1
|
Guo S, Wang D. Novel insights into the potential applications of stem cells in pulmonary hypertension therapy. Respir Res 2024; 25:237. [PMID: 38849894 PMCID: PMC11162078 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-024-02865-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) refers to a group of deadly lung diseases characterized by vascular lesions in the microvasculature and a progressive increase in pulmonary vascular resistance. The prevalence of PH has increased over time. Currently, the treatment options available for PH patients have limited efficacy, and none of them can fundamentally reverse pulmonary vascular remodeling. Stem cells represent an ideal seed with proven efficacy in clinical studies focusing on liver, cardiovascular, and nerve diseases. Since the potential therapeutic effect of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) on PH was first reported in 2006, many studies have demonstrated the efficacy of stem cells in PH animal models and suggested that stem cells can help slow the deterioration of lung tissue. Existing PH treatment studies basically focus on the paracrine action of stem cells, including protein regulation, exosome pathway, and cell signaling; however, the specific mechanisms have not yet been clarified. Apoptotic and afunctional pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (PMVECs) and alveolar epithelial cells (AECs) are two fundamental promoters of PH although they have not been extensively studied by researchers. This review mainly focuses on the supportive communication and interaction between PMVECs and AECs as well as the potential restorative effect of stem cells on their injury. In the future, more studies are needed to prove these effects and explore more radical cures for PH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sijia Guo
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian, China.
| | - Dachun Wang
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the prevention of Human Diseases, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mason EC, Menon S, Schneider BR, Gaskill CF, Dawson MM, Moore CM, Armstrong LC, Cho O, Richmond BW, Kropski JA, West JD, Geraghty P, Gomperts BN, Ess KC, Gally F, Majka SM. Activation of mTOR signaling in adult lung microvascular progenitor cells accelerates lung aging. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e171430. [PMID: 37874650 PMCID: PMC10721153 DOI: 10.1172/jci171430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactivation and dysregulation of the mTOR signaling pathway are a hallmark of aging and chronic lung disease; however, the impact on microvascular progenitor cells (MVPCs), capillary angiostasis, and tissue homeostasis is unknown. While the existence of an adult lung vascular progenitor has long been hypothesized, these studies show that Abcg2 enriches for a population of angiogenic tissue-resident MVPCs present in both adult mouse and human lungs using functional, lineage, and transcriptomic analyses. These studies link human and mouse MVPC-specific mTORC1 activation to decreased stemness, angiogenic potential, and disruption of p53 and Wnt pathways, with consequent loss of alveolar-capillary structure and function. Following mTOR activation, these MVPCs adapt a unique transcriptome signature and emerge as a venous subpopulation in the angiodiverse microvascular endothelial subclusters. Thus, our findings support a significant role for mTOR in the maintenance of MVPC function and microvascular niche homeostasis as well as a cell-based mechanism driving loss of tissue structure underlying lung aging and the development of emphysema.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma C. Mason
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Swapna Menon
- Pulmonary Vascular Research Institute Kochi and AnalyzeDat Consulting Services, Kerala, India
| | - Benjamin R. Schneider
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Christa F. Gaskill
- Department of Dermatology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Maggie M. Dawson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Camille M. Moore
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, Center for Genes, Environment and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Laura Craig Armstrong
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Okyong Cho
- Genomics and Microarray Core, University of Colorado Cancer Center, Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Bradley W. Richmond
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center and Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jonathan A. Kropski
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center and Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - James D. West
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center and Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Patrick Geraghty
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Brigitte N. Gomperts
- Translational Research, UCLA Broad Stem Cell Research Center; Pediatrics Division of Pulmonary Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kevin C. Ess
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Fabienne Gally
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, Center for Genes, Environment and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Susan M. Majka
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
- Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Balistrieri A, Makino A, Yuan JXJ. Pathophysiology and pathogenic mechanisms of pulmonary hypertension: role of membrane receptors, ion channels, and Ca 2+ signaling. Physiol Rev 2023; 103:1827-1897. [PMID: 36422993 PMCID: PMC10110735 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00030.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The pulmonary circulation is a low-resistance, low-pressure, and high-compliance system that allows the lungs to receive the entire cardiac output. Pulmonary arterial pressure is a function of cardiac output and pulmonary vascular resistance, and pulmonary vascular resistance is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the intraluminal radius of the pulmonary artery. Therefore, a very small decrease of the pulmonary vascular lumen diameter results in a significant increase in pulmonary vascular resistance and pulmonary arterial pressure. Pulmonary arterial hypertension is a fatal and progressive disease with poor prognosis. Regardless of the initial pathogenic triggers, sustained pulmonary vasoconstriction, concentric vascular remodeling, occlusive intimal lesions, in situ thrombosis, and vascular wall stiffening are the major and direct causes for elevated pulmonary vascular resistance in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension and other forms of precapillary pulmonary hypertension. In this review, we aim to discuss the basic principles and physiological mechanisms involved in the regulation of lung vascular hemodynamics and pulmonary vascular function, the changes in the pulmonary vasculature that contribute to the increased vascular resistance and arterial pressure, and the pathogenic mechanisms involved in the development and progression of pulmonary hypertension. We focus on reviewing the pathogenic roles of membrane receptors, ion channels, and intracellular Ca2+ signaling in pulmonary vascular smooth muscle cells in the development and progression of pulmonary hypertension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Balistrieri
- Section of Physiology, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Ayako Makino
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Jason X-J Yuan
- Section of Physiology, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pulmonary Vascular Remodeling in Pulmonary Hypertension. J Pers Med 2023; 13:jpm13020366. [PMID: 36836600 PMCID: PMC9967990 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13020366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary vascular remodeling is the critical structural alteration and pathological feature in pulmonary hypertension (PH) and involves changes in the intima, media and adventitia. Pulmonary vascular remodeling consists of the proliferation and phenotypic transformation of pulmonary artery endothelial cells (PAECs) and pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) of the middle membranous pulmonary artery, as well as complex interactions involving external layer pulmonary artery fibroblasts (PAFs) and extracellular matrix (ECM). Inflammatory mechanisms, apoptosis and other factors in the vascular wall are influenced by different mechanisms that likely act in concert to drive disease progression. This article reviews these pathological changes and highlights some pathogenetic mechanisms involved in the remodeling process.
