereas antifungal activity was highest for chlorhexidine (14.4 mm) followed by neem and clove. Conclusion The result of the study established that both plant extracts possess antimicrobial activity against common microbes present in the oral cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav Bansal
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Sri Aurobindo College of Dentistry, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Manoj Gupta
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Hitkarini Dental College and Hospital, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Tapas Bhaduri
- Department of Kayachikitsa, R. D. Memorial Ayurvedic P.G. College and Hospital, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | | | | | - Vkalp Bansal
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Rishiraj College of Dental Sciences, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Ankita Agrawal
- Department of Kayachikitsa, R. D. Memorial Ayurvedic P.G. College and Hospital, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
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Mehta S, Verma P, Tikku AP, Chandra A, Bains R, Banerjee G. Comparative evaluation of antimicrobial efficacy of triple antibiotic paste, calcium hydroxide, and a proton pump inhibitor against resistant root canal pathogens. Eur J Dent 2019; 11:53-57. [PMID: 28435366 PMCID: PMC5379835 DOI: 10.4103/ejd.ejd_159_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: The objective of this study is to compare the antimicrobial efficacy of triple antibiotic paste (TAP) and a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) (omeprazole) in combination with calcium hydroxide (CH) against Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans. Materials and Methods: E. faecalis and C. albicans were subcultured and inoculated at 37° overnight and were treated with different dilutions of TAP, 25 μg/ml (Group 1), CH (Group 2, control), CH 16 mg/ml + omeprazole 2 mg/ml (Group 3a) (CH 16 mg/ml + omeprazole 4 mg)/ml (Group 3b) for 24, 48, and 72 h in sterile uncoated 96-well microtiter plates. Minimum concentration at which the medicaments produced least optical density was determined using ELISA reader (ELx 808 BioTek Inc., USA) device set at optical density of 630 nm. Results were analyzed statistically by one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey's multiple comparison tests. The significance level was set at 0.05. Results: Mean concentration (irrespective of time) for TAP at which mean minimum optical density was recorded at 1.25 μg/ml (1:20 dilution) and 25 μg/ml (0 dilution) against E. faecalis and C. albicans, respectively. Least optical density for CH plus PPI group was obtained 1.6 μg/ml (1:10 dilution) and 16 μg/ml (0 dilution) for E. faecalis and C. albicans, respectively. However, CH alone showed a weaker antimicrobial action against either of the strains even at full concentration. Conclusions: PPI enhanced the antibacterial efficacy of CH against E. faecalis and C. albicans. However, TAP showed the best antibacterial property followed by CH plus PPIs against both the selected strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibha Mehta
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Faculty of Dental Sciences, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Promila Verma
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Faculty of Dental Sciences, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Aseem Prakash Tikku
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Faculty of Dental Sciences, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anil Chandra
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Faculty of Dental Sciences, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rhythm Bains
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Faculty of Dental Sciences, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Gopa Banerjee
- Department of Microbiology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Divya Kumari P, Shenoy SM, Khijmatgar S, Chowdhury A, Lynch E, Chowdhury CR. Antibacterial activity of new atraumatic restorative treatment materials incorporated with Azadirachta indica (Neem) against Streptococcus mutans. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 2019; 9:321-325. [PMID: 31334005 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobcr.2019.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The antibacterial property of new atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) materials incorporated with Azadirachta indica (Neem) on Streptococcus mutans was carried out. Materials and methods The study was carried out by using the agar diffusion method to determine the antibacterial property of ART materials (ART-I and ART-II). The zone of inhibition was tabulated, and the data was statistically analyzed using the student t-test. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) of the ethanolic extract of Neem were recorded. Results The MIC and MBC of the mixture of the ethanolic extract of Neem was 3.13% and 12.5% respectively. The zone of inhibition of ART-I and ART-II was 11.81 mm and 11.97 mm respectively. Significant differences were observed between these two ART materials (P = 0,08). Conclusion Both the new ART materials i.e. ART-I and ART-II have considerable antibacterial activity against S. mutans.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Divya Kumari
- Department of Oral Biology and Genomic Studies, A.B.Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences, Nitte Deemed to be University, Deralakatte, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Shilpa M Shenoy
- Central Research Laboratory, K.S.Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte Deemed to be University. Deralakatte, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Shahnawaz Khijmatgar
- Department of Oral Biology and Genomic Studies, A.B.Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences, Nitte Deemed to be University, Deralakatte, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Edward Lynch
- Professor & Head of Dentistry,Warwick Dentistry, Warwick Medical School, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Chitta R Chowdhury
- Department of Oral Biology and Genomic Studies, A.B.Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences, Nitte Deemed to be University, Deralakatte, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
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Antibacterial and Cytotoxic Effects of Moringa oleifera (Moringa) and Azadirachta indica (Neem) Methanolic Extracts against Strains of Enterococcus faecalis. Int J Dent 2018; 2018:1071676. [PMID: 30356384 PMCID: PMC6176315 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1071676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To evaluate antibacterial and cytotoxic effect of 2 methanolic extracts of Azadirachta indica and Moringa oleifera against strains of Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212) in vitro. Methods The methanolic extracts of Azadirachta indica and Moringa oleifera were prepared in vitro. The antibacterial effect of the extracts against Enterococcus faecalis was evaluated using the agar diffusion technique. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined using the microdilution method and the cytotoxicity using the cellular line MDCK. Results The methanolic extract with the most antibacterial effect during the first 24 and 48 hours against Enterococcus faecalis was Moringa oleifera, evidencing a growth inhibition zone of 35.5 ± 1.05 and 44.83 ± 0.98, respectively. The MIC for both extracts was 75 µg/ml. The bactericidal effect of the Azadirachta indica extract was found at a concentration of 25 µg/ml and a concentration of 75 µg/ml for Moringa extract. Conclusions In conclusion, we demonstrated that the methanolic extract of Azadirachta indica and Moringa oleifera both have an antibacterial effect against Enterococcus faecalis strains during the first 24 and 48 hours. None of the extracts exhibited toxicity against the cell lines under low concentrations.
