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Cai H, Dong J, Mei L, Feng G, Li L, Wang G, Yan H. Functional and structural abnormalities of the speech disorders: a multimodal activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis. Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:bhae075. [PMID: 38466117 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhae075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Speech disorders are associated with different degrees of functional and structural abnormalities. However, the abnormalities associated with specific disorders, and the common abnormalities shown by all disorders, remain unclear. Herein, a meta-analysis was conducted to integrate the results of 70 studies that compared 1843 speech disorder patients (dysarthria, dysphonia, stuttering, and aphasia) to 1950 healthy controls in terms of brain activity, functional connectivity, gray matter, and white matter fractional anisotropy. The analysis revealed that compared to controls, the dysarthria group showed higher activity in the left superior temporal gyrus and lower activity in the left postcentral gyrus. The dysphonia group had higher activity in the right precentral and postcentral gyrus. The stuttering group had higher activity in the right inferior frontal gyrus and lower activity in the left inferior frontal gyrus. The aphasia group showed lower activity in the bilateral anterior cingulate gyrus and left superior frontal gyrus. Across the four disorders, there were concurrent lower activity, gray matter, and fractional anisotropy in motor and auditory cortices, and stronger connectivity between the default mode network and frontoparietal network. These findings enhance our understanding of the neural basis of speech disorders, potentially aiding clinical diagnosis and intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Cai
- Key Laboratory for Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Neuroscience of Language, Xi'an International Studies University, Xi'an 710128, China
| | - Jie Dong
- Key Laboratory for Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Neuroscience of Language, Xi'an International Studies University, Xi'an 710128, China
| | - Leilei Mei
- Philosophy and Social Science Laboratory of Reading and Development in Children and Adolescents (South China Normal University); School of Psychology; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Genyi Feng
- Imaging Department, Xi'an GEM Flower Changqing Hospital, Xi'an 710201, China
| | - Lili Li
- Speech Language Therapy Department, Shaanxi Provincial Rehabilitation Hospital, Xi'an 710065, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Imaging Department, Xi'an GEM Flower Changqing Hospital, Xi'an 710201, China
| | - Hao Yan
- Key Laboratory for Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Neuroscience of Language, Xi'an International Studies University, Xi'an 710128, China
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Ahmed SR, Jenabi M, Gene M, Moreno R, Peck KK, Holodny A. Power spectral analysis can determine language laterality from resting-state functional MRI data in healthy controls. J Neuroimaging 2023; 33:661-670. [PMID: 37032593 PMCID: PMC10523910 DOI: 10.1111/jon.13105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rsfMRI) has been proposed as an alternative to task-based fMRI including clinical situations such as preoperative brain tumor planning, due to advantages including ease of performance and time savings. However, one of its drawbacks is the limited ability to accurately lateralize language function. METHODS Using the rsfMRI data of healthy controls, we carried out a power spectra analysis on three regions of interest (ROIs): Broca's area (BA) in the frontal cortex for language, hand motor (HM) area in the primary motor cortex, and the primary visual cortex (V1). Spike removal, motion correction, linear trend removal, and spatial smoothing were applied. Spontaneous low-frequency fluctuations (0.01-0.1 Hz) were filtered to enable functional integration. RESULTS BA showed greater power on the left hemisphere relative to the right (p = .0055), while HM (p = .1563) and V1 (p = .4681) were not statistically significant. A novel index, termed the power laterality index (PLI), computed to estimate the degree of power lateralization for each brain region, revealed a statistically significant difference between BA and V1 (p < .00001), where V1 was used as a control since the primary visual cortex does not lateralize. Validation studies used to compare PLI to a laterality index computed using phonemic fluency, a task-based, language fMRI paradigm, demonstrated good correlation. CONCLUSIONS The power spectra for BA revealed left language lateralization, which was not replicated in HM or V1. This work demonstrates the feasibility and validity of an ROI-based power spectra analysis on rsfMRI data for language lateralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Rakin Ahmed
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, US
- Harvard Graduate Program in Biophysics, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, US
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, US
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, US
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, US
| | - Mehrnaz Jenabi
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, US
| | - Madeleine Gene
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, US
| | - Raquel Moreno
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, US
| | - Kyung K. Peck
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, US
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, US
| | - Andrei Holodny
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, US
- Brain Tumor Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, US
- Department of Radiology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, US
- Department of Neuroscience, Weill-Cornell Graduate School of the Medical Sciences, New York, NY, US
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Regional Alteration within the Cerebellum and the Reorganization of the Cerebrocerebellar System following Poststroke Aphasia. Neural Plast 2022; 2022:3481423. [PMID: 35360259 PMCID: PMC8964230 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3481423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, an increasing number of studies have highlighted the role of the cerebellum in language processing. However, the role of neural reorganization within the cerebellum as well as within the cerebrocerebellar system caused by poststroke aphasia remains unknown. To solve this problem, in the present study, we investigated regional alterations of the cerebellum as well as the functional reorganization of the cerebrocerebellar circuit by combining structural and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) techniques. Twenty patients diagnosed with aphasia following left-hemispheric stroke and 20 age-matched healthy controls (HCs) were recruited in this study. The Western Aphasia Battery (WAB) test was used to assess the participants' language ability. Gray matter volume, spontaneous brain activity, functional connectivity, and effective connectivity were examined in each participant. We discovered that gray matter volumes in right cerebellar lobule VI and right Crus I were significantly lower in the patient group, and the brain activity within these regions was significantly correlated with WAB scores. We also discovered decreased functional connectivity within the crossed cerebrocerebellar circuit, which was significantly correlated with WAB scores. Moreover, altered information flow between the cerebellum and the contralateral cerebrum was found. Together, our findings provide evidence for regional alterations within the cerebellum and the reorganization of the cerebrocerebellar system following poststroke aphasia and highlight the important role of the cerebellum in language processing within aphasic individuals after stroke.
