1
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Horvath G, Reglodi D, Fabian E, Opper B. Effects of Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase Activating Polypeptide on Cell Death. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094953. [PMID: 35563353 PMCID: PMC9100246 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) was first isolated as a hypothalamic peptide based on its efficacy to increase adenylate cyclase (AC) activity. It has a widespread distribution throughout the body including the nervous system and peripheral organs, where PACAP exerts protective effects both in vivo and in vitro through its anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant functions. The aim of the present paper was to review the currently available literature regarding the effects of PACAP on cell death in vitro in neural and non-neural cells. Among others, its effect on apoptosis can be detected in cerebellar granule cells against different toxic stimuli. Different neural cell types from the cerebral cortex are also prevented from cell death. PACAP also shows effects on cell death in cells belonging to the peripheral nervous system and protects both neural and non-neural cells of sensory organs. In addition, cell survival-promoting effect can be observed in different peripheral organ systems including cardiovascular, immune, respiratory, gastrointestinal, urinary, and reproductive systems. The studies summarized here indicate its noteworthy effect on cell death in different in vitro models, suggesting PACAP’s potential therapeutic usage in several pathological conditions.
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2
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Jansen MI, Thomas Broome S, Castorina A. Exploring the Pro-Phagocytic and Anti-Inflammatory Functions of PACAP and VIP in Microglia: Implications for Multiple Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094788. [PMID: 35563181 PMCID: PMC9104531 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neuroinflammatory and demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS), characterised by the infiltration of peripheral immune cells, multifocal white-matter lesions, and neurodegeneration. In recent years, microglia have emerged as key contributors to MS pathology, acting as scavengers of toxic myelin/cell debris and modulating the inflammatory microenvironment to promote myelin repair. In this review, we explore the role of two neuropeptides, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), as important regulators of microglial functioning during demyelination, myelin phagocytosis, and remyelination, emphasising the potential of these neuropeptides as therapeutic targets for the treatment of MS.
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3
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Karunia J, Niaz A, Mandwie M, Thomas Broome S, Keay KA, Waschek JA, Al-Badri G, Castorina A. PACAP and VIP Modulate LPS-Induced Microglial Activation and Trigger Distinct Phenotypic Changes in Murine BV2 Microglial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222010947. [PMID: 34681607 PMCID: PMC8535941 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222010947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) are two structurally related immunosuppressive peptides. However, the underlying mechanisms through which these peptides regulate microglial activity are not fully understood. Using lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce an inflammatory challenge, we tested whether PACAP or VIP differentially affected microglial activation, morphology and cell migration. We found that both peptides attenuated LPS-induced expression of the microglial activation markers Iba1 and iNOS (### p < 0.001), as well as the pro-inflammatory mediators IL-1β, IL-6, Itgam and CD68 (### p < 0.001). In contrast, treatment with PACAP or VIP exerted distinct effects on microglial morphology and migration. PACAP reversed LPS-induced soma enlargement and increased the percentage of small-sized, rounded cells (54.09% vs. 12.05% in LPS-treated cells), whereas VIP promoted a phenotypic shift towards cell subpopulations with mid-sized, spindle-shaped somata (48.41% vs. 31.36% in LPS-treated cells). Additionally, PACAP was more efficient than VIP in restoring LPS-induced impairment of cell migration and the expression of urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) in BV2 cells compared with VIP. These results suggest that whilst both PACAP and VIP exert similar immunosuppressive effects in activated BV2 microglia, each peptide triggers distinctive shifts towards phenotypes of differing morphologies and with differing migration capacities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn Karunia
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience (LCMN), School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (J.K.); (A.N.); (M.M.); (S.T.B.); (G.A.-B.)
| | - Aram Niaz
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience (LCMN), School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (J.K.); (A.N.); (M.M.); (S.T.B.); (G.A.-B.)
| | - Mawj Mandwie
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience (LCMN), School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (J.K.); (A.N.); (M.M.); (S.T.B.); (G.A.-B.)