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Abstract
Herbal remedies are used throughout the world, either in earlier or in recent times. The number of studies on this alternative therapeutic system increased in the last decades. In this paper, the relevant literature on the use of natural products in root canal therapy is revised from a MEDLINE database search. The uses of medicinal plants in endodontics include cleaning and disinfection of root canals, intracanal medicaments between appointments, sealer cements, and for removal of obturation material. Other studies showed the effect of natural products in pulpal and dentin repair. Their use is anecdotal, and their effectiveness showed to be variable and is always compared to the chemical standards currently being used. Alkaloids, coumarins, saponins, and flavonoids are aromatic substances that are produced by plants and evaluated for their therapeutic potential. Further investigation into benefits of natural products is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebtissam M Almadi
- Department of Restorative Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. E-mail.
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Anwar S, Bhandari U, Panda BP, Dubey K, Khan W, Ahmad S. Trigonelline inhibits intestinal microbial metabolism of choline and its associated cardiovascular risk. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 159:100-112. [PMID: 29980011 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Gut microbiota based metabolism of choline produces trimethylamine (TMA) which is further converted to a pro-atherosclerotic metabolite, trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) by flavin monooxygenase (FMO3). Trigonelline from the plant Trigonella foenum-graecum has been reported for the treatment of CVD. Aim of the present study was to check the effect of trigonelline on the gut microbiota based conversion of TMA to TMAO. Trigonelline was isolated from hydroalcoholic extract of seeds of Trigonella foenum-graecum. The isolated trigonelline was characterized through TLC and UPLC-MS. Anaerobic microbe responsible for the metabolism of choline to TMA was isolated by culturing the human gut microbiota in choline enriched medium. The isolated bacteria was identified at molecular level based on PCR amplification of 1500bp of 16S rRNA gene sequence. Isolated FMO3 was used for ex vivo conversion of TMA to TMAO. Further, we investigated the effect of trigonelline in isolated gut microbe based metabolism of choline, lipid profile and TMAO levels in mice with or without suppression of gut microbiota with antibiotics. Liquid-liquid purification and chromatographic analysis confirmed the trigonelline purity (87.26%) and which was also confirmed by mass spectroscopy with m/z 137.4 in positive ionization mode. A total of 30 anaerobic microbes responsible for TMA production were isolated and Citrobacter freundii was the superior among others for the production of TMA. In vitro culture of C. freundii in choline enriched medium supplemented with trigonelline resulted in significantly reduction TMA and followed by TMAO production. In ex vivo, a maximum of 85.3% TMAO production was reduced by trigonelline at concentration of about 300 μg/mL. Serum level of lipids and TMAO were significantly altered in choline fed animals with or without suppression of gut microbiota and this phenomenon was reversed upon the oral administration of trigonelline in a dose-dependent manner. This study demonstrates the effect of trigonelline on gut microbiota responsible for choline metabolism and this can be used as a model for evaluation of herbal drugs and its effect in gut microbiota prompted cardiovascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siraj Anwar
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Uma Bhandari
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India.
