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Chen H, Chen J, Li S, Zhao Q, Xu L, Li L. One-stage Neurorrhaphy and Posterior Transposition with Gastrocnemius Fascial Flap for Common Peroneal Nerve Injury: Preliminary Results. Orthop Surg 2024; 16:921-929. [PMID: 38438138 PMCID: PMC10984825 DOI: 10.1111/os.14020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Common peroneal nerve (CPN) injury is a frequently encountered lower extremity injury. Furthermore, several previous studies have demonstrated that patients who underwent direct suturing of the CPN following rupture experienced unfavorable postoperative prognoses. Therefore, we aimed to present a novel modified surgical approach for CPN rupture and assess the effectiveness of this technique in restoring lower limb functionality. METHODS In this retrospective observational study, we included patients with CPN rupture who underwent one-stage neurorrhaphy and posterior transposition combined with nerve wrapping using a gastrocnemius fascial flap for CPN rupture between January 2016 and December 2020. Lower limb function was evaluated using the lower extremity functional scale (LEFS) and British Medical Research Council (BMRC) grading system. We also assessed the influence of age, sex, duration of symptoms, mechanism of injury, and surgical modality on the postoperative recovery of lower extremity function using subgroup and regression analyses. RESULTS Thirty-seven patients (mean age = 35.76 ± 13.01 years) with at least 2 years of follow-up were included in the final analysis. The LEFS scores significantly improved after surgery at the last follow-up (p < 0.01). Moreover, 67.57% of the patients achieved good or excellent postoperative outcomes (BMRC: M3 or above). Results of the subgroup analysis and regression models suggested that patients who underwent direct suturing showed better recovery of lower extremity function than those who underwent nerve grafting. CONCLUSION One-stage neurorrhaphy and posterior transposition combined with nerve wrapping using a gastrocnemius fascial flap exhibited encouraging outcomes in restoring lower-limb function among patients with CPN rupture. This novel surgical technique is expected to be an effective method for treating CPN ruptures in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Department of Hand Surgery, Huashan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Department of Microrepair and Reconstructive SurgeryTraditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous RegionUrumqiChina
- Key Laboratory of Trauma Repair and ReconstructionXinjiangChina
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Hand Surgery, Huashan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Key Laboratory of Hand ReconstructionMinistry of HealthShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Peripheral Nerve and MicrosurgeryShanghaiChina
| | - Shulin Li
- Department of Hand Surgery, Huashan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Key Laboratory of Hand ReconstructionMinistry of HealthShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Peripheral Nerve and MicrosurgeryShanghaiChina
| | - Qian Zhao
- Department of Hand Surgery, Huashan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Key Laboratory of Hand ReconstructionMinistry of HealthShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Peripheral Nerve and MicrosurgeryShanghaiChina
| | - Lei Xu
- Department of Hand Surgery, Huashan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Key Laboratory of Hand ReconstructionMinistry of HealthShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Peripheral Nerve and MicrosurgeryShanghaiChina
| | - Li Li
- Department of Microrepair and Reconstructive SurgeryTraditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous RegionUrumqiChina
- Key Laboratory of Trauma Repair and ReconstructionXinjiangChina
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Lin Y, Yu J, Zhang Y, Hayat U, Liu C, Huang X, Lin H, Wang JY. 4D printed tri-segment nerve conduit using zein gel as the ink for repair of rat sciatic nerve large defect. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2023; 151:213473. [PMID: 37245344 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2023.213473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Zein has enormous potential for application in biomedical field due to biodegradation and biocompatibility, we have recently prepared zein gel as a possible 3D printing ink. Our previous studies found that the pore structure in zein material can reduce early inflammation, promote the polarization of macrophages toward the M2 phenotype, and accelerate nerve regeneration. To further explore the role of zein in nerve repair, we used 4D printing technique to create nerve conduits with zein protein gel, and designed 2 types of tri-segment conduits with different degradation rates. Structural parts printed in support baths with higher water content show faster degradation rates than those printed in support baths with lower water content. The conduits that degraded quickly at both ends and slowly in the middle (CB75-CB40-CB75) and the conduits that degraded slowly at both ends and quickly in the middle (CB40-CB75-CB40) were 4D printed, respectively. Animal experiments suggest that the CB75-CB40-CB75 conduit is better for nerve repair, which may be because its degradation pattern can match to the pattern of nerve regeneration better. Our new strategy through 4D printing indicated that fine modulation in conduit degradation can affect efficacy of nerve repair significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaofa Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics, Jiading Branch of Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 800 Huangjiahuayuan Road, Shanghai 201803, China
| | - Jinwen Yu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yubei Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Uzma Hayat
- Jiaxing Yaojiao Medical Device Co. Ltd., 321 Jiachuang Road, Jiaxing 314032, China
| | - Chang Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiaoyun Huang
- Department of Hand Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Urumqi Middle Road, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Haodong Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics, Jiading Branch of Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 800 Huangjiahuayuan Road, Shanghai 201803, China; Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 85 Wujin Road, Shanghai 200080, China.
