1
|
Kwon HJ, Jung HY, Choi SY, Hwang IK, Kim DW, Shin MJ. Protective effect of Tat fused HPCA protein on neuronal cell death caused by ischemic injury. Heliyon 2024; 10:e23488. [PMID: 38192804 PMCID: PMC10772100 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Bain ischemia is a disease that occurs for various reasons, induces reactive oxygen species (ROS), and causes fatal damage to the nervous system. Protective effect of HPCA on ischemic injury has not been extensively studied despite its significance in regulating calcium homeostasis and promoting neuronal survival in CA1 region of the brain. Objective We investigate the role of HPCA in ischemic injury using a cell-permeable Tat peptide fused HPCA protein (Tat-HPCA). Methods Western blot analysis determined the penetration of Tat-HPCA into HT-22 cells and apoptotic signaling pathways. 5-CFDA, AM, DCF-DA, and TUNEL staining confirmed intracellular ROS production and DNA damage. The intracellular Ca2+ was measured in primary cultured neurons treated with H2O2. Protective effects were examined using immunohistochemistry and cognitive function tests by passive avoidance test and 8-arm radial maze test. Results Tat-HPCA effectively penetrated into HT-22 cells and inhibited H2O2-induced apoptosis, oxidative stress, and DNA fragmentation. It also effectively inhibited phosphorylation of JNK and regulated the activation of Caspase, Bax, Bcl-2, and PARP, leading to inhibition of apoptosis. Moreover, Ca2+ concentration decreased in cells treated with Tat-HPCA in primary cultured neurons. In an animal model of ischemia, Tat-HPCA effectively penetrated the hippocampus, inhibited cell death, and regulated activities of astrocytes and microglia. Additionally, Cognitive function tests show that Tat-HPCA improves neurobehavioral outcomes after cerebral ischemic injury. Conclusion These results suggest that Tat-HPCA might have potential as a therapeutic agent for treating oxidative stress-related diseases induced by ischemic injury, including ischemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jung Kwon
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Young Jung
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Young Choi
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - In Koo Hwang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Won Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Institute of Oral Sciences, College of Dentistry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jea Shin
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Huf F, Gutierres JM, da Silva GN, Zago AM, Koenig LFC, Fernandes MC. Neuroprotection elicited by taurine in sporadic Alzheimer-like disease: benefits on memory and control of neuroinflammation in the hippocampus of rats. Mol Cell Biochem 2023:10.1007/s11010-023-04872-3. [PMID: 37874493 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-023-04872-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to analyze whether taurine has a nootropic effect on short-term and long-term memory in a model of sporadic dementia of the Alzheimer's type (SDAT). Moreover, we evaluated the immunoreactivity and insulin receptor (IR) distribution and markers for neurons and glial cells in the hippocampus of rats with SDAT and treated with taurine. For this, Male Wistar rats received STZ (ICV, 3 mg/kg, bilateral, 5ul per site, aCFS vehicle) and were treated with taurine (100 mg/kg orally, 1 time per day, saline vehicle) for 25 days. The animals were divided into 4 groups: vehicle (VE), taurine (TAU), ICV-STZ (STZ) and ICV-STZ plus taurine (STZ + TAU). At the end of taurine treatment, short- and long-term memory were assessed by performance on object recognition and Y-maze tasks. Insulin receptor (IR) was evaluated by immunoperoxidase while mature neurons (NeuN), astrocytes (GFAP, S100B, SOX9), and microglia (Iba-1) were evaluated by immunofluorescence. STZ induced worse spatial and recognition memory (INDEX) in YM and ORT tasks. Taurine protected against STZ-induced memory impairment. SDAT reduced the population of mature neurons as well as increased astrocytic and microglial reactivity, and taurine protected against these STZ-induced effects, mainly in the CA1 region of the hippocampus. Taurine increases IR expression in the hippocampus, and protects against the reduction in the density of this receptor in CA1 induced by STZ. In conclusion, these findings demonstrate that taurine is able to enhance memory, up-regulates IR in the hippocampus, protects the neuron population, and reduces the astrogliosis found in SDAT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Huf
- Pathology Research Laboratory, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Sarmento Leite, 245, Room 514 - Building 3, Porto Alegre, CEP 90050-170, RS, Brazil
| | - Jessié Martins Gutierres
- Pathology Research Laboratory, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Sarmento Leite, 245, Room 514 - Building 3, Porto Alegre, CEP 90050-170, RS, Brazil.