| | - Sarah Thomas Broome
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience (LCMN), School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (J.K.); (A.N.); (M.M.); (S.T.B.); (G.A.-B.)
| | - Kevin A. Keay
- School of Medical Science, [Neuroscience] and Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
| | - James A. Waschek
- Intellectual Development and Disabilities Research Centre, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behaviour/Neuropsychiatric Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
| | - Ghaith Al-Badri
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience (LCMN), School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (J.K.); (A.N.); (M.M.); (S.T.B.); (G.A.-B.)
| | - Alessandro Castorina
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience (LCMN), School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (J.K.); (A.N.); (M.M.); (S.T.B.); (G.A.-B.)
- School of Medical Science, [Neuroscience] and Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
- Correspondence:
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4
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Fang Y, Shi H, Huang L, Ren R, Lenahan C, Xiao J, Liu Y, Liu R, Sanghavi R, Li C, Chen S, Tang J, Yu J, Zhang JH, Zhang J. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide attenuates mitochondria-mediated oxidative stress and neuronal apoptosis after subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 174:236-248. [PMID: 34400297 PMCID: PMC8985554 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria-mediated oxidative stress and neuronal apoptosis play an important role in early brain injury following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) has been shown to reduce oxidative stress and cellular apoptosis by maintaining mitochondrial function under stress. The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of PACAP on mitochondria dysfunction - induced oxidative stress and neuronal apoptosis in both vivo and vitro models of SAH. PACAP Knockout CRISPR and exogenous PACAP38 were used to verify the neuroprotective effects of PACAP in rats after endovascular perforation - induced SAH as well as in primary neuron culture after hemoglobin stimulation. The results showed that endogenous PACAP knockout aggravated mitochondria dysfunction - mediated ATP reduction, reactive oxygen species accumulation and neuronal apoptosis in ipsilateral hemisphere at 24 h after SAH in rats. The exogenous PACAP38 treatment provided both short- and long-term neurological benefits by attenuating mitochondria - mediated oxidative stress and neuronal apoptosis after SAH in rats. Consistently, the exogenous PACAP38 treatment presented similar neuroprotection in the primary neuron culture after hemoglobin stimulation. Pharmacological inhibition of adenylyl cyclase (AC) or extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) partly abolished the anti-oxidative stress and anti-apoptotic effects provided by PACAP38 treatment after the experimental SAH both in vivo and in vitro, suggesting the involvement of the AC-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-protein kinase A (PKA) and ERK pathway. Collectively, PACAP38 may serve as a promising treatment strategy for alleviating early brain injury after SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjian Fang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hui Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lei Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Reng Ren
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Cameron Lenahan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA; Burrell College of Osteopathic Medicine, Las Cruces, NM, USA
| | - Jie Xiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Rajvee Sanghavi
- Burrell College of Osteopathic Medicine, Las Cruces, NM, USA
| | - Chenguang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Sheng Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiping Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Jun Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Kondkar AA, Sultan T, Alobaidan AS, Azad TA, Osman EA, Almobarak FA, Lobo GP, Al-Obeidan SA. Association analysis of variants rs35934224 in TXNRD2 and rs6478746 in LMX1B in primary angle-closure and pseudoexfoliation glaucoma. Eur J Ophthalmol 2021; 32:2249-2258. [PMID: 34461764 DOI: 10.1177/11206721211042547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous genome-wide studies have demonstrated significant pathogenic association between variants rs35934224 within TXNRD2 and rs6478746 near LMX1B in primary open-angle glaucoma. We investigated the association between these variants in primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) and pseudoexfoliation glaucoma (PXG) patients of Saudi origin. METHODS In a case-control study, DNA samples from 249 controls (135 men and 114 women), 100 PACG cases (44 men and 56 women), and 95 PXG cases (61 men and 34 women) were genotyped by TaqMan® based real-time PCR. Statistical tests were performed to evaluate genetic association with glaucoma types and related clinical indices. RESULTS The allele frequencies of rs35934224 and rs6478746 did not show significant variation in PACG