| | - Jin-Ye Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China; Jiaxing Yaojiao Medical Device Co. Ltd., 321 Jiachuang Road, Jiaxing 314032, China.
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3
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Welleford AS, Quintero JE, Seblani NE, Blalock E, Gunewardena S, Shapiro SM, Riordan SM, Huettl P, Guduru Z, Stanford JA, van Horne CG, Gerhardt GA. RNA Sequencing of Human Peripheral Nerve in Response to Injury: Distinctive Analysis of the Nerve Repair Pathways. Cell Transplant 2021; 29:963689720926157. [PMID: 32425114 PMCID: PMC7563818 DOI: 10.1177/0963689720926157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of regenerative therapies for central nervous system diseases can likely benefit from an understanding of the peripheral nervous system repair process, particularly in identifying potential gene pathways involved in human nerve repair. This study employed RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) technology to analyze the whole transcriptome profile of the human peripheral nerve in response to an injury. The distal sural nerve was exposed, completely transected, and a 1 to 2 cm section of nerve fascicles was collected for RNA-seq from six participants with Parkinson’s disease, ranging in age between 53 and 70 yr. Two weeks after the initial injury, another section of the nerve fascicles of the distal and pre-degenerated stump of the nerve was dissected and processed for RNA-seq studies. An initial analysis between the pre-lesion status and the postinjury gene expression revealed 3,641 genes that were significantly differentially expressed. In addition, the results support a clear transdifferentiation process that occurred by the end of the 2-wk postinjury. Gene ontology (GO) and hierarchical clustering were used to identify the major signaling pathways affected by the injury. In contrast to previous nonclinical studies, important changes were observed in molecular pathways related to antiapoptotic signaling, neurotrophic factor processes, cell motility, and immune cell chemotactic signaling. The results of our current study provide new insights regarding the essential interactions of different molecular pathways that drive neuronal repair and axonal regeneration in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Welleford
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, KY, USA.,Brain Restoration Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,* These are co-first authors and have contributed equally to this article
| | - Jorge E Quintero
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, KY, USA.,Brain Restoration Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, KY, USA.,* These are co-first authors and have contributed equally to this article
| | - Nader El Seblani
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, KY, USA.,Brain Restoration Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,* These are co-first authors and have contributed equally to this article
| | - Eric Blalock
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, KY, USA.,Brain Restoration Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Sumedha Gunewardena
- Kansas Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, KS, USA
| | - Steven M Shapiro
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO, USA.,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, KS, USA
| | - Sean M Riordan
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Peter Huettl
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, KY, USA.,Brain Restoration Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Zain Guduru
- Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - John A Stanford
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, KS, USA
| | - Craig G van Horne
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, KY, USA.,Brain Restoration Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Greg A Gerhardt
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, KY, USA.,Brain Restoration Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, KY, USA
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Li A, Pereira C, Hill EE, Vukcevich O, Wang A. In vitro, In vivo and Ex vivo Models for Peripheral Nerve Injury and Regeneration. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 20:344-361. [PMID: 33827409 PMCID: PMC9413794 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666210407155543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral Nerve Injuries (PNI) frequently occur secondary to traumatic injuries. Recovery from these injuries can be expectedly poor, especially in proximal injuries. In order to study and improve peripheral nerve regeneration, scientists rely on peripheral nerve models to identify and test therapeutic interventions. In this review, we discuss the best described and most commonly used peripheral nerve models that scientists have and continue to use to study peripheral nerve physiology and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Li
- University of California Davis Ringgold standard institution - Hand and Upper Extremity Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery Sacramento, California. United States
| | - Clifford Pereira
- University of California Davis Ringgold standard institution - Hand and Upper Extremity Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery Sacramento, California. United States
| | - Elise Eleanor Hill
- University of California Davis Ringgold standard institution - Department of Surgery Sacramento, California. United States
| | - Olivia Vukcevich
- University of California Davis Ringgold standard institution - Surgery & Biomedical Engineering Sacramento, California. United States
| | - Aijun Wang
- University of California Davis - Surgery & Biomedical Engineering 4625 2nd Ave., Suite 3005 Sacramento Sacramento California 95817. United States