| | - Bibhu Prasad Panda
- Microbial and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Kiran Dubey
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Washim Khan
- Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory, Department of Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Sayeed Ahmad
- Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory, Department of Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
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Fatima A, Ahmad M, Zafar M, Yaseen G, Zada Khan MP, Butt MA, Sultana S. Ethnopharmacological relevance of medicinal plants used for the treatment of oral diseases in Central Punjab-Pakistan. J Herb Med 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hermed.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Pradhan MS, Gunwal M, Shenoi P, Sonarkar S, Bhattacharya S, Badole G. Evaluation of pH and Chlorine Content of a Novel Herbal Sodium Hypochlorite for Root Canal Disinfection: An Experimental In vitro Study. Contemp Clin Dent 2018; 9:S74-S78. [PMID: 29962768 PMCID: PMC6006897 DOI: 10.4103/ccd.ccd_60_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is widely used endodontic irrigant with its array of advantages and disadvantages. Addition of herbal agents to NaOCl might help in enhancing its efficacy. MATERIALS AND METHODS NaOCl was prepared using chlorinated lime, anhydrous sodium carbonate, and distilled water to obtain 6% fresh solution. Then, this solution was evaluated for its pH and chlorine content. The fresh herbal extract of Cymbopogon citratus (lemongrass), Mentha piperita (peppermint), and Ocimum sanctum (tulsi) was prepared from plant leaves. After which, various permutation and combinations were made, and it was found that 9:1 ratio was the most effective combination. The pH and percentage of free chlorine were evaluated and analyzed. RESULTS No statistical significant difference was found in pH content. However, significant difference was found between the groups for chlorine content (P < 0.05) of herbal NaOCl. CONCLUSION The current study presents a simplified method for preparation of herbal irrigating solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjusha S. Pradhan
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, VSPM's Dental College and Research Center, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Mohit Gunwal
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Chhattisgarh Dental College and Research Institute, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Pratima Shenoi
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, VSPM's Dental College and Research Center, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Snehal Sonarkar
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, VSPM's Dental College and Research Center, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sangita Bhattacharya
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, VSPM's Dental College and Research Center, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Gautam Badole
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, VSPM's Dental College and Research Center, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
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Besra M, Kumar V. In vitro investigation of antimicrobial activities of ethnomedicinal plants against dental caries pathogens. 3 Biotech 2018; 8:257. [PMID: 29765815 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-018-1283-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of medicinal plant extracts against the bacterial pathogens prominent in dental caries. A total of 20 plant species (herbs, shrubs and trees) belonging to 18 genera and 15 families were documented for dental caries. Antimicrobial activity of solvent extracts and essential oil from plants were determined by zone of inhibition on the growth of Streptococcus mutans (MTCC 497) and Lactobacillus acidophilus (MTCC 10307) using the agar well diffusion method. The results of in vitro antimicrobial assay prove that methanol is more successful in the extraction of phytochemicals from plant samples than aqueous solvent, as methanol extracts show higher antimicrobial activity than aqueous extracts against both the test pathogens. Methanol extracts of Nigella sativa, Psidium guajava and Syzygium aromaticum were the most effective among all 20 plant samples and have potent inhibitory activity against both dental caries pathogens with minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.2 mg mL- 1. N. sativa seed methanol extract was more effective with 22.3 mm zone of inhibition at 0.2 mg mL- 1 against S. mutans (MTCC 497), while L. acidophilus (MTCC 10307) was more sensitive to S. aromaticum bud methanol extract at 11.3 mm zone of inhibition at concentration 0.1 mg mL- 1. Essential oil extracted from plants also possesses strong antimicrobial activity for both test pathogens, with a minimum inhibitory concentration range of 0.05-0.16 mg mL- 1. Syzygium aromaticum bud essential oil at 0.05 mg mL- 1 was most active against S. mutans (MTCC 497). Plant extracts viewing antimicrobial activity with minimum inhibitory concentration show the efficacy of the plant products that could be considered as a good indicator of prospective plants for discovering new antimicrobial agents against dental caries pathogens. The findings of this study provide a lead to further polyherbal formulations for the treatment of dental caries malaise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamta Besra
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, 826 004 India
| | - Vipin Kumar
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, 826 004 India
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Saleem S, Muhammad G, Hussain MA, Bukhari SNA. A comprehensive review of phytochemical profile, bioactives for pharmaceuticals, and pharmacological attributes of Azadirachta indica. Phytother Res 2018; 32:1241-1272. [PMID: 29671907 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Revised: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Azadirachta indica L. is a multipurpose medicinal tree of family Meliaceae. It occurs in tropical and semitropical regions of the world. Different parts of this miraculous tree are used to treat pyrexia, headache, ulcer, respiratory disorders, cancer, diabetes, leprosy, malaria, dengue, chicken pox, and dermal complications. The tree is popular for its pharmacological attributes such as hypolipidemic, antifertility, microbicidal, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, antipyretic, hypoglycemic, insecticidal, nematicidal, antiulcer, antioxidant, neuroprotective, cardioprotective, and antileishmaniasis properties. A. indica is also rich in various phytochemicals for pharmaceuticals such as alkaloids, steroids, flavonoids, terpenoids, fatty acids, and carbohydrates. The fungicidal potential of the tree is due to the presence of azadirachtin and nimbin. Herein, we have compiled a comprehensive review of phytochemical profile, pharmacological attributes, and therapeutic prospective of this multipurpose tree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumaira Saleem
- Department of Chemistry, GC University Lahore, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Gulzar Muhammad