and PXG than controls, except that the rs35934224[T] allele was found to be significantly low among PXG women (0.10) as compared to controls (0.21) (odds ratio = 0.38, 95% confidence interval = 0.16-0.94, p = 0.024). Rs35934224 genotypes showed a nominal-to-borderline protective association with PACG and PXG among women in different genetic models. However, except for the over-dominant model in PACG (p = 0.0095), none of the effects survived Bonferroni's correction (p < 0.01). Rs6478746 showed no significant genotype or allelic association with PACG and PXG. Regression analysis showed no influence on disease outcome, and neither showed any correlation with intraocular pressure and cup/disk ratio in both PACG and PXG. CONCLUSIONS Variants rs35934224 in TXNRD2 and rs6478746 near LMX1B are not associated with PACG and PXG in the Saudi cohort, but rs35934224 may confer modest protection among women. Further population-based studies are needed to validate these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Altaf A Kondkar
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Glaucoma Research Chair in Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,King Saud University Medical City, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tahira Sultan
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah S Alobaidan
- King Abdulaziz University Hospital, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Taif A Azad
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Essam A Osman
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faisal A Almobarak
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Glaucoma Research Chair in Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Glenn P Lobo
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Saleh A Al-Obeidan
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Glaucoma Research Chair in Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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6
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Kondkar AA, Azad TA, Alobaidan AS, Sultan T, Osman EA, Almobarak FA, Lobo GP, Al-Obeidan SA. Lack of Association Between Polymorphisms in TXNRD2 and LMX1B and Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma in a Saudi Cohort. Front Genet 2021; 12:690780. [PMID: 34408771 PMCID: PMC8365832 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.690780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Recent studies have demonstrated an association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs35934224 in TXNRD2 and rs6478746 near LMX1B genes in primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) among Europeans. We performed a retrospective, case-control study to investigate the association between the rs35934224 (TXNRD2) and rs6478746 (LMX1B) and POAG in a middle-eastern population from Saudi Arabia. Methods: DNA from 399 participants consisting of 150 POAG cases (83 males and 67 females) and 249 controls (135 males and 114 females) were genotyped using TaqMan® real-time PCR. Statistical tests were performed to evaluate genetic association with POAG and related clinical indices. Results: The minor allele frequency (MAF) of rs35934224[T] was 0.19 and 0.20 in POAG and controls, respectively. The difference was non-significant (odds ratio [OR] = 1.08, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.75-1.55, p = 0.663). Likewise, rs6478746[G] MAF was 0.12 in both cases and controls with no statistical significance (OR = 1.02, 95% CI = 0.67-1.56, p = 0.910). Genotype analysis showed no association with POAG for both the SNPs in combined and gender-stratified groups. Regression analysis showed no significant effect of risk factors such as age, sex, rs35934224, and rs6478746 genotypes on POAG outcome. Furthermore, both the SNPs showed no significant genotype effect on clinical indices such as intraocular pressure (IOP) and cup/disc ratio in POAG patients. Conclusions: Rs35934224 in TXNRD2 and rs6478746 near LMX1B genes are not associated with POAG or related clinical indices such as IOP and cup/disc ratio in a Saudi cohort. Since the study is limited by sample size further investigations are needed to confirm these results in a larger cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Altaf A Kondkar
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Glaucoma Research Chair in Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,King Saud University Medical City, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Taif A Azad
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Tahira Sultan
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Essam A Osman
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faisal A Almobarak
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Glaucoma Research Chair in Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Glenn P Lobo
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Saleh A Al-Obeidan