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Li L, Xu Y, Wang X, Liu J, Hu X, Tan D, Li Z, Guo J. Ascorbic acid accelerates Wallerian degeneration after peripheral nerve injury. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:1078-1085. [PMID: 33269753 PMCID: PMC8224114 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.300459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Wallerian degeneration occurs after peripheral nerve injury and provides a beneficial microenvironment for nerve regeneration. Our previous study demonstrated that ascorbic acid promotes peripheral nerve regeneration, possibly through promoting Schwann cell proliferation and phagocytosis and enhancing macrophage proliferation, migration, and phagocytosis. Because Schwann cells and macrophages are the main cells involved in Wallerian degeneration, we speculated that ascorbic acid may accelerate this degenerative process. To test this hypothesis, 400 mg/kg ascorbic acid was administered intragastrically immediately after sciatic nerve transection, and 200 mg/kg ascorbic acid was then administered intragastrically every day. In addition, rat sciatic nerve explants were treated with 200 μM ascorbic acid. Ascorbic acid significantly accelerated the degradation of myelin basic protein-positive myelin and neurofilament 200-positive axons in both the transected nerves and nerve explants. Furthermore, ascorbic acid inhibited myelin-associated glycoprotein expression, increased c-Jun expression in Schwann cells, and increased both the number of macrophages and the amount of myelin fragments in the macrophages. These findings suggest that ascorbic acid accelerates Wallerian degeneration by accelerating the degeneration of axons and myelin in the injured nerve, promoting the dedifferentiation of Schwann cells, and enhancing macrophage recruitment and phagocytosis. The study was approved by the Southern Medical University Animal Care and Use Committee (approval No. SMU-L2015081) on October 15, 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University; Department of Anatomy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yizhou Xu
- Department of Histology and Embryology; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xianghai Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China;, China
| | - Jingmin Liu
- Department of Histology and Embryology; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China;, China
| | - Xiaofang Hu
- Department of Histology and Embryology; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China;, China
| | - Dandan Tan
- Department of Histology and Embryology; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhenlin Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jiasong Guo
- Department of Histology and Embryology; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering; Department of Spine Orthopedics, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province; Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders, Southern Medical University; Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
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6
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Yuan YS, Yu F, Zhang YJ, Niu SP, Xu HL, Kou YH. Changes in proteins related to early nerve repair in a rat model of sciatic nerve injury. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:1622-1627. [PMID: 33433493 PMCID: PMC8323673 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.301025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerves have a limited capacity for self-repair and those that are severely damaged or have significant defects are challenging to repair. Investigating the pathophysiology of peripheral nerve repair is important for the clinical treatment of peripheral nerve repair and regeneration. In this study, rat models of right sciatic nerve injury were established by a clamping method. Protein chip assay was performed to quantify the levels of neurotrophic, inflammation-related, chemotaxis-related and cell generation-related factors in the sciatic nerve within 7 days after injury. The results revealed that the expression levels of neurotrophic factors (ciliary neurotrophic factor) and inflammation-related factors (intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1, interferon γ, interleukin-1α, interleukin-2, interleukin-4, interleukin-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, prolactin R, receptor of advanced glycation end products and tumor necrosis factor-α), chemotaxis-related factors (cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-1, L-selectin and platelet-derived growth factor-AA) and cell generation-related factors (granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor) followed different trajectories. These findings will help clarify the pathophysiology of sciatic nerve injury repair and develop clinical treatments of peripheral nerve injury. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Peking University People’s Hospital of China (approval No. 2015-50) on December 9, 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Song Yuan
- Department of Trauma and Orthopedics, Peking University People's Hospital; Key Laboratory of Trauma and Neural Regeneration (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Yu
- Department of Trauma and Orthopedics, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing; National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Orthopedic Biomaterials, Department of Bone & Joint Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ya-Jun Zhang
- National Center for Trauma Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Su-Ping Niu
- Office of Academic Research, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hai-Lin Xu
- Department of Trauma and Orthopedics; Diabetic Foot Treatment Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Hui Kou
- Department of Trauma and Orthopedics, Peking University People's Hospital; Key Laboratory of Trauma and Neural Regeneration (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