| | - Gabrielle N da Silva
- Pathology Research Laboratory, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Sarmento Leite, 245, Room 514 - Building 3, Porto Alegre, CEP 90050-170, RS, Brazil
| | - Adriana M Zago
- Pathology Research Laboratory, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Sarmento Leite, 245, Room 514 - Building 3, Porto Alegre, CEP 90050-170, RS, Brazil
| | - Luiz Felipe C Koenig
- Pathology Research Laboratory, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Sarmento Leite, 245, Room 514 - Building 3, Porto Alegre, CEP 90050-170, RS, Brazil
| | - Marilda C Fernandes
- Pathology Research Laboratory, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Sarmento Leite, 245, Room 514 - Building 3, Porto Alegre, CEP 90050-170, RS, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wu Y, Yuan Y, Wu C, Jiang T, Wang B, Xiong J, Zheng P, Li Y, Xu J, Xu K, Liu Y, Li X, Xiao J. The Reciprocal Causation of the ASK1-JNK1/2 Pathway and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Diabetes-Induced Cognitive Decline. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:602. [PMID: 32766246 PMCID: PMC7379134 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes significantly induces cognitive dysfunction. Neuronal apoptosis is the main cause of diabetes-induced cognitive decline (DICD). Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress are remarkably activated by diabetes. The role and relationship of ASK1-JNK1/2 signaling and ER stress in DICD have not yet been elucidated. In this study, we used db/db mice as the DICD animal model and confirmed that db/db mice displayed cognitive decline with inferior learning and memory function. Diabetes significantly induced morphological and structural changes, excessive neuronal apoptosis, Aβ1 - 42 large deposition, and synaptic dysfunction in the hippocampus. Mechanistic studies found that diabetes significantly triggered ASK1-JNK1/2 signaling activation and increased ER stress in the hippocampus. Moreover, diabetes enhanced the formation of the IRE1α-TRAF2-ASK1 complex, which promotes the crosstalk of ER stress and the ASK1-JNK1/2 pathway during DICD. Furthermore, 4-PBA treatment blocked high glucose (HG)-induced ASK1-JNK1/2 signaling activation, and excessive apoptosis in vitro. Inhibiting ASK1 via siRNA remarkably ameliorated the HG-induced increase in p-IRE1α and associated apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells, suggesting that ASK1 is essential for the assembly and function of the proapoptotic kinase activity of the IRE1α signalosome. In summary, ER stress and ASK1-JNK1/2 signaling play causal roles in DICD development, which has crosstalk through the formation of the IRE1α-TRAF2-ASK1 complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanqing Wu
- The Institute of Life Sciences, Engineering Laboratory of Zhejiang Province for Pharmaceutical Development of Growth Factors, Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Wenzhou, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China.,Research Units of Clinical Translation of Cell Growth Factors and Diseases Research of Chinese Academy of Medical Science, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Research Units of Clinical Translation of Cell Growth Factors and Diseases Research of Chinese Academy of Medical Science, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Chengbiao Wu
- Clinical Research Center, Affiate Xiangshang Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ting Jiang
- Research Units of Clinical Translation of Cell Growth Factors and Diseases Research of Chinese Academy of Medical Science, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Beini Wang
- Research Units of Clinical Translation of Cell Growth Factors and Diseases Research of Chinese Academy of Medical Science, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jun Xiong
- Research Units of Clinical Translation of Cell Growth Factors and Diseases Research of Chinese Academy of Medical Science, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Peipei Zheng
- Research Units of Clinical Translation of Cell Growth Factors and Diseases Research of Chinese Academy of Medical Science, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yiyang Li
- Research Units of Clinical Translation of Cell Growth Factors and Diseases Research of Chinese Academy of Medical Science, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jingyu Xu
- The Institute of Life Sciences, Engineering Laboratory of Zhejiang Province for Pharmaceutical Development of Growth Factors, Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Wenzhou, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ke Xu
- The Institute of Life Sciences, Engineering Laboratory of Zhejiang Province for Pharmaceutical Development of Growth Factors, Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Wenzhou, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yaqian Liu
- Research Units of Clinical Translation of Cell Growth Factors and Diseases Research of Chinese Academy of Medical Science, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaokun Li
