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Rangasamy SB, Dutta D, Mondal S, Majumder M, Dasarathy S, Chandra G, Pahan K. Protection of dopaminergic neurons in hemiparkinsonian monkeys by flavouring ingredient glyceryl tribenzoate. NEUROIMMUNE PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS 2022; 1:7-22. [PMID: 36720111 PMCID: PMC9212717 DOI: 10.1515/nipt-2022-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disease and this study underlines the significance of a small molecule glyceryl tribenzoate (GTB), a FDA approved food additive, in preventing parkinsonian pathologies in MPTP-induced animal models. The study conducted in MPTP-induced mice demonstrated dose-dependent protection of nigral tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and striatal dopamine level by GTB oral treatment and the optimum dose was found to be 50 mg/kg/d. In the next phase, the study was carried out in MPTP-injected hemiparkinsonian monkeys, which recapitulate better clinical parkinsonian syndromes. GTB inhibited MPTP-driven induction of glial inflammation, which was evidenced by reduced level of GTP-p21Ras and phospho-p65 in SN of monkeys. It led to decreased expression of inflammatory markers such as IL-1β and iNOS. Simultaneously, GTB oral treatment protected nigral TH cells, striatal dopamine, and improved motor behaviour of hemiparkinsonian monkeys. Presence of sodium benzoate, a GTB metabolite and a FDA-approved drug for urea cycle disorders and glycine encephalopathy, in the brain suggests that the neuroprotective effect imparted by GTB might be mediated by sodium benzoate. Although the mechanism of action of GTB is poorly understood, the study sheds light on the therapeutic possibility of a food additive GTB in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh B. Rangasamy
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, USA
| | - Debashis Dutta
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, USA
| | - Susanta Mondal
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, USA
| | - Moumita Majumder
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, USA
| | - Sridevi Dasarathy
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, USA
| | - Goutam Chandra
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, USA
| | - Kalipada Pahan
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, USA
- Division of Research and Development, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, USA
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Rangasamy SB, Raha S, Dasarathy S, Pahan K. Sodium Benzoate, a Metabolite of Cinnamon and a Food Additive, Improves Cognitive Functions in Mice after Controlled Cortical Impact Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:192. [PMID: 35008615 PMCID: PMC8745327 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major health concern, sometimes leading to long-term neurological disability, especially in children, young adults and war veterans. Although research investigators and clinicians have applied different treatment strategies or neurosurgical procedures to solve this health issue, we are still in need of an effective therapy to halt the pathogenesis of brain injury. Earlier, we reported that sodium benzoate (NaB), a metabolite of cinnamon and a Food and Drug Administration-approved drug against urea cycle disorders and glycine encephalopathy, protects neurons in animal models of Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. This study was undertaken to examine the therapeutic efficacy of NaB in a controlled cortical impact (CCI)-induced preclinical mouse model of TBI. Oral treatment with NaB, but not sodium formate (NaFO), was found to decrease the activation of microglia and astrocytes and to inhibit the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the hippocampus and cortex of CCI-insulted mice. Further, administration of NaB also reduced the vascular damage and decreased the size of the lesion cavity in the brain of CCI-induced mice. Importantly, NaB-treated mice showed significant improvements in memory and locomotor functions as well as displaying a substantial reduction in depression-like behaviors. These results delineate a novel neuroprotective property of NaB, highlighting its possible therapeutic importance in TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh B. Rangasamy
- Division of Research and Development, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA;
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (S.R.); (S.D.)
| | - Sumita Raha
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (S.R.); (S.D.)
| | - Sridevi Dasarathy
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (S.R.); (S.D.)
| | - Kalipada Pahan
- Division of Research and Development, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA;
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (S.R.); (S.D.)