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Glaucoma Research Chair in Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Ruel J, Guitton MJ, Gratias P, Lenoir M, Shen S, Puel JL, Brabet P, Wang J. Endogenous Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide (PACAP) Plays a Protective Effect Against Noise-Induced Hearing Loss. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:658990. [PMID: 33828461 PMCID: PMC8019930 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.658990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenylyl cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a member of the vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)-the secretin-glucagon family of neuropeptides. They act through two classes of receptors: PACAP type 1 (PAC1) and type 2 (VPAC1 and VPAC2). Among their pleiotropic effects throughout the body, PACAP functions as neuromodulators and neuroprotectors, rescuing neurons from apoptosis, mostly through the PAC1 receptor. To explore the potential protective effect of endogenous PACAP against Noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL), we used a knockout mouse model lacking PAC1 receptor expression (PACR1−/−) and a transgenic humanized mouse model expressing the human PAC1 receptor (TgHPAC1R). Based on complementary approaches combining electrophysiological, histochemical, and molecular biological evaluations, we show PAC1R expression in spiral ganglion neurons and in cochlear apical cells of the organ of Corti. Wild-type (WT), PAC1R−/−, and TgHPAC1R mice exhibit similar auditory thresholds. For most of the frequencies tested after acute noise damage, however, PAC1R−/− mice showed a larger elevation of the auditory threshold than did their WT counterparts. By contrast, in a transgene copy number-dependent fashion, TgHPAC1R mice showed smaller noise-induced elevations of auditory thresholds compared to their WT counterparts. Together, these findings suggest that PACAP could be a candidate for endogenous protection against noise-induced hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Ruel
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (INM), University Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France.,Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, UMR7291 CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Matthieu J Guitton
- CERVO Brain Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Paul Gratias
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (INM), University Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Marc Lenoir
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (INM), University Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Sanbing Shen
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, National University of Ireland (NUI), Galway, Ireland
| | - Jean-Luc Puel
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (INM), University Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Brabet
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (INM), University Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (INM), University Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
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8
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Kovacs AK, Atlasz T, Werling D, Szabo E, Reglodi D, Toth GK. Stability Test of PACAP in Eye Drops. J Mol Neurosci 2020; 71:1567-1574. [PMID: 32323126 PMCID: PMC8349324 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-020-01532-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PACAP is a neuropeptide with widespread distribution and diverse biological functions. It has strong cytoprotective effects mediated mainly through specific PAC1 receptors. Experimental data show protective effects of PACAP in the retina and cornea in several pathological conditions. Although intravitreal injections are a common practice in some ocular diseases, delivery of therapeutic agents in the form of eye drops would be more convenient and would lead to fewer side effects. We have previously shown that PACAP, in the form of eye drops, is able to pass through the ocular barriers and can exert retinoprotective effects. As eye drops represent a promising form of administration of PACAP in ocular diseases, it is important to investigate the stability of PACAP in solutions used in eye drops. In this study, the stability of PACAP1-27 and PACAP1-38 in eye drops was measured in four common media and a commercially available artificial tear solution at both room temperature and +4 °C. Mass spectrometry results show that the highest stability was gained with PACAP1-38 in water and 0.9% saline solution at +4 °C, representing 80–90% drug persistence after 2 weeks. PACAP1-38 in the artificial tear showed very fast degradation at room temperature, but was stable at +4 °C. In summary, PACAP1-38 has higher stability than PACAP1-27, with highest stability at +4 °C in water solution, but both peptides in each medium can be stored for relatively longer periods without significant degradation. These data can provide reference for future therapeutic use of PACAP in eye drops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita K Kovacs
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Dom Sq 8, Szeged, H-6720, Hungary
| | - Tamas Atlasz
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Group, Medical School, University of Pecs, Szigeti str 12, Pecs, H-7624, Hungary. .,Department of Sportbiology, University of Pecs, Ifjusag str 6, Pecs, H-7624, Hungary.