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Stefaniak JD, Alyahya RSW, Lambon Ralph MA. Language networks in aphasia and health: A 1000 participant activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis. Neuroimage 2021; 233:117960. [PMID: 33744459 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.117960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aphasia recovery post-stroke is classically and most commonly hypothesised to rely on regions that were not involved in language premorbidly, through 'neurocomputational invasion' or engagement of 'quiescent homologues'. Contemporary accounts have suggested, instead, that recovery might be supported by under-utilised areas of the premorbid language network, which are downregulated in health to save neural resources ('variable neurodisplacement'). Despite the importance of understanding the neural bases of language recovery clinically and theoretically, there is no consensus as to which specific regions are more likely to be activated in post-stroke aphasia (PSA) than healthy individuals. Accordingly, we performed an Activation Likelihood Estimation (ALE) meta-analysis of language functional neuroimaging studies in PSA. We obtained coordinate-based functional neuroimaging data for 481 individuals with aphasia following left-hemisphere stroke and 530 linked controls from 33 studies that met predefined inclusion criteria. ALE identified regions of consistent, above-chance spatial convergence of activation, as well as regions of significantly different activation likelihood, between participant groups and language tasks. Overall, these findings dispute the prevailing theory that aphasia recovery involves recruitment of novel right hemisphere territory into the language network post-stroke. Instead, multiple regions throughout both hemispheres were consistently activated during language tasks in both PSA and controls. Regions of the right anterior insula, frontal operculum and inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) pars opercularis were more likely to be activated across all language tasks in PSA than controls. Similar regions were more likely to be activated during higher than lower demand comprehension or production tasks, consistent with them representing enhanced utilisation of spare capacity within right hemisphere executive-control related regions. This provides novel evidence that 'variable neurodisplacement' underlies language network changes that occur post-stroke. Conversely, multiple undamaged regions were less likely to be activated across all language tasks in PSA than controls, including domain-general regions of medial superior frontal and paracingulate cortex, right IFG pars triangularis and temporal pole. These changes might represent functional diaschisis, and demonstrate that there is not global, undifferentiated upregulation of all domain-general neural resources during language in PSA. Such knowledge is essential if we are to design neurobiologically-informed therapeutic interventions to facilitate language recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Stefaniak
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Reem S W Alyahya
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Krishna S, Kakaizada S, Almeida N, Brang D, Hervey-Jumper S. Central Nervous System Plasticity Influences Language and Cognitive Recovery in Adult Glioma. Neurosurgery 2021; 89:539-548. [PMID: 33476391 DOI: 10.1093/neuros/nyaa456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Gliomas exist within the framework of complex neuronal circuitry in which network dynamics influence both tumor biology and cognition. The generalized impairment of cognition or loss of language function is a common occurrence for glioma patients. The interface between intrinsic brain tumors such as gliomas and functional cognitive networks are poorly understood. The ability to communicate effectively is critically important for receiving oncological therapies and maintaining a high quality of life. Although the propensity of gliomas to infiltrate cortical and subcortical structures and disrupt key anatomic language pathways is well documented, there is new evidence offering insight into the network and cellular mechanisms underpinning glioma-related aphasia and aphasia recovery. In this review, we will outline the current understanding of the mechanisms of cognitive dysfunction and recovery, using aphasia as an illustrative model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saritha Krishna
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Sofia Kakaizada
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Nyle Almeida
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - David Brang
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Shawn Hervey-Jumper
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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Wilson SM, Schneck SM. Neuroplasticity in post-stroke aphasia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of functional imaging studies of reorganization of language processing. NEUROBIOLOGY OF LANGUAGE (CAMBRIDGE, MASS.) 2021; 2:22-82. [PMID: 33884373 PMCID: PMC8057712 DOI: 10.1162/nol_a_00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