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Pahan S, Dasarathi S, Pahan K. Glyceryl tribenzoate: A food additive with unique properties to be a substitute for cinnamon. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 6:367-372. [PMID: 34723288 DOI: 10.33140/jcei.06.05.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cinnamon is a regularly used natural seasoning and flavoring material throughout the world for eras. Recent laboratory studies have demonstrated that oral cinnamon may be beneficial for different neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders such as multiple sclerosis (MS), Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and Lewy body diseases (LBD). However, cinnamon's certain limitations (e.g. unavailability of true Ceylon cinnamon throughout the world, impurities in ground cinnamon, etc.) have initiated an interest among researchers to find an alternate of cinnamon that can potentially deliver the same efficacy in the diseases mentioned above. Glyceryl tribenzoate (GTB) is a U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved flavoring ingredient that is used in food and food packaging industries. It has been found that similar to cinnamon, oral GTB is capable of upregulating regulatory T cells and suppressing the autoimmune disease process of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, an animal model of MS. Moreover, both GTB and cinnamon metabolite sodium benzoate (NaB) have the potency to attenuate neurodegenerative pathology in a mouse model of Huntington disease (HD). Here, we have also demonstrated anti-inflammatory property of GTB in astrocytes and macrophages, a property that is also seen with cinnamon and its metabolite sodium benzoate (NaB). Therefore, here, we have made a sincere attempt to discuss the similarities and dissimilarities between cinnamon and GTB with a focus whether GTB has the potential to be considered as a substitute of cinnamon for neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swarupa Pahan
- Division of Research and Development, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, USA
| | - Sridevi Dasarathi
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, USA
| | - Kalipada Pahan
- Division of Research and Development, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, USA.,Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, USA
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Raha S, Dutta D, Roy A, Pahan K. Reduction of Lewy Body Pathology by Oral Cinnamon. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2021; 16:592-608. [PMID: 32889602 PMCID: PMC7933354 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-020-09955-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
α-Synucleinopathies in a broader sense comprise of several neurodegenerative disorders that primarily include Parkinson's disease (PD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and multiple system atrophy (MSA). These disorders are well characterized by the accumulation of aggregated insoluble α-synuclein (α-syn) protein known as Lewy bodies. Till date no effective cure is available to reduce the burden of Lewy body. The present investigation underlines the importance of a naturally used spice and flavoring agent viz. cinnamon in reducing α-syn deposits in transgenic mice expressing mutant A53T human α-syn. Upon oral administration, cinnamon markedly reduced the level of insoluble α-syn in nigra, hippocampus and brain stem of A53T mice. We also demonstrated that sodium benzoate (NaB), a metabolite of cinnamon, a widely used food additive and a FDA-approved drug for glycine encephalopathy, was also capable of reducing α-syn deposits in A53T mice. In addition, both cinnamon and NaB treatments showed improvement in their motor and cognitive functions. Glial activation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative disorders including PD, DLB and MSA, and we found suppression of microglial and astroglial activation in the nigra of A53T mice upon cinnamon treatment. Moreover, neuroprotective proteins like DJ-1 and Parkin are known to reduce the formation of Lewy bodies in the CNS. Accordingly, we observed upregulation and/or normalization of DJ-1 and Parkin in the nigra of A53T mice by treatment with cinnamon and NaB. Together, these results highlight a new therapeutic property of cinnamon and suggest that cinnamon and NaB may be used to halt the progression of α-synucleinopathies.Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumita Raha
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, 1735 West Harrison St, Suite 310, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Debashis Dutta
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, 1735 West Harrison St, Suite 310, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Avik Roy
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, 1735 West Harrison St, Suite 310, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Kalipada Pahan
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, 1735 West Harrison St, Suite 310, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
- Division of Research and Development, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 820 South Damen Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
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Natural Cinnamaldehyde and Its Derivatives Ameliorate Neuroinflammatory Pathways in Neurodegenerative Diseases. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:1034325. [PMID: 33274192 PMCID: PMC7683109 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1034325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are devastating and incurable disorders characterized by neuronal dysfunction. The major focus of experimental and clinical studies are conducted on the effects of natural products and their active components on neurodegenerative diseases. This review will discuss an herbal constituent known as cinnamaldehyde (CA) with the neuroprotective potential to treat neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Accumulating evidence supports the notion that CA displays neuroprotective effects in AD and PD animal models by modulating neuroinflammation, suppressing oxidative stress, and improving the synaptic connection. CA exerts these effects through its action on multiple signaling pathways, including TLR4/NF-κB, NLRP3, ERK1/2-MEK, NO, and Nrf2 pathways. To summarize, CA and its derivatives have been shown to improve pathological changes in AD and PD animal models, which may provide a new therapeutic option for neurodegenerative interventions. To this end, further experimental and clinical studies are required to prove the neuroprotective effects of CA and its derivatives.