Collapse
|
5
|
Liu D, Xu C, Jiang L, Zhu X. Pulmonary endogenous progenitor stem cell subpopulation: Physiology, pathogenesis, and progress. JOURNAL OF INTENSIVE MEDICINE 2023; 3:38-51. [PMID: 36789358 PMCID: PMC9924023 DOI: 10.1016/j.jointm.2022.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Lungs are structurally and functionally complex organs consisting of diverse cell types from the proximal to distal axis. They have direct contact with the external environment and are constantly at risk of various injuries. Capable to proliferate and differentiate, pulmonary endogenous progenitor stem cells contribute to the maintenance of lung structure and function both under homeostasis and following injuries. Discovering candidate pulmonary endogenous progenitor stem cell types and underlying regenerative mechanisms provide insights into therapeutic strategy development for lung diseases. In this review, we reveal their compositions, roles in lung disease pathogenesis and injury repair, and the underlying mechanisms. We further underline the advanced progress in research approach and potential therapy for lung regeneration. We also demonstrate the feasibility and prospects of pulmonary endogenous stem cell transplantation for lung disease treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Di Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Chufan Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Lai Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhu
- Department of Physiology, Navy Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Solinc J, Ribot J, Soubrier F, Pavoine C, Dierick F, Nadaud S. The Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Pathway in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Still an Interesting Target? Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12050658. [PMID: 35629326 PMCID: PMC9143262 DOI: 10.3390/life12050658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The lack of curative options for pulmonary arterial hypertension drives important research to understand the mechanisms underlying this devastating disease. Among the main identified pathways, the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) pathway was established to control vascular remodeling and anti-PDGF receptor (PDGFR) drugs were shown to reverse the disease in experimental models. Four different isoforms of PDGF are produced by various cell types in the lung. PDGFs control vascular cells migration, proliferation and survival through binding to their receptors PDGFRα and β. They elicit multiple intracellular signaling pathways which have been particularly studied in pulmonary smooth muscle cells. Activation of the PDGF pathway has been demonstrated both in patients and in pulmonary hypertension (PH) experimental models. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) are numerous but without real specificity and Imatinib, one of the most specific, resulted in beneficial effects. However, adverse events and treatment discontinuation discouraged to pursue this therapy. Novel therapeutic strategies are currently under experimental evaluation. For TKI, they include intratracheal drug administration, low dosage or nanoparticles delivery. Specific anti-PDGF and anti-PDGFR molecules can also be designed such as new TKI, soluble receptors, aptamers or oligonucleotides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Solinc
- INSERM, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Sorbonne Université, UMR_S1166, F-75013 Paris, France; (J.S.); (J.R.); (F.S.); (C.P.)
| | - Jonathan Ribot
- INSERM, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Sorbonne Université, UMR_S1166, F-75013 Paris, France; (J.S.); (J.R.); (F.S.); (C.P.)
| | - Florent Soubrier
- INSERM, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Sorbonne Université, UMR_S1166, F-75013 Paris, France; (J.S.); (J.R.); (F.S.); (C.P.)
| | - Catherine Pavoine
- INSERM, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Sorbonne Université, UMR_S1166, F-75013 Paris, France; (J.S.); (J.R.); (F.S.); (C.P.)
