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Sassu E, Tumlinson G, Stefanovska D, Fernández MC, Iaconianni P, Madl J, Brennan TA, Koch M, Cameron BA, Preissl S, Ravens U, Schneider-Warme F, Kohl P, Zgierski-Johnston CM, Hortells L. Age-related structural and functional changes of the intracardiac nervous system. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2024; 187:1-14. [PMID: 38103633 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2023.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although aging is known to be associated with an increased incidence of both atrial and ventricular arrhythmias, there is limited knowledge about how Schwann cells (SC) and the intracardiac nervous system (iCNS) remodel with age. Here we investigate the differences in cardiac SC, parasympathetic nerve fibers, and muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2 (M2R) expression in young and old mice. Additionally, we examine age-related changes in cardiac responses to sympathomimetic and parasympathomimetic drugs. METHODS AND RESULTS Lower SC density, lower SC proliferation and fewer parasympathetic nerve fibers were observed in cardiac and, as a control sciatic nerves from old (20-24 months) compared to young mice (2-3 months). In old mice, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4) was increased in sciatic but not cardiac nerves. Expression of M2R was lower in ventricular myocardium and ventricular conduction system from old mice compared to young mice, while no significant difference was seen in M2R expression in sino-atrial or atrio-ventricular node pacemaker tissue. Heart rate was slower and PQ intervals were longer in Langendorff-perfused hearts from old mice. Ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation were more frequently observed in response to carbachol administration in hearts from old mice versus those from young mice. CONCLUSIONS On the background of reduced presence of SC and parasympathetic nerve fibers, and of lower M2R expression in ventricular cardiomyocytes and conduction system of aged hearts, the propensity of ventricular arrhythmogenesis upon parasympathomimetic drug application is increased. Whether this is caused by an increase in heterogeneity of iCNS structure and function remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliza Sassu
- Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University Heart Center Freiburg Bad Krozingen, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany; Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gavin Tumlinson
- Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University Heart Center Freiburg Bad Krozingen, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dragana Stefanovska
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marbely C Fernández
- Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University Heart Center Freiburg Bad Krozingen, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Pia Iaconianni
- Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University Heart Center Freiburg Bad Krozingen, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Josef Madl
- Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University Heart Center Freiburg Bad Krozingen, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tomás A Brennan
- Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University Heart Center Freiburg Bad Krozingen, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Manuel Koch
- Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University Heart Center Freiburg Bad Krozingen, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Breanne A Cameron
- Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University Heart Center Freiburg Bad Krozingen, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Preissl
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ursula Ravens
- Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University Heart Center Freiburg Bad Krozingen, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Franziska Schneider-Warme
- Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University Heart Center Freiburg Bad Krozingen, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany; CIBSS Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, and Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peter Kohl
- Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University Heart Center Freiburg Bad Krozingen, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany; CIBSS Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, and Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Callum M Zgierski-Johnston
- Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University Heart Center Freiburg Bad Krozingen, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Luis Hortells
- Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University Heart Center Freiburg Bad Krozingen, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany; Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany.
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Belgrad J, De Pace R, Fields RD. Autophagy in Myelinating Glia. J Neurosci 2020; 40:256-266. [PMID: 31744863 PMCID: PMC6948934 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1066-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is the cellular process involved in transportation and degradation of membrane, proteins, pathogens, and organelles. This fundamental cellular process is vital in development, plasticity, and response to disease and injury. Compared with neurons, little information is available on autophagy in glia, but it is paramount for glia to perform their critical responses to nervous system disease and injury, including active tissue remodeling and phagocytosis. In myelinating glia, autophagy has expanded roles, particularly in phagocytosis of mature myelin and in generating the vast amounts of membrane proteins and lipids that must be transported to form new myelin. Notably, autophagy plays important roles in removing excess cytoplasm to promote myelin compaction and development of oligodendrocytes, as well as in remyelination by Schwann cells after nerve trauma. This review summarizes the cell biology of autophagy, detailing the major pathways and proteins involved, as well as the roles of autophagy in Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes in development, plasticity, and diseases in which myelin is affected. This includes traumatic brain injury, Alexander's disease, Alzheimer's disease, hypoxia, multiple sclerosis, hereditary spastic paraplegia, and others. Promising areas for future research are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raffaella De Pace
