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Ouyang L, Ma X, Yuan L, Fan L, Liao A, Li D, Yang Z, Zhang Z, Liu W, Chen X, Li Z, He Y. Impairment of olfactory identification ability in ultra-high risk for psychosis and drug-naïve first episode psychosis. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2024; 133:111035. [PMID: 38795823 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.111035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Patients with psychotic diseases have been reported to exhibit abnormalities in their olfactory discrimination. These alterations have also been identified in people at high genetic or clinical risk for psychosis, suggesting olfactory discrimination dysfunction may be a potential risk factor for developing psychosis. Thus, the purpose of our study is to explore the difference in olfactory discrimination ability in the prosal stage and early stage of psychosis and to explore the potential risk factor of developed psychosis. METHODS We compared olfactory identification and cognitive function in 89 ultra-high-risk (UHR) individuals, 103 individuals with Drug-naïve first-episode schizophrenia (FES), 81 genetic high-risk (GHR) individuals, and 97 healthy controls (HC). Additionally, we compared olfactory identification and cognitive function between two groups; UHR individuals who later transitioned to psychosis (UHR-T; n = 33) and those who did not transition (UHR-NT; n = 42)). Furthermore, we analyzed the correlations between olfactory discrimination ability and cognitive function and symptoms and compared the olfactory function between men and women. RESULTS Patients with first-episode schizophrenia (FES) and those at ultra-high risk (UHR) for psychosis exhibited more significant deficits in olfactory identification than healthy controls (HC), while no differences in olfactory identification dysfunction were observed between the genetic high risk (GHR) and HC groups. Notably, individuals in the UHR group who later developed psyhchosis displayed a steeper marked decline in their baseline olfactory identification ability than that of those in the UHR group who did not develop psychosis. Cognitive dysfunction is widely observed in both the FES and UHR groups, with a distinct correlation identified between olfactory discrimination function and cognitive performance. Finally, overall, women exhibit significantly superior olfactory function than men. CONCLUSION In conclusion, these findings suggest that impairment of olfactory identification exists in the early stage of psychosis. Olfactory identification dysfunction may therefore be a potential marker of predicting the transition to schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Ouyang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China; China National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Institute of Mental Health, and Hunan Medical Center for Mental Health, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Xiaoqian Ma
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China; China National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Institute of Mental Health, and Hunan Medical Center for Mental Health, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Liu Yuan
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China; China National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Institute of Mental Health, and Hunan Medical Center for Mental Health, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Lejia Fan
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China; China National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Institute of Mental Health, and Hunan Medical Center for Mental Health, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Aijun Liao
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China; China National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Institute of Mental Health, and Hunan Medical Center for Mental Health, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - David Li
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China; China National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Institute of Mental Health, and Hunan Medical Center for Mental Health, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Zihao Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China; China National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Institute of Mental Health, and Hunan Medical Center for Mental Health, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Zhenmei Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China; China National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Institute of Mental Health, and Hunan Medical Center for Mental Health, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Weiqing Liu
- Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Shanghai Pudong New Area Mental Health Center, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200122, China; Laboratory for Molecular Mechanisms of Brain Development, Center for Brain Science (CBS), RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Xiaogang Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China; China National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Institute of Mental Health, and Hunan Medical Center for Mental Health, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Zongchang Li
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China; China National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Institute of Mental Health, and Hunan Medical Center for Mental Health, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China.
| | - Ying He
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China; China National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Institute of Mental Health, and Hunan Medical Center for Mental Health, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China.
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Xie B, Yang S, Hao Y, Sun Y, Li L, Guo C, Yang Y. Impaired olfactory identification in dementia-free individuals is associated with the functional abnormality of the precuneus. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 194:106483. [PMID: 38527709 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2024.106483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Olfactory dysfunction indicates a higher risk of developing dementia. However, the potential structural and functional changes are still largely unknown. METHODS A total of 236 participants were enrolled, including 45 Alzheimer's disease (AD) individuals and 191dementia-free individuals. Detailed study methods, comprising neuropsychological assessment and olfactory identification test (University of Pennsylvania smell identification test, UPSIT), as well as structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were applied in this research. The dementia-free individuals were divided into two sub-groups based on olfactory score: dementia-free with olfactory dysfunction (DF-OD) sub-group and dementia-free without olfactory dysfunction (DF-NOD) sub-group. The results were analyzed for subsequent intergroup comparisons and correlations. The cognitive assessment was conducted again three years later. RESULTS (i) At dementia-free stage, there was a positive correlation between olfactory score and cognitive function. (ii) In dementia-free group, the volume of crucial brain structures involved in olfactory recognition and processing (such as amygdala, entorhinal cortex and basal forebrain volumes) are positively associated with olfactory score. (iii) Compared to the DF-NOD group, the DF-OD group showed a significant reduction in olfactory network (ON) function. (iv) Compared to DF-NOD group, there were significant functional connectivity (FC) decline between PCun_L(R)_4_1 in the precuneus of posterior default mode network (pDMN) and the salience network (SN) in DF-OD group, and the FC values decreased with falling olfactory scores. Moreover, in DF-OD group, the noteworthy reduction in FC were observed between PCun_L(R)_4_1 and amygdala, which was a crucial component of ON. (v) The AD conversion rate of DF-OD was 29.41%, while the DF-NOD group was 12.50%. The structural and functional changes in the precuneus were also observed in AD and were more severe. CONCLUSIONS In addition to the olfactory circuit, the precuneus is a critical structure in the odor identification process, whose abnormal function underlies the olfactory identification impairment of dementia-free individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Xie