| | - France Dierick
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada;
| | - Sophie Nadaud
- INSERM, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Sorbonne Université, UMR_S1166, F-75013 Paris, France; (J.S.); (J.R.); (F.S.); (C.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-14077-9681
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Solinc J, Raimbault‐Machado J, Dierick F, El Bernoussi L, Tu L, Thuillet R, Mougenot N, Hoareau‐Coudert B, Monceau V, Pavoine C, Atassi F, Sassoon D, Marazzi G, Harvey RP, Schofield P, Christ D, Humbert M, Guignabert C, Soubrier F, Nadaud S. Platelet‐Derived Growth Factor Receptor Type α Activation Drives Pulmonary Vascular Remodeling Via Progenitor Cell Proliferation and Induces Pulmonary Hypertension. J Am Heart Assoc 2022; 11:e023021. [PMID: 35348002 PMCID: PMC9075467 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.121.023021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Background Platelet‐derived growth factor is a major regulator of the vascular remodeling associated with pulmonary arterial hypertension. We previously showed that protein widely 1 (PW1+) vascular progenitor cells participate in early vessel neomuscularization during experimental pulmonary hypertension (PH) and we addressed the role of the platelet‐derived growth factor receptor type α (PDGFRα) pathway in progenitor cell‐dependent vascular remodeling and in PH development. Methods and Results Remodeled pulmonary arteries from patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension showed an increased number of perivascular and vascular PW1+ cells expressing PDGFRα. PW1nLacZ reporter mice were used to follow the fate of pulmonary PW1+ progenitor cells in a model of chronic hypoxia–induced PH development. Under chronic hypoxia, PDGFRα inhibition prevented the increase in PW1+ progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation into vascular smooth muscle cells and reduced pulmonary vessel neomuscularization, but did not prevent an increased right ventricular systolic pressure or the development of right ventricular hypertrophy. Conversely, constitutive PDGFRα activation led to neomuscularization via PW1+ progenitor cell differentiation into new smooth muscle cells and to PH development in male mice without fibrosis. In vitro, PW1+ progenitor cell proliferation, but not differentiation, was dependent on PDGFRα activity. Conclusions These results demonstrate a major role of PDGFRα signaling in progenitor cell–dependent lung vessel neomuscularization and vascular remodeling contributing to PH development, including in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension patients. Our findings suggest that PDGFRα blockers may offer a therapeutic add‐on strategy to combine with current pulmonary arterial hypertension treatments to reduce vascular remodeling. Furthermore, our study highlights constitutive PDGFRα activation as a novel experimental PH model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Solinc
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMR_S 1166, Faculté de Médecine Pitié‐Salpêtrière Paris France
- ICAN Institute Paris France
| | - Jessica Raimbault‐Machado
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMR_S 1166, Faculté de Médecine Pitié‐Salpêtrière Paris France
- ICAN Institute Paris France
| | - France Dierick
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMR_S 1166, Faculté de Médecine Pitié‐Salpêtrière Paris France
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, McGill University Montréal QC Canada
| | - Lamiaa El Bernoussi
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMR_S 1166, Faculté de Médecine Pitié‐Salpêtrière Paris France
- ICAN Institute Paris France
| | - Ly Tu
- Université Paris‐Saclay, School of Medicine Le Kremlin‐Bicêtre France
- INSERM, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, UMR_S 999 «Pulmonary Hypertension: Pathophysiology and Novel Therapies Le Plessis‐Robinson France
| | - Raphaël Thuillet
- Université Paris‐Saclay, School of Medicine Le Kremlin‐Bicêtre France
- INSERM, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, UMR_S 999 «Pulmonary Hypertension: Pathophysiology and Novel Therapies Le Plessis‐Robinson France
| | - Nathalie Mougenot
- Sorbonne Universités, INSERM, UMS2, Faculté de Médecine Pitié‐Salpêtrière Paris France
| | | | | | - Catherine Pavoine
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMR_S 1166, Faculté de Médecine Pitié‐Salpêtrière Paris France
- ICAN Institute Paris France
| | - Fabrice Atassi
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMR_S 1166, Faculté de Médecine Pitié‐Salpêtrière Paris France
- ICAN Institute Paris France
| | - David Sassoon
- Université de Paris, INSERM, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center Paris France
| | - Giovanna Marazzi
- Université de Paris, INSERM, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center Paris France
| | - Richard P. Harvey
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute Darlinghurst Australia
- St. Vincent’s Clinical School and School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science UNSW Sydney Sydney Australia
| | - Peter Schofield
- St. Vincent’s Clinical School and School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science UNSW Sydney Sydney Australia
- Immunology Division Garvan Institute of Medical Research Darlinghurst Australia
| | - Daniel Christ
- St. Vincent’s Clinical School and School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science UNSW Sydney Sydney Australia
- Immunology Division Garvan Institute of Medical Research Darlinghurst Australia
| | - Marc Humbert
- Université Paris‐Saclay, School of Medicine Le Kremlin‐Bicêtre France
- INSERM, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, UMR_S 999 «Pulmonary Hypertension: Pathophysiology and Novel Therapies Le Plessis‐Robinson France
- Department of Respiratory and Intensive Care Medicine Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris (AP‐HP)Pulmonary Hypertension National Referral CenterHôpital Bicêtre Le Kremlin‐Bicêtre France
| | - Christophe Guignabert
- Université Paris‐Saclay, School of Medicine Le Kremlin‐Bicêtre France
- INSERM, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, UMR_S 999 «Pulmonary Hypertension: Pathophysiology and Novel Therapies Le Plessis‐Robinson France
| | - Florent Soubrier
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMR_S 1166, Faculté de Médecine Pitié‐Salpêtrière Paris France
- ICAN Institute Paris France
| | - Sophie Nadaud
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMR_S 1166, Faculté de Médecine Pitié‐Salpêtrière Paris France
- ICAN Institute Paris France