- Section on Intracellular Protein Trafficking, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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Rodemer W, Hu J, Selzer ME, Shifman MI. Heterogeneity in the regenerative abilities of central nervous system axons within species: why do some neurons regenerate better than others? Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:996-1005. [PMID: 31823869 PMCID: PMC7034288 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.270298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Some neurons, especially in mammalian peripheral nervous system or in lower vertebrate or in vertebrate central nervous system (CNS) regenerate after axotomy, while most mammalian CNS neurons fail to regenerate. There is an emerging consensus that neurons have different intrinsic regenerative capabilities, which theoretically could be manipulated therapeutically to improve regeneration. Population-based comparisons between “good regenerating” and “bad regenerating” neurons in the CNS and peripheral nervous system of most vertebrates yield results that are inconclusive or difficult to interpret. At least in part, this reflects the great diversity of cells in the mammalian CNS. Using mammalian nervous system imposes several methodical limitations. First, the small sizes and large numbers of neurons in the CNS make it very difficult to distinguish regenerating neurons from non-regenerating ones. Second, the lack of identifiable neurons makes it impossible to correlate biochemical changes in a neuron with axonal damage of the same neuron, and therefore, to dissect the molecular mechanisms of regeneration on the level of single neurons. This review will survey the reported responses to axon injury and the determinants of axon regeneration, emphasizing non-mammalian model organisms, which are often under-utilized, but in which the data are especially easy to interpret.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Rodemer
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center (Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation), the Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jianli Hu
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center (Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation), the Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael E Selzer
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center (Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation); Department of Neurology, the Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael I Shifman
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center (Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation), the Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Abstract
Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles with roles in processes involved in degrading and recycling cellular waste, cellular signalling and energy metabolism. Defects in genes encoding lysosomal proteins cause lysosomal storage disorders, in which enzyme replacement therapy has proved successful. Growing evidence also implicates roles for lysosomal dysfunction in more common diseases including inflammatory and autoimmune disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, cancer and metabolic disorders. With a focus on lysosomal dysfunction in autoimmune disorders and neurodegenerative diseases - including lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer disease and Parkinson disease - this Review critically analyses progress and opportunities for therapeutically targeting lysosomal proteins and processes, particularly with small molecules and peptide drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasa Reddy Bonam
- CNRS-University of Strasbourg, Biotechnology and Cell Signalling, Illkirch, France
- Laboratory of Excellence Medalis, Team Neuroimmunology and Peptide Therapy, Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaire (ISIS), Strasbourg, France
| | - Fengjuan Wang
- CNRS-University of Strasbourg, Biotechnology and Cell Signalling, Illkirch, France
- Laboratory of Excellence Medalis, Team Neuroimmunology and Peptide Therapy, Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaire (ISIS), Strasbourg, France
| | - Sylviane Muller
- CNRS-University of Strasbourg, Biotechnology and Cell Signalling, Illkirch, France.
- Laboratory of Excellence Medalis, Team Neuroimmunology and Peptide Therapy, Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaire (ISIS), Strasbourg, France.
- University of Strasbourg Institute for Advanced Study, Strasbourg, France.
- Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire OMICARE, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France.
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Ceprian M, Fulton D. Glial Cell AMPA Receptors in Nervous System Health, Injury and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E2450. [PMID: 31108947 PMCID: PMC6566241 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glia form a central component of the nervous system whose varied activities sustain an environment that is optimised for healthy development and neuronal function. Alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole (AMPA)-type glutamate receptors (AMPAR) are a central mediator of glutamatergic excitatory synaptic transmission, yet they are also expressed in a wide range of glial cells where they influence a variety of important cellular functions. AMPAR enable glial cells to sense the activity of neighbouring axons and synapses, and as such many aspects of glial cell development and function are influenced by the activity of neural circuits. However, these AMPAR also render glia sensitive to elevations of the extracellular concentration of glutamate, which are associated with a broad range of pathological conditions. Excessive activation of AMPAR under these conditions may induce excitotoxic injury in glial cells, and trigger pathophysiological responses threatening other neural cells and amplifying ongoing disease processes. The aim of this review is to gather information on AMPAR function from across the broad diversity of glial cells, identify their contribution to pathophysiological processes, and highlight new areas of research whose progress may increase our understanding of nervous system dysfunction and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ceprian
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain.