- Department of Chemistry, GC University Lahore, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan.,Department of Chemistry, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Pakistan
| | | | - Syed Nasir Abbas Bukhari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Aljouf, Sakakah, 2014, Saudi Arabia
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Khan M, Shaik MR, Adil SF, Khan ST, Al-Warthan A, Siddiqui MRH, Tahir MN, Tremel W. Plant extracts as green reductants for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles: lessons from chemical synthesis. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:11988-12010. [DOI: 10.1039/c8dt01152d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
From conventional synthesis to green transformations: a brief literature overview and insight for the synthesis of Ag nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mujeeb Khan
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Science
- King Saud University
- Riyadh 11451
- Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Rafi Shaik
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Science
- King Saud University
- Riyadh 11451
- Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Farooq Adil
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Science
- King Saud University
- Riyadh 11451
- Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Shams Tabrez Khan
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology
- Faculty of Agriculture
- Aligarh Muslim University
- Aligarh
- India
| | - Abdulrahman Al-Warthan
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Science
- King Saud University
- Riyadh 11451
- Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Muhammad N. Tahir
- Chemistry Department
- King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals
- Dhahran
- Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Wolfgang Tremel
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry
- Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz
- Mainz 55122
- Germany
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Dedhia J, Mukharjee E, Luke AM, Mathew S, Pawar AM. Efficacy of Andrographis paniculata compared to Azadirachta indica, Curcuma longa, and sodium hypochlorite when used as root canal irrigants against Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus: An in vitro antimicrobial study. J Conserv Dent 2018; 21:642-645. [PMID: 30546211 PMCID: PMC6249952 DOI: 10.4103/jcd.jcd_118_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The aim is to test the antimicrobial activity of Andrographis Paniculata, Azadirachta indica (neem), and Curcuma Longa (curcumin) as a root canal irrigant, against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans using agar diffusion test. Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) served as a standard control for comparisons. Materials and Methods: The bacterial strains of C. albicans and S. aureus culture were grown overnight (18–20 h) in the brain heart infusion broth at 37°C and inoculated in Mueller–Hinton agar plates. Antibacterial inhibition was assessed using agar well-diffusion method using the methanolic extracts of the three plants to be tested and NaOCl. Bacterial inhibition zone around each well was recorded. The results were tabulated and analyzed statistically for significance. Results: The novel A. paniculata showed significantly higher zone of inhibition against C. albicans (P < 0.0001) compared to the experimental irrigants. Against S. aureus, it exhibited similar results as that shown by NaOCl (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Zones of inhibition exhibited by novel herbal agent A. paniculata were higher against C. albicans and similar against S. aureus, when compared to NaOCl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaanavi Dedhia
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Nair Hospital Dental College, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Esha Mukharjee
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Nair Hospital Dental College, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | | | - Simy Mathew
- Department of Growth and Development, College of Dentistry, Ajman, UAE
| | - Ajinkya M Pawar
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Nair Hospital Dental College, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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Bhardwaj A, Srivastava N, Rana V, Adlakha VK, Asthana AK. How efficacious are Neem, Tulsi, Guduchi extracts and chlorhexidine as intracanal disinfectants? A comparative ex vivo study. Ayu 2017; 38:70-75. [PMID: 29861597 PMCID: PMC5954265 DOI: 10.4103/ayu.ayu_72_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: In endodontics, despite careful instrumentation and antimicrobial irrigation, root canals still harbor cultivable microorganisms. Such cases require intra canal medicament that eliminates the microbial inhabitants from the canals. Recent trend advocates the use of herbal extracts due to easy availability, cost-effectiveness, low toxicity, and lack of microbial resistance. Hence, in the present study, Neem, Tulsi, and Guduchi extracts were used as intracanal medicaments. Aim: This study aimed to evaluate and compare the antibacterial efficacy of Neem, Tulsi, Guduchi extracts, and chlorhexidine against Enterococcus faecalis, when used as intracanal medicaments. Materials and Methods: One hundred and twenty-five extracted human teeth, inoculated with E. faecalis, were divided into four experimental groups and a control group (n = 25 in each group). The experimental groups were treated with chlorhexidine, Neem, Tulsi, and Guduchi extracts and their antibacterial property was evaluated by estimating microbial counting (CFU/ml). Results: The reduction in bacterial count for chlorhexidine, Neem, Tulsi, and Guduchi groups was 60.76%, 51.98%, 37.73%, and 34.93%, respectively. Statistically significant difference in reduction of bacterial count was observed in all the groups, when compared with the control group. Conclusion: Among all the herbal extracts, Neem was found to be the most potent medicament followed by Tulsi and Guduchi. However, chlorhexidine was found to be at epic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Bhardwaj
- Department of Paedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Subharti Dental College, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Nikhil Srivastava
- Department of Paedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Subharti Dental College, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vivek Rana
- Department of Paedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Subharti Dental College, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vivek Kumar Adlakha
- Department of Paedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Subharti Dental College, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ashish Kumar Asthana