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sentek H, Klein D. Lung-Resident Mesenchymal Stem Cell Fates within Lung Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13184637. [PMID: 34572864 PMCID: PMC8472774 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Herein, the heterogeneous tumor stroma decisively impacts on tumor progression, therapy resistance, and, thus, poor clinical outcome. Among the numerous non-epithelial cells constructing the complex environment of lung carcinomas, mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) gained attraction being stromal precursor cells that could be recruited and ‘educated’ by lung cancer cells to adopt a tumor-associated MSC phenotype, serve as source for activated fibroblasts and presumably for vascular mural cells finally reinforcing tumor progression. Lung-resident MSCs should be considered as ‘local MSCs in stand by’ ready to be arranged within the cancer stroma. Abstract Lung-resident mesenchymal stem cells (LR-MSCs) are non-hematopoietic multipotent stromal cells that predominately reside adventitial within lung blood vessels. Based on their self-renewal and differentiation properties, LR-MSCs turned out to be important regulators of normal lung homeostasis. LR-MSCs exert beneficial effects mainly by local secretion of various growth factors and cytokines that in turn foster pulmonary regeneration including suppression of inflammation. At the same time, MSCs derived from various tissues of origins represent the first choice of cells for cell-based therapeutic applications in clinical medicine. Particularly for various acute as well as chronic lung diseases, the therapeutic applications of exogenous MSCs were shown to mediate beneficial effects, hereby improving lung function and survival. In contrast, endogenous MSCs of normal lungs seem not to be sufficient for lung tissue protection or repair following a pathological trigger; LR-MSCs could even contribute to initiation and/or progression of lung diseases, particularly lung cancer because of their inherent tropism to migrate towards primary tumors and metastatic sites. However, the role of endogenous LR-MSCs to be multipotent tumor-associated (stromal) precursors remains to be unraveled. Here, we summarize the recent knowledge how ‘cancer-educated’ LR-MSCs impact on lung cancer with a focus on mesenchymal stem cell fates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Diana Klein
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)-201-7238-3342
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Klein D. Lung Multipotent Stem Cells of Mesenchymal Nature: Cellular Basis, Clinical Relevance, and Implications for Stem Cell Therapy. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 35:204-216. [PMID: 33167666 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Tissue-resident stem cells are essential for normal organ homeostasis as well as for functional tissue regeneration after severe injury. Herein, mesenchymal stem cells, also designated as mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), contribute to the maintenance of organ integrity by their ability to replace dysfunctional cells or secrete cytokines locally and thus support the repair and healing processes of affected tissues. Recent Advances: Besides epithelial stem and progenitor cells, substantial evidence exists that tissue-resident multipotent stem cells of mesenchymal nature also exist in adult human lungs. These lung MSCs may function to regulate pulmonary tissue repair and/or regeneration, inflammation, fibrosis, and tumor formation. Critical Issues: Although therapeutically applied MSCs turned out to be a valuable therapeutic option for the prevention of lung diseases and/or the regeneration of diseased lung tissue, the true function of tissue-resident MSCs within the lung, and identification of their niche, which presumably dictates function, remain elusive. Future Directions: A detailed understanding of lung MSC localization (in the potential vascular stem cell niche) as well as of the signaling pathways controlling stem cell fate is prerequisite to unravel how (i) endogenous MSCs contribute to lung diseases, (ii) exogenous MSCs affect the proliferation of endogenous stem cells to repair damaged tissue, and (iii) a potential on-site manipulation of these cells directly within their endogenous niche could be used for therapeutic benefits. This review focuses on the central role of lung-resident MSCs, which are closely associated with the pulmonary vasculature, in a variety of chronic and acute lung diseases. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 35, 204-216.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Klein
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Dierick F, Solinc J, Bignard J, Soubrier F, Nadaud S. Progenitor/Stem Cells in Vascular Remodeling during Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061338. [PMID: 34071347 PMCID: PMC8226806 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is characterized by an important occlusive vascular remodeling with the production of new endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, myofibroblasts, and fibroblasts. Identifying the cellular processes leading to vascular proliferation and dysfunction is a major goal in order to decipher the mechanisms leading to PAH development. In addition to in situ proliferation of vascular cells, studies from the past 20 years have unveiled the role of circulating and resident vascular in pulmonary vascular remodeling. This review aims at summarizing the current knowledge on the different progenitor and stem cells that have been shown to participate in pulmonary vascular lesions and on the pathways regulating their recruitment during PAH. Finally, this review also addresses the therapeutic potential of circulating endothelial progenitor cells and mesenchymal stem cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- France Dierick
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada;
| | - Julien Solinc
- UMR_S 1166, Faculté de Médecine Pitié-Salpêtrière, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, 75013 Paris, France; (J.S.); (J.B.); (F.S.)
| | - Juliette Bignard
- UMR_S 1166, Faculté de Médecine Pitié-Salpêtrière, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, 75013 Paris, France; (J.S.); (J.B.); (F.S.)
| | - Florent Soubrier
- UMR_S 1166, Faculté de Médecine Pitié-Salpêtrière, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, 75013 Paris, France; (J.S.); (J.B.); (F.S.)
| | - Sophie Nadaud
- UMR_S 1166, Faculté de Médecine Pitié-Salpêtrière, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, 75013 Paris, France; (J.S.); (J.B.); (F.S.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Tissue resident mesenchymal progenitor cells (MPC) are important regulators of tissue repair or regeneration, remodeling, inflammation, and angiogenesis. Here we describe a technology used to define, isolate, and characterize a population of resident lung MPC in both human and mouse explanted tissue. The definition of this population using a defined set of markers facilitates the repeatable isolation of a mesenchymal subpopulation population by flow cytometry and the subsequent translational study of this specific cell type and function.