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Kerns JM, Walter JS, Patetta MJ, Sood A, Hussain AK, Chung JJ, Deshpande A, DesLaurier JT, Dieter RA, Siemionow M, Seiler FA, Amirouche FML, Gonzalez MH. Histological Assessment of Wallerian Degeneration of the Rat Tibial Nerve Following Crush and Transection Injuries. J Reconstr Microsurg 2020; 37:391-404. [PMID: 32971546 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1716870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wallerian degeneration (WD) following peripheral nerve injury (PNI) is an area of growing focus for pharmacological developments. Clinically, WD presents challenges in achieving full functional recovery following PNI, as prolonged denervation of distal tissues for an extended period of time can irreversibly destabilize sensory and motor targets with secondary tissue atrophy. Our objective is to improve upon histological assessments of WD. METHODS Conventional methods utilize a qualitative system simply describing the presence or absence of WD in nerve fibers. We propose a three-category assessment that allows more quantification: A fibers appear normal, B fibers have moderate WD (altered axoplasm), and C fibers have extensive WD (myelin figures). Analysis was by light microscopy (LM) on semithin sections stained with toluidine blue in three rat tibial nerve lesion models (crush, partial transection, and complete transection) at 5 days postop and 5 mm distal to the injury site. The LM criteria were verified at the ultrastructural level. This early outcome measure was compared with the loss of extensor postural thrust and the absence of muscle atrophy. RESULTS The results showed good to excellent internal consistency among counters, demonstrating a significant difference between the crush and transection lesion models. A significant decrease in fiber density in the injured nerves due to inflammation/edema was observed. The growth cones of regenerating axons were evident in the crush lesion group. CONCLUSION The ABC method of histological assessment is a consistent and reliable method that will be useful to quantify the effects of different interventions on the WD process.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Kerns
- Department Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - James S Walter
- Hines Veterans Affairs Hospital Research Service, Hines, Illinois
| | - Michael J Patetta
- Department Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Anshum Sood
- Department Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Awais K Hussain
- Department Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Joyce J Chung
- University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | | | - Raymond A Dieter
- Hines Veterans Affairs Hospital Research Service, Hines, Illinois
| | - Maria Siemionow
- Department Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Figen A Seiler
- Research Resources Center, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Farid M L Amirouche
- Department Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Mark H Gonzalez
- Department Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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Cheng XQ, Liang XZ, Wei S, Ding X, Han GH, Liu P, Sun X, Quan Q, Tang H, Zhao Q, Shang AJ, Peng J. Protein microarray analysis of cytokine expression changes in distal stumps after sciatic nerve transection. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:503-511. [PMID: 31571662 PMCID: PMC6921340 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.266062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A large number of chemokines, cytokines, other trophic factors and the extracellular matrix molecules form a favorable microenvironment for peripheral nerve regeneration. This microenvironment is one of the major factors for regenerative success. Therefore, it is important to investigate the key molecules and regulators affecting nerve regeneration after peripheral nerve injury. However, the identities of specific cytokines at various time points after sciatic nerve injury have not been determined. The study was performed by transecting the sciatic nerve to establish a model of peripheral nerve injury and to analyze, by protein microarray, the expression of different cytokines in the distal nerve after injury. Results showed a large number of cytokines were up-regulated at different time points post injury and several cytokines, e.g., ciliary neurotrophic factor, were downregulated. The construction of a protein-protein interaction network was used to screen how the proteins interacted with differentially expressed cytokines. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway and Gene ontology analyses indicated that the differentially expressed cytokines were significantly associated with chemokine signaling pathways, Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription, phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B, and notch signaling pathway. The cytokines involved in inflammation, immune response and cell chemotaxis were up-regulated initially and the cytokines involved in neuronal apoptotic processes, cell-cell adhesion, and cell proliferation were up-regulated at 28 days after injury. Western blot analysis showed that the expression and changes of hepatocyte growth factor, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor and ciliary neurotrophic factor were consistent with the results of protein microarray analysis. The results provide a comprehensive understanding of changes in cytokine expression and changes in these cytokines and classical signaling pathways and biological functions during Wallerian degeneration, as well as a basis for potential treatments of peripheral nerve injury. The study was approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, China (approval number: 2016-x9-07) in September 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qing Cheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xue-Zhen Liang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing; The First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Shuai Wei
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Ding
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Gong-Hai Han
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xun Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Quan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - He Tang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ai-Jia Shang
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province; Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jiang Peng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing; Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
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