- Department of Microbiology, Subharti Medical College, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Nalawade TM, Bhat KG, Sogi S. Antimicrobial Activity of Endodontic Medicaments and Vehicles using Agar Well Diffusion Method on Facultative and Obligate Anaerobes. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2016; 9:335-341. [PMID: 28127166 PMCID: PMC5233701 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10005-1388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims The aim of this study was to determine the relative antimicrobial effectiveness of these endodontic medicaments and various vehicles using an agar well diffusion assay. Materials and methods Double Antibiotic Paste(DAP), modified DAP, 2% Chlorhexidine gluconate and their combination with four vehicles namely Polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG), Propylene glycol (PG), combinations of PG with PEG and lastly Glycerine were tested using agar well diffusion assay. The minimum bactericidal concentration was noted against four standard strains of organisms ie Streptococcus mutans ATCC( American Type Culture Collection) 25175, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 12598, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 35550 and Eschericia coli ATCC 25922. Successful endodontic therapy depends upon thorough disinfection of root canals. In some refractory cases, routine endodontic therapy is not sufficient, so intracanal medicaments are used for proper disinfection of canals. Issues of resistance, limited spectrum of activity and lack of antifungal properties, the hunt for the ideal intracanal medicament continues. In this regard, the vehicles used to form the pastes play a supportive role by forming the appropriate consistency for placement and may dramatically influence their chemical characteristics like their solubility and diffusion. Thus, inorder to use safer and equally effective intracanal medicaments, Chlorhexidine gluconate is being unveiled in this study. Results The difference between the four vehicles when combined with the same endodontic medicament studied above is nonsignificant (NS) except against Porphyromonas gingivalis. Propylene glycol is significantly effective than Glycerine when used with DAP ie C+M medicament combination. (p = 0.029) Conclusion 2% chlorhexidine gluconate and modified DAP can definitely replace DAP and triple antibiotic paste as end-odontic medicaments with chlorhexidine having an added advantage of bactericidal action, substantivity, biocompatibility, low toxicity, and lesser chances of developing resistance. How to cite this article Nalawade TM, Bhat KG, Sogi S. Antimicrobial Activity of Endodontic Medicaments and Vehicles using Agar Well Diffusion Method on Facultative and Obligate Anaerobes. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2016;9(4):335-341.
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Affiliation(s)
- Triveni M Nalawade
- PhD Scholar, Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, KLE Vishwanath Katti Institute of Dental Sciences, Belgaum Karnataka, India
| | - Kishore G Bhat
- Consutant, Department of Microbiology, KLE University's Dr. Prabhakar Kore Basic Science Research Centre, Belgaum, Karnataka, India
| | - Suma Sogi
- professor and Head, Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Maharishi Markandeshwar College of Dental Sciences and Research Ambala, Haryana, India
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Mustafa M. Antibacterial Efficacy of Neem (Azadirachta indica) Extract against Enterococcus faecalis: An in vitro Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016; 17:791-794. [PMID: 27794147 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Debridement and disinfection of the root canal is a crucial step in the success of endodontic treatment. Several antimicrobial agents alone or in combination are used to achieve this. The objective of this in vitro study was to assess the antimicrobial efficacy of neem (Azadirachta indica) extract against Enterococcus faecalis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Neem leaf extract, 2% chlorhexidine, 3% sodium hypochlorite were used to assess the antimicrobial efficiency. Agar well diffusion test was used to study the antimicrobial efficacy with saline as control. The zone of inhibition was recorded, tabulated, and analyzed statistically with the help of IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences statistics version 20 using analysis of variance test. RESULTS All the three medicaments showed well-defined and comparable zones of inhibition around their respective wells. All values were significantly higher than the control group. Analysis of variance showed significant difference between zone diameters of chlorhexidine, neem leaf extract, and 3% sodium hypochlorite against E. faecalis (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION From the present study, it can be concluded that neem leaf extract shows comparable zones of inhibition with that of chlorhexidine and sodium hypochlorite. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Neem leaf extract has significant antimicrobial activity against E. faecalis and thus opens the perspectives for the use of neem extract as an intracanal medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Mustafa
- Division of Endodontic, Department of Conservative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, P.O.BOX: 153, AlKharj - 11942 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Phone: 00966-11-5886240,
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Vallejos-Vidal E, Reyes-López F, Teles M, MacKenzie S. The response of fish to immunostimulant diets. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 56:34-69. [PMID: 27389620 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In order to maintain fish health and to improve performance immunostimulants have been used as dietary additives to improve weight gain, feed efficiency, and/or disease resistance in cultured fish. In aquaculture, non-specific immunostimulants have been widely used probably due to the limited knowledge of the immune response in fish and the ease of their application. Many studies have been carried out to assess the effect of dietary immunostimulants in fish including algal derivatives, herb and plant extract containing diets using a wide range of downstream analytical techniques. Many immunostimulants are based upon tradition and folklore transferred through generations and specific to certain geographical regions rather than known biological properties. However, there are studies in which it is possible to observe a clear and direct dose-dependent stimulatory effect upon the immune system. Other dietary supplements used contain PAMPs (Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns) as immunostimulants whose recognition depends upon PRR (pathogen recognition receptor) interactions including the TLRs (Toll-like receptor). Despite the growing interest in the use of immunostimulants across the aquaculture industry the underlying mechanisms of ligand recognition, extract composition and activation of the fish immune response remains fragmented. In this review we focus upon the last 15 years of studies addressing the assessment of: (1) plant, herb and algae extracts; and (2) PAMPs, upon non-specific immune parameters of activation and immunostimulant diet efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Vallejos-Vidal
- Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Felipe Reyes-López
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Mariana Teles
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Simon MacKenzie
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, FK9 4LA Stirling, UK.