Collapse
|
12
|
Summers ME, Richmond BW, Kropski JA, Majka SA, Bastarache JA, Hatzopoulos AK, Bylund J, Ghosh M, Petrache I, Foronjy RF, Geraghty P, Majka SM. Balanced Wnt/Dickkopf-1 signaling by mesenchymal vascular progenitor cells in the microvascular niche maintains distal lung structure and function. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2021; 320:C119-C131. [PMID: 33085496 PMCID: PMC7846975 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00277.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The well-described Wnt inhibitor Dickkopf-1 (DKK1) plays a role in angiogenesis as well as in regulation of growth factor signaling cascades in pulmonary remodeling associated with chronic lung diseases (CLDs) including emphysema and fibrosis. However, the specific mechanisms by which DKK1 influences mesenchymal vascular progenitor cells (MVPCs), microvascular endothelial cells (MVECs), and smooth muscle cells (SMCs) within the microvascular niche have not been elucidated. In this study, we show that knockdown of DKK1 in Abcg2pos lung mouse adult tissue resident MVPCs alters lung stiffness, parenchymal collagen deposition, microvessel muscularization and density as well as loss of tissue structure in response to hypoxia exposure. To complement the in vivo mouse modeling, we also identified cell- or disease-specific responses to DKK1, in primary lung chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) MVPCs, COPD MVECs, and SMCs, supporting a paradoxical disease-specific response of cells to well-characterized factors. Cell responses to DKK1 were dose dependent and correlated with varying expressions of the DKK1 receptor, CKAP4. These data demonstrate that DKK1 expression is necessary to maintain the microvascular niche whereas its effects are context specific. They also highlight DKK1 as a regulatory candidate to understand the role of Wnt and DKK1 signaling between cells of the microvascular niche during tissue homeostasis and during the development of chronic lung diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Summers
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Bradley W Richmond
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine or Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Jonathan A Kropski
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine or Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Sarah A Majka
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Julie A Bastarache
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine or Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Antonis K Hatzopoulos
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine or Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Jeffery Bylund
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine or Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Moumita Ghosh
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Irina Petrache
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Robert F Foronjy
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Patrick Geraghty
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Susan M Majka
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
- Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Summers ME, Richmond BW, Menon S, Sheridan RM, Kropski JA, Majka SA, Taketo MM, Bastarache JA, West JD, De Langhe S, Geraghty P, Klemm DJ, Chu HW, Friedman RS, Tao YK, Foronjy RF, Majka SM. Resident mesenchymal vascular progenitors modulate adaptive angiogenesis and pulmonary remodeling via regulation of canonical Wnt signaling. FASEB J 2020; 34:10267-10285. [PMID: 32533805 PMCID: PMC7496763 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000629r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Adaptive angiogenesis is necessary for tissue repair, however, it may also be associated with the exacerbation of injury and development of chronic disease. In these studies, we demonstrate that lung mesenchymal vascular progenitor cells (MVPC) modulate adaptive angiogenesis via lineage trace, depletion of MVPC, and modulation of β-catenin expression. Single cell sequencing confirmed MVPC as multipotential vascular progenitors, thus, genetic depletion resulted in alveolar simplification with reduced adaptive angiogenesis. Following vascular endothelial injury, Wnt activation in MVPC was sufficient to elicit an emphysema-like phenotype characterized by increased MLI, fibrosis, and MVPC driven adaptive angiogenesis. Lastly, activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling skewed the profile of human and murine MVPC toward an adaptive phenotype. These data suggest that lung MVPC drive angiogenesis in response to injury and regulate the microvascular niche as well as subsequent distal lung tissue architecture via Wnt signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan E. Summers
- Department of MedicineDivision of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep MedicineNational Jewish HealthDenverCOUSA
| | - Bradley W. Richmond
- Department of MedicineDivision of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine or CardiologyVanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleTNUSA
| | - Swapna Menon
- Pulmonary Vascular Research Institute KochiAnalyzeDat Consulting ServicesErnakulamIndia
| | - Ryan M. Sheridan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular GeneticsRNA Bioscience InitiativeUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraCOUSA
| | - Jonathan A. Kropski
- Department of MedicineDivision of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine or CardiologyVanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleTNUSA
| | - Sarah A. Majka
- Department of MedicineDivision of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep MedicineNational Jewish HealthDenverCOUSA
| | - M. Mark Taketo
- Division of Experimental TherapeuticsGraduate School of MedicineKyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
| | - Julie A. Bastarache
- Department of MedicineDivision of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine or CardiologyVanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleTNUSA
| | - James D. West
- Department of MedicineDivision of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine or CardiologyVanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleTNUSA
| | | | - Patrick Geraghty
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineSUNY Downstate Medical CenterBrooklynNYUSA
| | - Dwight J. Klemm
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary & Critical Care MedicineUniversity of ColoradoAuroraCOUSA
- Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell BiologyUniversity of ColoradoAuroraCOUSA
| | - Hong Wei Chu
- Department of MedicineDivision of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep MedicineNational Jewish HealthDenverCOUSA
| | | | - Yuankai K. Tao
- Pulmonary Vascular Research Institute KochiAnalyzeDat Consulting ServicesErnakulamIndia
| | - Robert F. Foronjy
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineSUNY Downstate Medical CenterBrooklynNYUSA
| | - Susan M. Majka
- Department of MedicineDivision of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep MedicineNational Jewish HealthDenverCOUSA
- Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell BiologyUniversity of ColoradoAuroraCOUSA
- Department of Biomedical ResearchNational Jewish HealthDenverCOUSA
- Biomedical EngineeringVanderbilt UniversityNashvilleTNUSA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sveiven SN, Nordgren TM. Lung-resident mesenchymal stromal cells are tissue-specific regulators of lung homeostasis. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2020; 319:L197-L210. [PMID: 32401672 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00049.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Until recently, data supporting the tissue-resident status of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) has been ambiguous since their discovery in the 1950-60s. These progenitor cells were first discovered as bone marrow-derived adult multipotent cells and believed to migrate to sites of injury, opposing the notion that they are residents of all tissue types. In recent years, however, it has been demonstrated that MSC can be found in all tissues and MSC from different tissues represent distinct populations with differential protein expression unique to each tissue type. Importantly, these cells are efficient mediators of tissue repair, regeneration, and prove to be targets for therapeutics, demonstrated by clinical trials (phase 1-4) for MSC-derived therapies for diseases like graft-versus-host-disease, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and Crohn's disease. The tissue-resident status of MSC found in the lung is a key feature of their importance in the context of disease and injuries of the respiratory system, since these cells could be instrumental to providing more specific and targeted therapies. Currently, bone marrow-derived MSC have been established in the treatment of disease, including diseases of the lung. However, with lung-resident MSC representing a unique population with a different phenotypic and gene expression pattern than MSC derived from other tissues, their role in remediating lung inflammation and injury could provide enhanced efficacy over bone marrow-derived MSC methods. Through this review, lung-resident MSC will be characterized, using previously published data, by surface markers, gene expression patterns, and compared with bone-marrow MSC to highlight similarities and, importantly, differences in these cell types.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Noel Sveiven