| | - Dora Werling
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Group, Medical School, University of Pecs, Szigeti str 12, Pecs, H-7624, Hungary.,Department of Ophthalmology, Medical School, University of Pecs, Rakoczi str 2, Pecs, H-7623, Hungary
| | - Edina Szabo
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Group, Medical School, University of Pecs, Szigeti str 12, Pecs, H-7624, Hungary
| | - Dora Reglodi
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Group, Medical School, University of Pecs, Szigeti str 12, Pecs, H-7624, Hungary
| | - Gabor K Toth
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Dom Sq 8, Szeged, H-6720, Hungary
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9
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Maugeri G, D'Amico AG, Amenta A, Saccone S, Federico C, Reibaldi M, Russo A, Bonfiglio V, Avitabile T, Longo A, D'Agata V. Protective effect of PACAP against ultraviolet B radiation-induced human corneal endothelial cell injury. Neuropeptides 2020; 79:101978. [PMID: 31791645 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2019.101978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The human cornea, a sophisticated example of natural engineering, is composed in the innermost layer by endothelial cells maintaining stromal hydration and clarity. Different types of insults, including ultraviolet (UV) radiations, can lead to corneal opacity due to their degenerative and limited proliferative capability. In our previous studies, we have shown the protective effects of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) in human corneal endothelial cells (HCECs), after growth factors deprivation. The aim of the present work has been to investigate the effect of this peptide on UV-B-induced HCECs injury. The results have shown that UV-B irradiations induced apoptotic cells death and consequently alteration in human corneal endothelial barrier. We found that PACAP treatment significantly increased viability, trans-endothelial electrical resistance and tight junctions expression of HCECs exposed to UV-B insult. In conclusion, data have suggested that this peptide could have protective effect to preserve the physiological state of human corneal endothelium exposed to UV-B damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia Maugeri
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Agata Grazia D'Amico
- Department of Human Science and Promotion of Quality of Life, San Raffaele Open University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessia Amenta
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Salvatore Saccone
- Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, Section of Animal Biology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Concetta Federico
- Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, Section of Animal Biology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Michele Reibaldi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Clinic, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Andrea Russo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Clinic, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Vincenza Bonfiglio
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Clinic, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Teresio Avitabile
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Clinic, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Antonio Longo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Clinic, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Velia D'Agata
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
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10
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Dong D, Xie J, Wang J. Neuroprotective Effects of Brain-Gut Peptides: A Potential Therapy for Parkinson's Disease. Neurosci Bull 2019; 35:1085-1096. [PMID: 31286411 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-019-00407-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease and is typically associated with progressive motor and non-motor dysfunctions. Currently, dopamine replacement therapy is mainly used to relieve the motor symptoms, while its long-term application can lead to various complications and does not cure the disease. Numerous studies have demonstrated that many brain-gut peptides have neuroprotective effects in vivo and in vitro, and may be a promising treatment for PD. In recent years, some progress has been made in studies on the neuroprotective effects of some newly-discovered brain-gut peptides, such as glucagon-like peptide 1, pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide, nesfatin-1, and ghrelin. However, there is still no systematic review on the neuroprotective effects common to these peptides. Thus, here we review the neuroprotective effects and the associated mechanisms of these four peptides, as well as other brain-gut peptides related to PD, in the hope of providing new ideas for the treatment of PD and related clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Dong
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Junxia Xie
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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Zhao X, Kuang F, You YY, Wu MM, You SW. Etomidate affects the anti-oxidant pathway to protect retinal ganglion cells after optic nerve transection. Neural Regen Res 2019; 14:2020-2024. [PMID: 31290461 PMCID: PMC6676882 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.259627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies revealed that etomidate, a non-barbiturate intravenous anesthetic agent, has protective effects on retinal ganglion cells within 7 days after optic nerve transection. Whether this process is related to anti-oxidative stress is not clear. To reveal its mechanism, we established the optic nerve transection injury model by transecting 1 mm behind the left eyeball of adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. The rats received an intraperitoneal injection of etomidate (4 mg/kg) once per day for 7 days. The results showed that etomidate significantly enhanced the number of retinal ganglion cells retrogradely labeled with Fluorogold at 7 days after optic nerve transection. Etomidate also significantly reduced the levels of nitric oxide and malonaldehyde in the retina and increased the level of glutathione at 12 hours after optic nerve transection. Thus, etomidate can protect retinal ganglion cells after optic nerve transection in adult rats by activating an anti-oxidative stress response. The study was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee at Air Force Medical University, China (approval No. 20180305) on March 5, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhao
- Department of Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Air Force Medical University; Department of Histology and Embryology & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Fang Kuang
- Department of Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yi-Yan You
- Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Ming-Mei Wu
- Department of Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Si-Wei You
- Department of Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
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