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Simin Yang
- Department of Radiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yitong Hao
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yining Sun
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Ludi Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Chunjie Guo
- Department of Radiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yu Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
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Gu Y, Zhang J, Zhao X, Nie W, Xu X, Liu M, Zhang X. Olfactory dysfunction and its related molecular mechanisms in Parkinson's disease. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:583-590. [PMID: 37721288 PMCID: PMC10581567 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.380875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes in olfactory function are considered to be early biomarkers of Parkinson's disease. Olfactory dysfunction is one of the earliest non-motor features of Parkinson's disease, appearing in about 90% of patients with early-stage Parkinson's disease, and can often predate the diagnosis by years. Therefore, olfactory dysfunction should be considered a reliable marker of the disease. However, the mechanisms responsible for olfactory dysfunction are currently unknown. In this article, we clearly explain the pathology and medical definition of olfactory function as a biomarker for early-stage Parkinson's disease. On the basis of the findings of clinical olfactory function tests and animal model experiments as well as neurotransmitter expression levels, we further characterize the relationship between olfactory dysfunction and neurodegenerative diseases as well as the molecular mechanisms underlying olfactory dysfunction in the pathology of early-stage Parkinson's disease. The findings highlighted in this review suggest that olfactory dysfunction is an important biomarker for preclinical-stage Parkinson's disease. Therefore, therapeutic drugs targeting non-motor symptoms such as olfactory dysfunction in the early stage of Parkinson's disease may prevent or delay dopaminergic neurodegeneration and reduce motor symptoms, highlighting the potential of identifying effective targets for treating Parkinson's disease by inhibiting the deterioration of olfactory dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Gu
- College of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jiaying Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xinru Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wenyuan Nie
- College of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiaole Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Mingxuan Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
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Zhang K, Shen D, Huang S, Iqbal J, Huang G, Si J, Xue Y, Yang JL. The sexually divergent cFos activation map of fear extinction. Heliyon 2024; 10:e23748. [PMID: 38205315 PMCID: PMC10777019 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a neuropsychiatric disorder that can develop after experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event. Exposure therapy is a common treatment for PTSD, but it has varying levels of efficacy depending on sex. In this study, we aimed to compare the sexual dimorphism in brain activation during the extinction of fear conditioning in male and female rats by detecting the c-fos levels in the whole brain. Methods Thirty-two rats (Male: n = 16; Female: n = 16) were randomly separated into the extinction group as well as the non-extinction group, and fear conditioning was followed by extinction and non-extinction, respectively. Subsequently, brain sections from the sacrificed animal were performed immunofluorescence and the collected data were analyzed by repeated two-way ANOVAs as well as Pearson Correlation Coefficient. Results Our findings showed that most brain areas activated during extinction were similar in both male and female rats, except for the reuniens thalamic nucleus and ventral hippocampi. Furthermore, we found differences in the correlation between c-fos activation levels and freezing behavior during extinction between male and female rats. Specifically, in male rats, c-fos activation in the anterior cingulate cortex was negatively correlated with the freezing level, while c-fos activation in the retrosplenial granular cortex was positively correlated with the freezing level; but in female rats did not exhibit any correlation between c-fos activation and freezing level. Finally, the functional connectivity analysis revealed differences in the neural networks involved in extinction learning between male and female rats. In male rats, the infralimbic cortex and insular cortex, anterior cingulate cortex and retrosplenial granular cortex, and dorsal dentate gyrus and dCA3 were strongly correlated after extinction. In female rats, prelimbic cortex and basolateral amygdala, insular cortex and dCA3, and anterior cingulate cortex and dCA1 were significantly correlated. Conclusion These results suggest divergent neural networks involved in extinction learning in male and female rats and provide a clue for improving the clinical treatment of exposure therapy based on the sexual difference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Dan Shen
- Xinxiang Medical University, 601 Jinsui Dadao, Hongqi District, Xinxiang City, Henan Province, China
| | - Shihao Huang
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory on Drug Dependence Research, Peking University, 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Javed Iqbal
- Shenzhen Kangning Hospital & Shenzhen Mental Health Center, No. 77 Zhenbi Road, Shenzhen, 518118, China
- Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Gengdi Huang
- Shenzhen Kangning Hospital & Shenzhen Mental Health Center, No. 77 Zhenbi Road, Shenzhen, 518118, China
- Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jijian Si
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanxue Xue
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory on Drug Dependence Research, Peking University, 100191, Beijing, China
- Xinxiang Medical University, 601 Jinsui Dadao, Hongqi District, Xinxiang City, Henan Province, China
| | - Jian-Li Yang
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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