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, California
| | - Tara M Nordgren
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, California
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Sah SK, Agrahari G, Kim TY. Insights into superoxide dismutase 3 in regulating biological and functional properties of mesenchymal stem cells. Cell Biosci 2020; 10:22. [PMID: 32128111 PMCID: PMC7045732 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-020-00386-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been extensively studied and implicated for the cell-based therapy in several diseases due to theirs immunomodulatory properties. Embryonic stem cells and induced-pluripotent stem cells have either ethical issues or concerns regarding the formation of teratomas, introduction of mutations into genome during prolonged culture, respectively which limit their uses in clinical settings. On the other hand, MSCs also encounter certain limitation of circumscribed survival and reduced immunomodulatory potential during transplantation. Plethora of research is undergoing to improve the efficacy of MSCs during therapy. Several compounds and novel techniques have been employed to increase the therapeutic potency of MSCs. MSCs secreted superoxide dismutase 3 (SOD3) may be the mechanism for exhibiting direct antioxidant activities by MSCs. SOD3 is a well known antioxidant enzyme and recently known to possess immunomodulatory properties. Along with superoxide scavenging property, SOD3 also displays anti-angiogenic, anti-chemotactic and anti-inflammatory functions in both enzymatic and non-enzymatic manners. In this review, we summarize the emerging role of SOD3 secreted from MSCs and SOD3’s effects during cell-based therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shyam Kishor Sah
- 1Department of Reconstructive Sciences, Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06032 USA.,2Laboratory of Dermato-immunology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591 Republic of Korea
| | - Gaurav Agrahari
- 2Laboratory of Dermato-immunology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591 Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Yoon Kim
- 2Laboratory of Dermato-immunology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591 Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Majka SM, Rojas M, Petrache I, Foronjy RF. Mesenchymal Regulation of the Microvascular Niche in Chronic Lung Diseases. Compr Physiol 2019; 9:1431-1441. [PMID: 31688970 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c180043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The adult lung is comprised of diverse vascular, epithelial, and mesenchymal progenitor cell populations that reside in distinct niches. Mesenchymal progenitor cells (MPCs) are intimately associated with both the epithelium and the vasculature, and new evidence is emerging to describe their functional roles in these niches. Also emerging, following lineage analysis and single cell sequencing, is a new understanding of the diversity of mesenchymal cell subpopulations in the lung. However, several gaps in knowledge remain, including how newly defined MPC lineages interact with cells in the vascular niche and the role of adult lung MPCs during lung repair and regeneration following injury, especially in chronic lung diseases. Here we summarize how the current evidence on MPC regulation of the microvasculature during tissue homeostasis and injury may inform studies on understanding their role in chronic lung disease pathogenesis or repair. © 2019 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 9:1431-1441, 2019.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan M Majka
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Mauricio Rojas
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Simmons Center for Interstitial Lung Disease, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Irina Petrache
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Robert F Foronjy
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hung CF, Wilson CL, Schnapp LM. Pericytes in the Lung. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1122:41-58. [PMID: 30937862 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-11093-2_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The lung has numerous roles, including gas exchange, immune surveillance, and barrier function. Being a highly vascularized organ, the lung receives dual blood supply from both the pulmonary and bronchial circulation. Therefore, pericytes likely play a prominent role in lung physiology given their localization in the perivascular niche. New genetic approaches have increased our understanding of the origin and the diverse functions of lung pericytes. Lung pericytes are myofibroblast progenitors, contributing to development of fibrosis in mouse models. Lung pericytes are also capable of responding to danger signals and amplify the inflammatory response through elaboration of cytokines and adhesion molecules. In this chapter, we describe the molecular, anatomical, and phenotypical characterization of lung pericytes. We further highlight their potential roles in the pathogenesis of lung diseases including pulmonary fibrosis, asthma, and pulmonary hypertension. Finally, current gaps in knowledge and areas of ongoing investigation in lung pericyte biology are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chi F Hung
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Carole L Wilson
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Lynn M Schnapp
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Lu Y, Zhang T, Shan S, Wang S, Bian W, Ren T, Yang D. MiR-124 regulates transforming growth factor-β1 induced differentiation of lung resident mesenchymal stem cells to myofibroblast by repressing Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Dev Biol 2019; 449:115-121. [PMID: 30802451 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lung resident mesenchymal stem cells (LR-MSCs) contribute to the progression of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). We aimed to investigate the molecular mechanism underlying LR-MSCs regulation upon transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 stimulation. We induced fibrogenic differentiation of LR-MSCs isolated from mice by TGF-β1. Several stem cell markers were detected by flow cytometric analysis. Protein expression level was tested by Western blotting and mRNA level was detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Cell viability, proliferation and apoptosis were measured. TGF-β1 promoted fibrogenic differentiation of LR-MSCs and upregulated β-catenin and p-glycogen synthase kinase-3β, suggesting the activation of Wnt signaling. MicroRNA (MiR)-124-3p was significantly upregulated in TGF-β1 treated LR-MSCs compared to untreated cells. Intriguingly, silence of miR-124 reversed the TGF-β1-induced changes in cell viability and proliferation, and also led to a decrease of cell apoptosis. Additionally, in miR-124 silenced cells, α-smooth muscle actin, collagen I and fibronectin were downregulated compared to control cells. We ultimately identified a new target of miR-124, AXIN1, which was repressed by miR-124. In conclusion, miR-124 regulates AXIN1 to activate Wnt signaling and therefore plays a crucial role in the TGF-β1-induced fibrogenic differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Lu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, No 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Tiefeng Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Northern Branch of Renji Hospital, No 1058 Huanzhen Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Shan Shan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, No 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Shenqi Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, No 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Wei Bian
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, No 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Tao Ren
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, No 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, China.