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Venkateshbabu N, Anand S, Abarajithan M, Sheriff SO, Jacob PS, Sonia N. Natural Therapeutic Options in Endodontics - A Review. Open Dent J 2016; 10:214-26. [PMID: 27386007 PMCID: PMC4911752 DOI: 10.2174/1874210601610010214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Complete eradication of microbial biofilms and elimination of the smear layer are the key factors during endodontic treatment. Various chemical irrigants have been proposed in the literature for the same. The major setback with these chemical irrigants is that they are not bio-friendly to the dental and peri-radicular tissues. In the recent years, research to use natural products for root canal disinfection has gained importance. The aim of this article is to compile various herbal products that have been used as an irrigants and intracanal medicaments in the field of Endodontics to eradicate the biofilm and remove smear layer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Suresh Anand
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Penang International Dental College, Penang, Malaysia
| | | | - Sultan O Sheriff
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, International Medical University, Kuala lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Pulikkotil S Jacob
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, International Medical University, Kuala lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nath Sonia
- Department of Periodontology, Vananchal Dental College, Garhwa, India
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Smolarek PDC, Esmerino LA, Chibinski AC, Bortoluzzi MC, Dos Santos EB, Junior VAK. In vitro antimicrobial evaluation of toothpastes with natural compounds. Eur J Dent 2016; 9:580-586. [PMID: 26929699 PMCID: PMC4745242 DOI: 10.4103/1305-7456.172632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This in vitro study evaluated the antimicrobial effects of commercial toothpastes containing natural compounds. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study groups were divided based on the natural compound present in the toothpaste composition: Sorbitol (I), tocopherol (II), mint (III), cinnamon/mint (IV), propolis/melaleuca (V), mint/açai (VI), mint/guarana (VII), propolis (VIII), negative control (IX), and the positive control (X). The antimicrobial properties of the toothpastes were tested using the disk diffusion method against oral pathogens: Streptococcus mutans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterococcus faecalis. The resulting inhibition halos were measured in millimeters. RESULTS The data indicated that the bacteria responded differently to the toothpastes (P < 0.0001). The diameters of the inhibition halos against S. mutans were in decreasing order of efficacy: Propolis/melaleuca > mint/guarana > mint/açai > sorbitol > tocopherol > cinnamon/mint > propolis > mint (P < 0.001 vs. negative control). E. faecalis showed variable responses to the dentifrices in the following order of decreasing efficacy: Mint/guarana > propolis > sorbitol > mint/açai > tocopherol > cinnamon/mint > mint = propolis/melaleuca = negative control. The product with the highest antimicrobial activity was mint/guarana, which was significantly different than propolis/melaleuca, mint, cinnamon/mint, and tocopherol and negative control (P < 0.001). The statistical analysis indicated that propolis, sorbitol, and mint/açai did not show any differences compared to mint/guarana (P > 0.05) and positive control (P > 0.05). P. aeruginosa was resistant to all dental gels tested including positive control. CONCLUSION The toothpastes with natural compounds have therapeutic potential and need more detailed searches for the correct clinic therapeutic application. The results from this study revealed differences in the antimicrobial activities of commercial toothpastes with natural compounds.