Recovery from aphasia is thought to depend on neural plasticity, that is, functional reorganization of surviving brain regions such that they take on new or expanded roles in language processing. We carried out a systematic review and meta-analysis of all articles published between 1995 and early 2020 that have described functional imaging studies of six or more individuals with post-stroke aphasia, and have reported analyses bearing on neuroplasticity of language processing. Each study was characterized and appraised in detail, with particular attention to three critically important methodological issues: task performance confounds, contrast validity, and correction for multiple comparisons. We identified 86 studies describing a total of 561 relevant analyses. We found that methodological limitations related to task performance confounds, contrast validity, and correction for multiple comparisons have been pervasive. Only a few claims about language processing in individuals with aphasia are strongly supported by the extant literature: first, left hemisphere language regions are less activated in individuals with aphasia than neurologically normal controls, and second, in cohorts with aphasia, activity in left hemisphere language regions, and possibly a temporal lobe region in the right hemisphere, is positively correlated with language function. There is modest, equivocal evidence for the claim that individuals with aphasia differentially recruit right hemisphere homotopic regions, but no compelling evidence for differential recruitment of additional left hemisphere regions or domain-general networks. There is modest evidence that left hemisphere language regions return to function over time, but no compelling longitudinal evidence for dynamic reorganization of the language network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M. Wilson
- Address for correspondence: Stephen M. Wilson, Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1215 21st Ave S, MCE 8310, Nashville, TN 37232. Phone: 615-936-5810.
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Li R, Du J, Chen W, Zhang Y, Song W. Exploring the neural correlates of self-related names in healthy subjects. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e23658. [PMID: 33371101 PMCID: PMC7748314 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000023658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to clarify the neural correlates and underlying mechanisms of the subject's own name (SON) and the unique name derived from the SON (SDN). METHODS A name that was most familiar to the subject (SFN) was added as a self-related reference. We used 4 auditory stimuli-pure tone (1000 Hz), SON, SDN, and SFN-to evaluate the corresponding activated brain areas in 19 healthy subjects by using functional magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS Our results demonstrated that pure tone activated the fewest brain regions. Although SFN was a very strong self-related stimulus, it failed to activate many midline structures. The brain regions activated by SON and SDN were very similar. SFN as a self-related stimulus was less self-related compared with SDN. What's more, the additionally activated fusiform gyrus and parahippocampal gyrus of SDN might revealed its processing path. CONCLUSIONS SDN, which has created by us, is a new and self-related stimulus similar to SON. They might provide a useful reference for consciousness assessment with SON and SDN.
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Cortical Reorganization after Rehabilitation in a Patient with Conduction Aphasia Using High-Density EEG. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10155281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Conduction aphasia is a language disorder occurred after a left-brain injury. It is characterized by fluent speech production, reading, writing and normal comprehension, while speech repetition is impaired. The aim of this study is to investigate the cortical responses, induced by language activities, in a sub-acute stroke patient affected by conduction aphasia before and after an intensive speech therapy training. The patient was examined by using High-Density Electroencephalogram (HD-EEG) examination, while was performing language tasks. the patient was evaluated at baseline and after two months after rehabilitative treatment. Our results showed that an intensive rehabilitative process, in sub-acute stroke, could be useful for a good outcome of language deficits. HD-EEG results showed that left parieto-temporol-frontal areas were more activated after 2 months of rehabilitation training compared with baseline. Our results provided evidence that an intensive rehabilitation process could contribute to an inter- and intra-hemispheric reorganization.