- Research Units of Clinical Translation of Cell Growth Factors and Diseases Research of Chinese Academy of Medical Science, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jian Xiao
- Research Units of Clinical Translation of Cell Growth Factors and Diseases Research of Chinese Academy of Medical Science, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sesamin: A promising protective agent against diabetes-associated cognitive decline in rats. Life Sci 2019; 230:169-177. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.05.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
5
|
Sbarski B, Akirav I. Chronic exposure to cannabinoids before an emotional trauma may have negative effects on emotional function. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2018; 28:955-969. [PMID: 30026011 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Chronic direct activation of cannabinoid CB1 receptors (CB1r) may lead to downregulation of CB1r which may in turn result in a depression-like phenotype in certain individuals. We examined the effects of chronic cannabinoid receptor activation before exposure to an emotional traumatic event on CB1r expression in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) and CA1 and on protracted anxiety- and depression-like behaviors. We used exposure to severe shock and situational reminders (SRs) in an inhibitory apparatus as a model for emotional trauma. Chronic treatment with the CB1/2 receptor agonist WIN55,212-2 (1.2 mg/kg, i.p.) before shock exposure had differential effects on depression- and anxiety-like behavioral measures depending on withdrawal periods. In the 24 hrs withdrawal condition, WIN55,212-2 enhanced fear retrieval and impaired extinction, increased anhedonia and despair, but had a therapeutic effect in the startle test. In the 10 days withdrawal condition, WIN55,212-2 enhanced fear retrieval and impaired extinction without preventing the shock/SR-induced negative effects on anhedonia or startle response, but had a therapeutic effect in the despair test. Chronic treatment with WIN55,212-2 was found to down regulate CB1r protein levels in the BLA in the 10 days withdrawal condition, and to upregulate CB1r protein levels in the 24 hrs condition. In the CA1, rats chronically injected with vehicle or WIN55,212-2 demonstrated downregulation of CB1r protein levels. Chronic exposure to cannabinoids prior to an emotional trauma may have deleterious effects on emotional function suggesting that direct CB1/2 receptor activation may not be an optimal way to manipulate the endocannabinoid system in stressful individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Sbarski
- Department of Psychology, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel
| | - Irit Akirav
- Department of Psychology, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hansen SN, Jørgensen JMB, Nyengaard JR, Lykkesfeldt J, Tveden-Nyborg P. Early Life Vitamin C Deficiency Does Not Alter Morphology of Hippocampal CA1 Pyramidal Neurons or Markers of Synaptic Plasticity in a Guinea Pig Model. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10060749. [PMID: 29890692 PMCID: PMC6024653 DOI: 10.3390/nu10060749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 15% of the Western world population, including pregnant women and their children, is characterized as vitamin C (vitC) deficient. In guinea pigs, early life vitC deficiency causes spatial memory deficits, decreased hippocampal volume and neuron numbers, in otherwise clinically healthy animals. We hypothesized that vitC deficiency leads to decreased brain-derived neurotrophic factor and synaptic plasticity markers in selected brain areas (frontal cortex, hippocampus and striatum) and cause morphological changes in cornu ammonis 1 pyramidal neurons of the hippocampus either through a direct effect or indirectly by increased oxidative stress. Fifty-seven female guinea pigs were allocated to three groups receiving either 1390, 100 or 0–50 mg vitC/kg feed for 11 weeks. Dietary vitC levels were reflected in the plasma, cortical and adrenal gland levels, however, redox imbalance was only present in the adrenal glands allowing for the investigation of a direct influence of vitC deficiency on the chosen parameters in the brain. Synaptic plasticity markers were not affected in the investigated brain areas and no differences in isolated pyramidal neuron morphology was recorded. Based on our findings, it appears that vitC deficiency may primarily elicit impaired neuronal function through increased levels of oxidative stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stine N Hansen
- Section for Experimental Animals, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ridebanevej 9, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - Jane M Bjørn Jørgensen
- Section for Experimental Animals, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ridebanevej 9, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - Jens R Nyengaard
- Section for Experimental Animals, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ridebanevej 9, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark.
