Hepatitis C in India

Socio-demographic association with confirmed hepatitis C virus infection: A cross-sectional analysis from a teaching institute

Introduction

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is the most common chronic blood-borne disease and is more commonly associated with chronic active hepatitis leading to cirrhosis, hepato-cellular carcinoma and end-stage liver disease.

Methodology

160 consecutive screening positive (Enzyme linked immuno sorbent assay positive) Hepatitis C samples were tested by HCV RNA Real Time-PCR for confirmation.

Result

Prevalence of confirmed hepatitis C among screening positive patient in the present study was found to be 24.4%. Vaccinated individual with Hepatitis A and Hepatitis B had significant association with PCR positivity in screening positive Hepatitis C patient (p< 0.05). IV drug users and patient having multiple sex partners have significant association with PCR positivity among screening positive Hepatitis C patients (p< 0.05).

Conclusion

Due to the lack of an effective vaccine and the increased risk of serious complications, it is important to focus on prevention and early detection of HCV.

Sofosbuvir-velpatasvir single-tablet regimen administered for 12 weeks in a phase 3 study with minimal monitoring in India

Background and aims

In clinical studies, sofosbuvir–velpatasvir has demonstrated high cure rates and favorable tolerability in patients chronically infected with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) of any genotype. We evaluated the effectiveness and safety of sofosbuvir–velpatasvir administered with minimal medical monitoring to patients in India.

Methods

At 16 sites in India, 129 adult patients with chronic HCV infection of any genotype initiated 12 weeks of once-daily sofosbuvir–velpatasvir (400–100 mg). Patients with compensated cirrhosis or prior treatment experience could be included in the study. Study drug was dispensed monthly, but there were no on-treatment study assessments. The primary efficacy endpoint was rate of sustained virologic response (HCV RNA < 15 IU/mL) 12 weeks after treatment (SVR12), which was compared to a pre-specified performance goal of 85%.

Results

The majority of patients had HCV genotype 3 infection (70%), followed by HCV genotype 1 (22%). The SVR12 rate was 93% (120/129; 95% CI, 87% to 97%) (p = 0.009 compared with the 85% performance goal). Of the nine patients who did not achieve SVR12, 1 experienced virologic failure, 2 relapsed after treatment, 1 withdrew consent after treatment, and 5 were lost to follow-up (1 during and 4 after treatment). Sofosbuvir–velpatasvir was well-tolerated, and no patients discontinued treatment because of an adverse event. The most frequently reported adverse events were headache (3% of patients), upper abdominal pain (2%), and pyrexia (2%).

Conclusions

In this study conducted at multiple sites in India, sofosbuvir–velpatasvir administered without genotype restriction or on-treatment safety assessments was well-tolerated and highly effective.

Burden of hepatitis C virus infection in India: A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND AND AIM

Burden of hepatitis C in India is not known. We therefore conducted a systematic review of the available data on anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) seroprevalence in the Indian population.

METHODS

We searched several publication databases for English language papers that reported data on anti-HCV seroprevalence from India and also identified other unpublished sources of such data. Data on groups likely to represent seroprevalence in general population and in selected high-risk groups were extracted and subjected to meta-analysis.

RESULTS

Of the 3995 published papers and 94 additional data sources identified, 327 were selected; these provided 414 anti-HCV seroprevalence data points. Pooled anti-HCV seroprevalence rates in community-based studies, blood donors, and pregnant women were 0.85% (95% confidence interval: 0.00-3.98%), 0.44% (0.40-0.49), and 0.88% (0.21-1.90), respectively. Among groups considered at high risk of HCV, pooled anti-HCV seroprevalence rates were as follows: people living with HIV (40 studies from 17 states: 3.51% [2.43-4.76]), persons on maintenance hemodialysis (37, 13; 19.23% [13.52-25.65]), people who inject drugs (46, 14; 44.71% [37.50-52.03]), multi-transfused persons (38, 12; 24.06% [20.00-28.36]), persons with sexually transmitted diseases (7, 5; 4.10% [0.98-9.04]), and those with high-risk sex behavior (6, 5; 4.06% [1.79-7.10]).