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Podar R, Kulkarni GP, Dadu SS, Singh S, Singh SH. In vivo antimicrobial efficacy of 6% Morinda citrifolia, Azadirachta indica, and 3% sodium hypochlorite as root canal irrigants. Eur J Dent 2016; 9:529-534. [PMID: 26929692 PMCID: PMC4745235 DOI: 10.4103/1305-7456.172615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate and compare the antimicrobial efficacy of 6% Morinda citrifolia, Azadirachta indica, and 3% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) as root canal irrigants. Materials and Methods: Thirty nonvital maxillary anteriors were randomly assigned to one of the three groups corresponding to the irrigant to be tested; 6% Morinda citrifolia juice (MCJ) (n = 10), A. indica (n = 10) and 3% NaOCl (n = 10). After the root canal access opening a root canal culture sample was taken with two paper points and cultured under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Cleaning and shaping were completed with irrigation by 10 mL of respective irrigants and 5 mL of final rinse. The patients were recalled after 3 days and canals were rinsed again with 5 mL of the test irrigants. This was followed by obtaining a posttreatment root canal culture sample and culturing and analyzed by counting the colony forming units (CFUs). Results: Six percentage MCJ, A. indica, and 3% NaOCl showed a significant reduction (P < 0.05) in the mean CFU counts for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria between baseline and 3 days. Conclusion: There was no difference in the antimicrobial efficacy of 6% M. citrifolia, A. indica, and 3% NaOCl as root canal irrigants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Podar
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Terna Dental College, Nerul, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Gaurav P Kulkarni
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Terna Dental College, Nerul, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shifali S Dadu
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Terna Dental College, Nerul, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shraddha Singh
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Terna Dental College, Nerul, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shishir H Singh
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Terna Dental College, Nerul, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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Eswar P, Devaraj CG, Agarwal P. Anti-microbial Activity of Tulsi {Ocimum Sanctum (Linn.)} Extract on a Periodontal Pathogen in Human Dental Plaque: An Invitro Study. J Clin Diagn Res 2016; 10:ZC53-6. [PMID: 27135002 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2016/16214.7468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tulsi is a popular healing herb in Ayurvedic medicine. It is widely used in the treatment of several systemic diseases because of its anti-microbial property. However, studies documenting the effect of Tulsi on oral disease causing organisms are rare. Hence, an attempt was made to determine the effect of Tulsi on a periodontal microorganism in human dental plaque. AIM To determine if Ocimum sanctum (Linn.) has an anti-microbial activity (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration and zone of inhibition) against Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in human dental plaque and to compare the antimicrobial activity of Ocimum sanctum(Linn.) extract with 0.2% chlorhexidine as the positive control and dimethyl sulfoxide as the negative control. MATERIALS AND METHODS A lab based invitro experimental study design was adopted. Ethanolic extract of Ocimum sanctum (Linn.) was prepared by the cold extraction method. The extract was diluted with an inert solvent, dimethyl sulfoxide, to obtain ten different concentrations (1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%) of extract. Plaque sample was collected from 05 subjects diagnosed with periodontal disease. Isolation of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans from plaque samples was done using Tryptic Soy Serum Bacitracin Vancomycin agar (TSBV) medium. Identification of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans was done based on cultural, microscopic, biochemical characterization and multiple drug resistance patterns. Anti-microbial activity of Ocimum sanctum (Linn.) extract was tested by agar well-diffusion method against 0.2% chlorhexidine as a positive control and dimethyl sulfoxide as a negative control. The zone of inhibition was measured in millimeters using Vernier callipers. RESULTS At the 6% w/v concentration of Ocimum sanctum (Linn.) extract, a zone of inhibition of 22 mm was obtained. This was the widest zone of inhibition observed among all the 10 different concentrations tested. The zone of inhibition for positive control was 25mm and no zone of inhibition was observed around the negative control. CONCLUSION Ocimum sanctum (Linn.) extract demonstrated an antimicrobial activity against Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. The maximum antimicrobial potential was observed at the 6% concentration level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranati Eswar
- Associate Professor, Department of Public Health Dentistry, Mahatma Gandhi Dental College and Hospital , Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - C G Devaraj
- Professor and Head of the Department, Department of Periodontology and Implanatology, Mahatma Gandhi Dental College and Hospital , Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Payal Agarwal
- Student, Mahatma Gandhi Dental College and Hospital , Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
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Shetty SB, Mahin-Syed-Ismail P, Varghese S, Thomas-George B, Kandathil-Thajuraj P, Baby D, Haleem S, Sreedhar S, Devang-Divakar D. Antimicrobial effects of Citrus sinensis peel extracts against dental caries bacteria: An in vitro study. J Clin Exp Dent 2016; 8:e71-7. [PMID: 26855710 PMCID: PMC4739372 DOI: 10.4317/jced.52493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ethnomedicine is gaining admiration since years but still there is abundant medicinal flora which is unrevealed through research. The study was conducted to assess the in vitro antimicrobial potential and also determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Citrus sinensis peel extracts with a view of searching a novel extract as a remedy for dental caries pathogens. Material and Methods Aqueous and ethanol (cold and hot) extracts prepared from peel of Citrus sinensis were screened for in vitro antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus, using agar well diffusion method. The lowest concentration of every extract considered as the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were determined for both test organisms. One way ANOVA with Post Hoc Bonferroni test was applied for statistical analysis. Confidence level and level of significance were set at 95% and 5% respectively. Results Dental caries pathogens were inhibited most by hot ethanolic extract of Citrus sinensispeel followed by cold ethanolic extract. Aqueous extracts were effective at very high concentrations. Minimum inhibitory concentration of hot and cold ethanolic extracts of Citrus sinensis peel ranged between 12-15 mg/ml against both the dental caries pathogens. Conclusions Citrus sinensispeels extract was found to be effective against dental caries pathogens and contain compounds with therapeutic potential. Nevertheless, clinical trials on the effect of these plants are essential before advocating large-scale therapy. Key words:Agar well diffusion, antimicrobial activity, dental caries, Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus acidophilus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sapna B Shetty