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Maiti P, Manna J, Dunbar GL. Current understanding of the molecular mechanisms in Parkinson's disease: Targets for potential treatments. Transl Neurodegener 2017; 6:28. [PMID: 29090092 PMCID: PMC5655877 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-017-0099-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Gradual degeneration and loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, pars compacta and subsequent reduction of dopamine levels in striatum are associated with motor deficits that characterize Parkinson’s disease (PD). In addition, half of the PD patients also exhibit frontostriatal-mediated executive dysfunction, including deficits in attention, short-term working memory, speed of mental processing, and impulsivity. The most commonly used treatments for PD are only partially or transiently effective and are available or applicable to a minority of patients. Because, these therapies neither restore the lost or degenerated dopaminergic neurons, nor prevent or delay the disease progression, the need for more effective therapeutics is critical. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of the molecular signaling pathways involved in PD, particularly within the context of how genetic and environmental factors contribute to the initiation and progression of this disease. The involvement of molecular chaperones, autophagy-lysosomal pathways, and proteasome systems in PD are also highlighted. In addition, emerging therapies, including pharmacological manipulations, surgical procedures, stem cell transplantation, gene therapy, as well as complementary, supportive and rehabilitation therapies to prevent or delay the progression of this complex disease are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panchanan Maiti
- Field Neurosciences Institute Laboratory for Restorative Neurology, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859 USA.,Program in Neuroscience, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859 USA.,Department of Psychology, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859 USA.,Field Neurosciences Institute, St. Mary's of Michigan, Saginaw, MI 48604 USA.,Department of Biology, Saginaw Valley State University, Saginaw, MI 48604 USA
| | - Jayeeta Manna
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38105 USA
| | - Gary L Dunbar
- Field Neurosciences Institute Laboratory for Restorative Neurology, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859 USA.,Program in Neuroscience, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859 USA.,Department of Psychology, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859 USA.,Field Neurosciences Institute, St. Mary's of Michigan, Saginaw, MI 48604 USA
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Chandra G, Rangasamy SB, Roy A, Kordower JH, Pahan K. Neutralization of RANTES and Eotaxin Prevents the Loss of Dopaminergic Neurons in a Mouse Model of Parkinson Disease. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:15267-81. [PMID: 27226559 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.714824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) is second only to Alzheimer disease as the most common human neurodegenerative disorder. Despite intense investigation, no interdictive therapy is available for PD. Recent studies indicate that both innate and adaptive immune processes are active in PD. Accordingly, we found a rapid increase in RANTES (regulated on activation normal T cell expressed and secreted) and eotaxin, chemokines that are involved in T cell trafficking, in vivo in the substantia nigra pars compacta and the serum of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-intoxicated mice. RANTES and eotaxin were also up-regulated in the substantia nigra pars compacta of post-mortem PD brains as compared with age-matched controls. Therefore, we investigated whether neutralization of RANTES and eotaxin could protect against nigrostriatal degeneration in MPTP-intoxicated mice. Interestingly, after peripheral administration, functional blocking antibodies against RANTES and eotaxin reduced the infiltration of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells into the nigra, attenuated nigral expression of proinflammatory molecules, and suppressed nigral activation of glial cells. These findings paralleled dopaminergic neuronal protection, normalized striatal neurotransmitters, and improved motor functions in MPTP-intoxicated mice. Therefore, we conclude that attenuation of the chemokine-dependent adaptive immune response may be of therapeutic benefit for PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goutam Chandra
- From the Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Suresh B Rangasamy
- From the Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Avik Roy
- From the Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Jeffrey H Kordower
- From the Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Kalipada Pahan
- From the Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612
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