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The neural and neurocomputational bases of recovery from post-stroke aphasia. Nat Rev Neurol 2019; 16:43-55. [DOI: 10.1038/s41582-019-0282-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Sharma S, Briley PM, Wright HH, Perry JL, Fang X, Ellis C. Gender differences in aphasia outcomes: evidence from the AphasiaBank. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE & COMMUNICATION DISORDERS 2019; 54:806-813. [PMID: 31257676 DOI: 10.1111/1460-6984.12486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stroke is one of the leading causes of death in the United States. Aphasia is a language impairment which results as a consequence of stroke. Gender differences are reported in underlying mechanisms of stroke, however, gender differences in aphasia type and severity remain unclear. AIMS To examine gender differences in aphasia impairment based on data from AphasiaBank, a research repository of data obtained from studies of aphasia. METHODS & PROCEDURES The data were collected from AphasiaBank for 294 persons with aphasia (PWA) (172 men, 122 women). Baseline comparisons by gender groups were completed using independent samples t-tests and Pearson Chi square statistics. Univariate comparisons of the total Western Aphasia Battery-Revised (WAB-R) -AQ and -R subtests' scores were compared between the two groups using independent samples t-tests. Multivariate comparisons were completed by using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). OUTCOMES & RESULTS Gender differences were observed in the severity of aphasia with men exhibiting more severe aphasia than women. Analyses of WAB-R indicated greater impairment among men based on AQ and greater impairment was observed in individual subtest performance. Men exhibited statistically significantly lower WAB-R AQs than women (67.4 versus 75.6). Lower WAB-R AQs were derived from lower scores among men on individual subtests; information content, fluency, repetition, sentence completion, responsive speech and tests of comprehension (yes/no, auditory word recognition and sequential commands). CONCLUSIONS & IMPLICATIONS This study offers evidence of gender differences in aphasia severity, global communication impairment and lower scores on individual subtests used to derive the WAB-R AQ. The limitations of the study with suggestions for future directions are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saryu Sharma
- Aging and Adult Language Disorders Laboratory, Department of Communication Sciences & Disorders, College of Allied Health Sciences, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Patrick M Briley
- Communication Equity and Outcomes Laboratory, Department of Communication Sciences & Disorders, College of Allied Health Sciences, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Heather Harris Wright
- Aging and Adult Language Disorders Laboratory, Department of Communication Sciences & Disorders, College of Allied Health Sciences, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Jamie L Perry
- Speech Imaging and Visualization Laboratory, Department of Communication Sciences & Disorders, College of Allied Health Sciences, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Xiangming Fang
- Department of Biostatistics, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Charles Ellis
- Communication Equity and Outcomes Laboratory, Department of Communication Sciences & Disorders, College of Allied Health Sciences, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
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Chen WL, Ye Q, Zhang SC, Xia Y, Yang X, Yuan TF, Shan CL, Li JA. Aphasia rehabilitation based on mirror neuron theory: a randomized-block-design study of neuropsychology and functional magnetic resonance imaging. Neural Regen Res 2019; 14:1004-1012. [PMID: 30762012 PMCID: PMC6404486 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.250580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
When watching someone performs an action, mirror neurons are activated in a way that is very similar to the activation that occurs when actually performing that action. Previous single-sample case studies indicate that hand-action observation training may lead to activation and remodeling of mirror neuron systems, which include important language centers, and may improve language function in aphasia patients. In this randomized-block-design experiment, we recruited 24 aphasia patients from, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, China. The patients were divided into three groups where they underwent hand-action observation and repetition, dynamic-object observation and repetition, or conventional speech therapy. Training took place 5 days per week, 35 minutes per day, for 2 weeks. We assessed language function via picture naming tests for objects and actions and the Western Aphasia Battery. Among the participants, one patient, his wife and four healthy student volunteers underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging to analyze changes in brain activation during hand-action observation and dynamic-object observation. Results demonstrated that, compared with dynamic-object observation, hand-action observation led to greater performance with respect to the aphasia quotient and affiliated naming sub-tests and a greater Western Aphasia Battery test score. The overall effect was similar to that of conventional aphasia training, yet hand-action observation had advantages compared with conventional training in terms of vocabulary extraction and spontaneous speech. Thus, hand-action observation appears to more strongly activate the mirror neuron system compared with dynamic-object observation. The activated areas included Broca’s area, Wernicke’s area, and the supramarginal gyrus. These results suggest that hand-action observation combined with repetition might better improve language function in aphasia patients compared with dynamic-object observation combined with repetition. The therapeutic mechanism of this intervention may be associated with activation of additional mirror neuron systems, and may have implications for the possible repair and remodeling of damaged nerve networks. The study protocol was approved by the Ethical Committee of Nanjing Medical University, China (approval number: 2011-SRFA-086) on March 11, 2011. This trial has been registered in the ISRCTN Registry (ISRCTN84827527).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Li Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhangjiagang Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Zhangjiagang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qian Ye
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Nanjing Normal University of Special Education, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Si-Cong Zhang
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Xia
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xi Yang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ti-Fei Yuan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chun-Lei Shan
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine; School of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China; Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian-An Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
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Pal NR. More Haphazard Thoughts [President's Message]. IEEE COMPUT INTELL M 2018. [DOI: 10.1109/mci.2018.2866721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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