- Senior Lecturer, Sharavathi Dental College and Hospital, Shimoga, Karnataka, India
| | - Prabu Mahin-Syed-Ismail
- Assistant Professor, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, IBN Sina National College of Medical Studies, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Shaji Varghese
- Professor, Department of Orthodontics, P.S.M College of Dental Sciences and Research, Akkikavu, Thrissur, Kerala, India
| | - Bibin Thomas-George
- Associate Professor, Department of Periodontics, IBN Sina National College of Medical Studies, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Pathinettam Kandathil-Thajuraj
- Professor and HOD, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, P.S.M College of Dental Sciences and Research, Akkikavu, Thrissur, Kerala, India
| | - Deepak Baby
- Reader, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, P.S.M College of Dental Sciences and Research, Akkikavu, Thrissur, Kerala, India
| | - Shaista Haleem
- Post Graduate Student, Department of Aesthetic and Restorative Dentistry, University of Manchester, London, UK
| | - Sreeja Sreedhar
- Reader, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Sri Shankara Dental College and Hospital, Varkala, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - Darshan Devang-Divakar
- Dental Biomaterials Research Chair, Dental Health Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11433, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Zan R, Kutlu G, Hubbezoglu I, Sumer Z, Tunc T, Mutlu Z. Bactericidal effects of various irrigation solutions against staphylococcus aureus in human root canal. J Istanb Univ Fac Dent 2015; 49:19-26. [PMID: 28955521 PMCID: PMC5573459 DOI: 10.17096/jiufd.70199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The aim of the present study was to evaluate and to compare the antibacterial effects of various irrigation solutions against
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) in human root canals. Materials and Methods: 120 single-root mandibular premolar teeth were selected. The teeth were prepared and sterilized. S. aureus was incubated in the root canals and kept at 37°C for 24h. The infected root canals were divided into one positive (saline) and one negative (sodium hypochlorite) control, and four experimental groups [Ethylene-diaminetetra-aceticacid, Chlorhexidine Gluconate, Super-oxidized water(SPO), Aqueous ozone] (n=20). Flow rate of irrigation was applied with 5 mL/min flow rate for 3 min to ensure standardization among all study groups. Following the irrigation, paper points were placed in the root canals and then transferred in sterile eppendorf.
Remaining bacteria were counted on blood agar plates and the data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test. Results: Although there were statistically significant differences among SPO and other experimental groups (p<0.05),
there was no statistically significant difference between SPO and NaOCl (p>0.05). Conclusion: Super-oxidized water may be recommended as an alternative irrigation solution instead of NaOCl against S. aureus in root canals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Recai Zan
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Cumhuriyet University Sivas, Turkey
| | - Gizem Kutlu
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Cumhuriyet University Sivas, Turkey
| | - Ihsan Hubbezoglu
- Department of Restorative, Faculty of Dentistry, Cumhuriyet University Sivas, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Sumer
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cumhuriyet University Sivas, Turkey
| | - Tutku Tunc
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cumhuriyet University Sivas, Turkey
| | - Zuhal Mutlu
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Cumhuriyet University Sivas, Turkey
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Amer MZ, Mourad SI, Salem AS, Abdelfadil E. Correlation between International Normalized Ratio values and sufficiency of two different local hemostatic measures in anticoagulated patients. Eur J Dent 2014; 8:475-480. [PMID: 25512727 PMCID: PMC4253102 DOI: 10.4103/1305-7456.143628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: The management of patients receiving oral anticoagulant therapy (OAT) undergoing minor oral surgeries is controversial. This study was designed to evaluate the correlation between International Normalized Ratio (INR) values and the sufficiency of two different local hemostatic measures in controlling postextraction bleeding in anticoagulated patients. Materials and Methods: One hundred and sixty patients receiving Warfarin OAT were included in this study. Patients were selected so that 80 patients have INR values of ≤2, whereas the remaining patients have the INR values ranging from 2 to 3. Forty patients were then randomly selected from each category to form two equal groups. Forty-five patients who had never been on OAT were selected as a negative control group (group 1). Failure to achieve hemostasis using a pressure pack was managed using either tranexamic acid (group 2) or Ankaferd Blood Stopper (ABS) (group 3). Results: The INR values of patients included in group 2 and 3 ranged from 1.5 to 3, with a mean of 2.2. No significant difference was recorded between the use of either tranexamic acid or ABS in achieving hemostasis in anticoagulated patients with INR values ranging between 2 and 3 (P = 0.93). Conclusion: Based on our findings, ABS is a hemostatic agent of good efficacy. The effect of ABS in controlling post-extraction bleeding in anticoagulated patients with INR values ≤3 is comparable to tranexamic acid with no evidence to support the superiority of tranexamic acid over ABS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Zaghlool Amer
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Mansoura University, Egypt
| | - Samah I Mourad
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Mansoura University, Egypt
| | - Ahmed S Salem
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Mansoura University, Egypt.,OMFS-IMPATH Research Group, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ehab Abdelfadil
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Mansoura University, Egypt
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