| | - Danrong Yang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, No 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Collins JJP, Lithopoulos MA, Dos Santos CC, Issa N, Möbius MA, Ito C, Zhong S, Vadivel A, Thébaud B. Impaired Angiogenic Supportive Capacity and Altered Gene Expression Profile of Resident CD146 + Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Isolated from Hyperoxia-Injured Neonatal Rat Lungs. Stem Cells Dev 2018; 27:1109-1124. [PMID: 29957134 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2017.0145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), the most common complication of extreme preterm birth, can be caused by oxygen-related lung injury and is characterized by impaired alveolar and vascular development. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have lung protective effects. Conversely, BPD is associated with increased MSCs in tracheal aspirates. We hypothesized that endogenous lung (L-)MSCs are perturbed in a well-established oxygen-induced rat model mimicking BPD features. Rat pups were exposed to 21% or 95% oxygen from birth to postnatal day 10. On day 12, CD146+ L-MSCs were isolated and characterized according to the International Society for Cellular Therapy criteria. Epithelial and vascular repair potential were tested by scratch assay and endothelial network formation, respectively, immune function by mixed lymphocyte reaction assay. Microarray analysis was performed using the Affymetrix GeneChip and gene set enrichment analysis software. CD146+ L-MSCs isolated from rat pups exposed to hyperoxia had decreased CD73 expression and inhibited lung endothelial network formation. CD146+ L-MSCs indiscriminately promoted epithelial wound healing and limited T cell proliferation. Expression of potent antiangiogenic genes of the axonal guidance cue and CDC42 pathways was increased after in vivo hyperoxia, whereas genes of the anti-inflammatory Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) and lung/vascular growth-promoting fibroblast growth factor (FGF) pathways were decreased. In conclusion, in vivo hyperoxia exposure alters the proangiogenic effects and FGF expression of L-MSCs. In addition, decreased CD73 and JAK/STAT expression suggests decreased immune function. L-MSC function may be perturbed and contribute to BPD pathogenesis. These findings may lead to improvements in manufacturing exogenous MSCs with superior repair capabilities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J P Collins
- 1 Sinclair Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute , Ottawa, Canada .,2 Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, Canada
| | - Marissa A Lithopoulos
- 1 Sinclair Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute , Ottawa, Canada .,2 Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, Canada
| | - Claudia C Dos Santos
- 3 Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael's Hospital , Toronto, Canada .,4 Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto , Toronto, Canada
| | - Nahla Issa
- 1 Sinclair Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute , Ottawa, Canada .,2 Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, Canada
| | - Marius A Möbius
- 1 Sinclair Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute , Ottawa, Canada .,5 Department of Neonatology and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus , Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany .,6 DFG Research Center and Cluster of Excellence for Regenerative Therapies (CRTD) , Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Caryn Ito
- 1 Sinclair Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute , Ottawa, Canada .,2 Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, Canada
| | - Shumei Zhong
- 1 Sinclair Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute , Ottawa, Canada
| | - Arul Vadivel
- 1 Sinclair Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute , Ottawa, Canada
| | - Bernard Thébaud
- 1 Sinclair Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute , Ottawa, Canada .,2 Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, Canada .,7 Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute , Ottawa, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Reicherzer T, Häffner S, Shahzad T, Gronbach J, Mysliwietz J, Hübener C, Hasbargen U, Gertheiss J, Schulze A, Bellusci S, Morty RE, Hilgendorff A, Ehrhardt H. Activation of the NF-κB pathway alters the phenotype of MSCs in the tracheal aspirates of preterm infants with severe BPD. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2018; 315:L87-L101. [PMID: 29644893 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00505.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are released into the airways of preterm infants following lung injury. These cells display a proinflammatory phenotype and are associated with development of severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). We aimed to characterize the functional properties of MSCs obtained from tracheal aspirates of 50 preterm infants who required invasive ventilation. Samples were separated by disease severity. The increased proliferative capacity of MSCs was associated with longer duration of mechanical ventilation and higher severity of BPD. Augmented growth depended on nuclear accumulation of NFκBp65 and was accompanied by reduced expression of cytosolic α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). The central role of NF-κB signaling was confirmed by inhibition of IκBα phosphorylation. The combined score of proliferative capacity, accumulation of NFκBp65, and expression of α-SMA was used to predict the development of severe BPD with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.847. We mimicked the clinical situation in vitro, and stimulated MSCs with IL-1β and TNF-α. Both cytokines induced similar and persistent changes as was observed in MSCs obtained from preterm infants with severe BPD. RNA interference was employed to investigate the mechanistic link between NFκBp65 accumulation and alterations in phenotype. Our data indicate that determining the phenotype of resident pulmonary MSCs represents a promising biomarker-based approach. The persistent alterations in phenotype, observed in MSCs from preterm infants with severe BPD, were induced by the pulmonary inflammatory response. NFκBp65 accumulation was identified as a central regulatory mechanism. Future preclinical and clinical studies, aimed to prevent BPD, should focus on phenotype changes in pulmonary MSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Reicherzer