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, CIBERNED, IRICYS. Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Daniel Fulton
- Neuroscience and Ophthalmology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
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Serrano-Coll H, Salazar-Peláez L, Acevedo-Saenz L, Cardona-Castro N. Mycobacterium leprae-induced nerve damage: direct and indirect mechanisms. Pathog Dis 2018; 76:5057473. [PMID: 30052986 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/fty062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae. This disease is characterized by skin and peripheral nerve trunk damage. The mechanisms responsible for the observed nerve damage in leprosy could be directly related to the ability of M. leprae to infect Schwann cells, leading to triggering of signaling events. Therefore, we hypothesize that in response to M. leprae infection, activation of the Notch signaling pathway in Schwann cells could play a crucial role in glial cell dedifferentiation. On the other hand, nerve damage evidenced in this disease may be additionally explained by indirect mechanisms such as the immune response and genetic susceptibility of the host. The understanding of the mechanisms leading to nerve damage induced by M. leprae infection will allow us to generate valuable tools for the early detection of leprosy as well as for the mitigation of the effects of this disabling disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Serrano-Coll
- Basic Science Research Group, School of Medicine, CES University, Calle 10 A No. 22-04, Medellín, Colombia.,School of Graduate Studies, CES University, Calle 10 A No. 22-04, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Lina Salazar-Peláez
- Basic Science Research Group, School of Medicine, CES University, Calle 10 A No. 22-04, Medellín, Colombia.,School of Graduate Studies, CES University, Calle 10 A No. 22-04, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Liliana Acevedo-Saenz
- Basic Science Research Group, School of Medicine, CES University, Calle 10 A No. 22-04, Medellín, Colombia.,School of Graduate Studies, CES University, Calle 10 A No. 22-04, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Nora Cardona-Castro
- Basic Science Research Group, School of Medicine, CES University, Calle 10 A No. 22-04, Medellín, Colombia.,School of Graduate Studies, CES University, Calle 10 A No. 22-04, Medellín, Colombia.,Colombian Institute of Tropical Medicine (ICMT), Cra 43 A No. 52-99, Sabaneta, Antioquia, Colombia
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Influence of Genetically Modified Human Umbilical Cord Blood Mononuclear Cells on the Expression of Schwann Cell Molecular Determinants in Spinal Cord Injury. Stem Cells Int 2018. [PMID: 29531538 PMCID: PMC5835253 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4695275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) unavoidably results in death of not only neurons but also glial cells. In particular, the death of oligodendrocytes leads to impaired nerve impulse conduction in intact axons. However, after SCI, the Schwann cells (SCs) are capable of migrating towards an area of injury and participating in the formation of functional myelin. In addition to SCI, cell-based therapy can influence the migration of SCs and the expression of their molecular determinants. In a number of cases, it can be explained by the ability of implanted cells to secrete neurotrophic factors (NTFs). Genetically modified stem and progenitor cells overexpressing NTFs have recently attracted special attention of researchers and are most promising for the purposes of regenerative medicine. Therefore, we have studied the effect of genetically modified human umbilical cord blood mononuclear cells on the expression of SC molecular determinants in SCI.
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Bremer J, Skinner J, Granato M. A small molecule screen identifies in vivo modulators of peripheral nerve regeneration in zebrafish. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178854. [PMID: 28575069 PMCID: PMC5456414 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult vertebrates have retained the ability to regenerate peripheral nerves after injury, although regeneration is frequently incomplete, often leading to functional impairments. Small molecule screens using whole organisms have high potential to identify biologically relevant targets, yet currently available assays for in vivo peripheral nerve regeneration are either very laborious and/or require complex technology. Here we take advantage of the optical transparency of larval zebrafish to develop a simple and fast pectoral fin removal assay that measures peripheral nerve regeneration in vivo. Twenty-four hours after fin amputation we observe robust and stereotyped nerve regrowth at the fin base. Similar to laser mediated nerve transection, nerve regrowth after fin amputation requires Schwann cells and FGF signaling, confirming that the fin amputation assay identifies pathways relevant for peripheral nerve regeneration. From a library of small molecules with known targets, we identified 21 compounds that impair peripheral nerve regeneration. Several of these compounds target known regulators of nerve regeneration, further validating the fin removal assay. Twelve of the identified compounds affect targets not previously known to control peripheral nerve regeneration. Using a laser-mediated nerve transection assay we tested ten of those compounds and confirmed six of these compounds to impair peripheral nerve regeneration: an EGFR inhibitor, a glucocorticoid, prostaglandin D2, a retinoic acid agonist, an inhibitor of calcium channels and a topoisomerase I inhibitor. Thus, we established a technically simple assay to rapidly identify valuable entry points into pathways critical for vertebrate peripheral nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Bremer
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Julianne Skinner
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michael Granato
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Goldstein EZ, Church JS, Hesp ZC, Popovich PG, McTigue DM. A silver lining of neuroinflammation: Beneficial effects on myelination. Exp Neurol 2016; 283:550-9. [PMID: 27151600 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Myelin accelerates action potential conduction velocity and provides essential energy support for axons. Unfortunately, myelin and myelinating cells are often vulnerable to injury or disease, resulting in myelin damage, which in turn can lead to axon dysfunction, overt pathology and neurological impairment. Inflammation is a common component of trauma and disease in both the CNS and PNS and therefore an active inflammatory response is often considered deleterious to myelin health. While inflammation can certainly damage myelin, inflammatory processes also can positively affect oligodendrocyte lineage progression, myelin debris clearance, oligodendrocyte metabolism and myelin repair. In the periphery, inflammatory cascades can also augment myelin repair, including processes initiated by infiltrating immune cells as well as by local Schwann cells. In this review, various aspects of inflammation beneficial to myelin repair are discussed and should be considered when designing or implementing anti-inflammatory therapies for CNS and PNS injury involving myelinating cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Z Goldstein
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, United States; Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, United States
| | - Jamie S Church
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, United States; Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, United States
| | - Zoe C Hesp
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, United States; Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, United States
| | - Phillip G Popovich
- Department of Neuroscience, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, United States; Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, United States
| | - Dana M McTigue
- Department of Neuroscience, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, United States; Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, United States.
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