CONCLUSIONS

Community-based data on HCV seroprevalence in India were limited. Large amount of data on blood donors and pregnant women were identified, with pooled anti-HCV seroprevalence rates of 0.44% and 0.88%, respectively. Among high-risk groups, anti-HCV prevalence was higher among people living with HIV, those with sexually transmitted diseases, high-risk sex behavior or injection drug use, and those receiving hemodialysis or frequent transfusions.

Tackling the Hepatitis C Disease Burden in Punjab, India

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a globally prevalent pathogen and is a major cause of healthcare burden in India. HCV poses a significant problem in the state of Punjab, India owing to the higher prevalence of risk factors like unsafe medical practices (including unsafe injections and dental procedures) and intravenous drug use. The reported prevalence of HCV in this part of the country was 5.2% in 2012, while a recent study has shown the prevalence to be 3.2% in 2016. Similar to the other geographic belts in India, genotype 3 predominates in the state of Punjab. Control of HCV infection in Punjab requires focusing on several strategies. There is a need to formulate a health educational curriculum targeting not only the high-risk population but also the general population regarding the transmission of HCV. Training of family physicians who form the first link to patients in the community is imperative in the success of healthcare programmes. Adopting the dual approach of treating the old cases (decreasing the reservoir pool of HCV) and decreasing the incidence of new ones would help curtail the disease and decrease liver related mortality. A commendable initiative has been launched by the Punjab state government to eliminate HCV from Punjab. However, besides the initiative by the government, a concerted effort by all other stakeholders in managing the HCV burden in India, namely the doctors, the drug companies and the non-government organizations is required for control of HCV.

Pegylated interferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin for treatment of chronic hepatitis C

AIM: To study the safety and efficacy of pegylated interferon alfa-2b, indigenously developed in India, plus ribavirin in treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV).

METHODS: One-hundred HCV patients were enrolled in an open-label, multicenter trial. Patients were treated with pegylated interferon alfa-2b 1.5 μg/kg per week subcutaneously plus oral ribavirin 800 mg/d for patients with genotypes 2 and 3 for 24 wk. The same dose of peginterferon plus weight-based ribavirin (800 mg/d for ≤ 65 kg; 1000 mg/d for > 65-85 kg; 1200 mg/d for > 85-105 kg; 1400 mg/d for > 105 kg body weight) was administered for 48 wk for patients with genotypes 1 and 4. Serological and biochemical responses of patients were assessed.

RESULTS: Eighty-two patients (35 in genotypes 1 and 4 and 47 in 2 and 3), completed the study. In genotype 1, 25.9% of patients achieved rapid virologic response (RVR): while the figures were 74.1% for early virologic response (EVR) and 44.4% for sustained virologic response (SVR). For genotypes 2 and 3, all patients bar one belonged to genotype 3, and of those, 71.4%, 87.5%, and 64.3% achieved RVR, EVR, and SVR, respectively. In genotype 4, 58.8%, 88.2%, and 52.9% of patients achieved RVR, EVR, and SVR, respectively. The majority of patients attained normal levels of alanine aminotransferase by 4-12 wk of therapy. Most patients showed a good tolerance for the treatment, although mild-to-moderate adverse events were exhibited; only two patients discontinued the study medication due to serious adverse events (SAEs). Eleven SAEs were observed in nine patients; however, only four SAEs were related to study medication.

CONCLUSION: Peginterferon alfa-2b, which was developed in India, in combination with ribavirin, is a safe and effective drug in the treatment of HCV.

Consensus Statement of HCV Task Force of the Indian National Association for Study of the Liver (INASL). Part I: Status Report of HCV Infection in India

Globally, around 150 million people are infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV). India contributes a large proportion of this HCV burden. The prevalence of HCV infection in India is estimated at between 0.5% and 1.5%. It is higher in the northeastern part, tribal populations and Punjab, areas which may represent HCV hotspots, and is lower in western and eastern parts of the country. The predominant modes of HCV transmission in India are blood transfusion and unsafe therapeutic injections. There is a need for large field studies to better understand HCV epidemiology and identify high-prevalence areas, and to identify and spread awareness about the modes of transmission of this infection in an attempt to prevent disease transmission.