- Core Center of Molecular Morphology, Section for Stereology and Microscopy, Centre for Stochastic Geometry and Advanced Bioimaging, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Noerrebrogade 44, Building 10G, 3rd Floor, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Jens Lykkesfeldt
- Section for Experimental Animals, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ridebanevej 9, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - Pernille Tveden-Nyborg
- Section for Experimental Animals, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ridebanevej 9, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Nakhate KT, Bharne AP, Verma VS, Aru DN, Kokare DM. Plumbagin ameliorates memory dysfunction in streptozotocin induced Alzheimer’s disease via activation of Nrf2/ARE pathway and inhibition of β-secretase. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 101:379-390. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
|
8
|
Qu TT, Deng JX, Li RL, Cui ZJ, Wang XQ, Wang L, Deng JB. Stress injuries and autophagy in mouse hippocampus after chronic cold exposure. Neural Regen Res 2017; 12:440-446. [PMID: 28469659 PMCID: PMC5399722 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.202932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cold exposure is an external stress factor that causes skin frostbite as well as a variety of diseases. Estrogen might participate in neuroprotection after cold exposure, but its precise mechanism remains unclear. In this study, mice were exposed to 10°C for 7 days and 0-4°C for 30 days to induce a model of chronic cold exposure. Results showed that oxidative stress-related c-fos and cyclooxygenase 2 expressions, MAP1LC3-labeled autophagic cells, Iba1-labeled activated microglia, and interleukin-1β-positive pyramidal cells were increased in the hippocampal CA1 area. Chronic cold exposure markedly elevated the levels of estrogen in the blood and the estrogen receptor, G protein-coupled receptor 30. These results indicate that neuroimmunoreactivity is involved in chronic cold exposure-induced pathological alterations, including oxidative stress, neuronal autophagy, and neuroimmunoreactivity. Moreover, estrogen exerts a neuroprotective effect on cold exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Qu
- Institute of Neurobiology, College of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan Province, China.,Nursing College, Henan Vocational College of Applied Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Jie-Xin Deng
- Institute of Neurobiology, College of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan Province, China
| | - Rui-Ling Li
- Institute of Neurobiology, College of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan Province, China
| | - Zhan-Jun Cui
- Institute of Neurobiology, College of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan Province, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Wang
- Institute of Neurobiology, College of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan Province, China
| | - Lai Wang
- Institute of Neurobiology, College of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan Province, China
| | - Jin-Bo Deng
- Institute of Neurobiology, College of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Amiri S, Haj-Mirzaian A, Momeny M, Amini-Khoei H, Rahimi-Balaei M, Poursaman S, Rastegar M, Nikoui V, Mokhtari T, Ghazi-Khansari M, Hosseini MJ. Streptozotocin induced oxidative stress, innate immune system responses and behavioral abnormalities in male mice. Neuroscience 2017; 340:373-383. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
10
|
Zhao F, Li J, Mo L, Tan M, Zhang T, Tang Y, Zhao Y. Changes in Neurons and Synapses in Hippocampus of Streptozotocin-Induced Type 1 Diabetes Rats: A Stereological Investigation. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2016; 299:1174-83. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhao
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy; North Sichuan Medical College; Nanchong 637007 People's Republic of China
- Department of Histology and Embryology; North Sichuan Medical College; Nanchong 637007 People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Li
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy; North Sichuan Medical College; Nanchong 637007 People's Republic of China
- Department of Histology and Embryology; North Sichuan Medical College; Nanchong 637007 People's Republic of China
| | - Linlong Mo
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy; North Sichuan Medical College; Nanchong 637007 People's Republic of China
- Department of Histology and Embryology; North Sichuan Medical College; Nanchong 637007 People's Republic of China
| | - Min Tan
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy; North Sichuan Medical College; Nanchong 637007 People's Republic of China
- Department of Histology and Embryology; North Sichuan Medical College; Nanchong 637007 People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy; North Sichuan Medical College; Nanchong 637007 People's Republic of China
- Department of Histology and Embryology; North Sichuan Medical College; Nanchong 637007 People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Tang
- Department of Histology and Embryology; Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing 400016 People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyu Zhao
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy; North Sichuan Medical College; Nanchong 637007 People's Republic of China
- Department of Histology and Embryology; North Sichuan Medical College; Nanchong 637007 People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|