- Division of Neonatology, University Children's Hospital, Perinatal Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Campus Grosshadern, Munich , Germany.,Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Asklepios Hospital, and Helmholtz Center Munich , Munich , Germany
| | - Susanne Häffner
- Division of Neonatology, University Children's Hospital, Perinatal Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Campus Grosshadern, Munich , Germany.,Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Asklepios Hospital, and Helmholtz Center Munich , Munich , Germany
| | - Tayyab Shahzad
- Department of General Pediatrics and Neonatology, Justus-Liebig-University and Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Member of the German Lung Research Center (DZL) , Giessen , Germany
| | - Judith Gronbach
- Department of General Pediatrics and Neonatology, Justus-Liebig-University and Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Member of the German Lung Research Center (DZL) , Giessen , Germany
| | - Josef Mysliwietz
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Center Munich , Munich , Germany
| | - Christoph Hübener
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Perinatal Center, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich , Germany
| | - Uwe Hasbargen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Perinatal Center, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich , Germany
| | - Jan Gertheiss
- Institute of Applied Stochastics and Operations Research, Research Group Applied Statistics, Clausthal University of Technology , Clausthal-Zellerfeld , Germany
| | - Andreas Schulze
- Division of Neonatology, University Children's Hospital, Perinatal Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Campus Grosshadern, Munich , Germany
| | - Saverio Bellusci
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Department of Internal Medicine II , Giessen , Germany
| | - Rory E Morty
- Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Lung Center (DZL) , Bad Nauheim , Germany
| | - Anne Hilgendorff
- Division of Neonatology, University Children's Hospital, Perinatal Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Campus Grosshadern, Munich , Germany.,Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Asklepios Hospital, and Helmholtz Center Munich , Munich , Germany
| | - Harald Ehrhardt
- Division of Neonatology, University Children's Hospital, Perinatal Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Campus Grosshadern, Munich , Germany.,Department of General Pediatrics and Neonatology, Justus-Liebig-University and Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Member of the German Lung Research Center (DZL) , Giessen , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Metabolic Reprogramming and Redox Signaling in Pulmonary Hypertension. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 967:241-260. [PMID: 29047090 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-63245-2_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension is a complex disease of the pulmonary vasculature, which in severe cases terminates in right heart failure. Complex remodeling of pulmonary arteries comprises the central issue of its pathology. This includes extensive proliferation, apoptotic resistance and inflammation. As such, the molecular and cellular features of pulmonary hypertension resemble hallmark characteristics of cancer cell behavior. The vascular remodeling derives from significant metabolic changes in resident cells, which we describe in detail. It affects not only cells of pulmonary artery wall, but also its immediate microenvironment involving cells of immune system (i.e., macrophages). Thus aberrant metabolism constitutes principle component of the cancer-like theory of pulmonary hypertension. The metabolic changes in pulmonary artery cells resemble the cancer associated Warburg effect, involving incomplete glucose oxidation through aerobic glycolysis with depressed mitochondrial catabolism enabling the fueling of anabolic reactions with amino acids, nucleotides and lipids to sustain proliferation. Macrophages also undergo overlapping but distinct metabolic reprogramming inducing specific activation or polarization states that enable their participation in the vascular remodeling process. Such metabolic synergy drives chronic inflammation further contributing to remodeling. Enhanced glycolytic flux together with suppressed mitochondrial bioenergetics promotes the accumulation of reducing equivalents, NAD(P)H. We discuss the enzymes and reactions involved. The reducing equivalents modulate the regulation of proteins using NAD(P)H as the transcriptional co-repressor C-terminal binding protein 1 cofactor and significantly impact redox status (through GSH, NAD(P)H oxidases, etc.), which together act to control the phenotype of the cells of pulmonary arteries. The altered mitochondrial metabolism changes its redox poise, which together with enhanced NAD(P)H oxidase activity and reduced enzymatic antioxidant activity promotes a pro-oxidative cellular status. Herein we discuss all described metabolic changes along with resultant alterations in redox status, which result in excessive proliferation, apoptotic resistance, and inflammation, further leading to pulmonary arterial wall remodeling and thus establishing pulmonary artery hypertension pathology.
Collapse
|
22
|
Crnkovic S, Marsh LM, El Agha E, Voswinckel R, Ghanim B, Klepetko W, Stacher‐Priehse E, Olschewski H, Bloch W, Bellusci S, Olschewski A, Kwapiszewska G. Resident cell lineages are preserved in pulmonary vascular remodeling. J Pathol 2018; 244:485-498. [PMID: 29359814 PMCID: PMC5903372 DOI: 10.1002/path.5044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary vascular remodeling is the main pathological hallmark of pulmonary hypertension disease. We undertook a comprehensive and multilevel approach to investigate the origin of smooth muscle actin-expressing cells in remodeled vessels. Transgenic mice that allow for specific, inducible, and permanent labeling of endothelial (Cdh5-tdTomato), smooth muscle (Acta2-, Myh11-tdTomato), pericyte (Cspg4-tdTomato), and fibroblast (Pdgfra-tdTomato) lineages were used to delineate the cellular origins of pulmonary vascular remodeling. Mapping the fate of major lung resident cell types revealed smooth muscle cells (SMCs) as the predominant source of cells that populate remodeled pulmonary vessels in chronic hypoxia and allergen-induced murine models. Combining in vivo cell type-specific, time-controlled labeling of proliferating cells with a pulmonary artery phenotypic explant assay, we identified proliferation of SMCs as an underlying remodeling pathomechanism. Multicolor immunofluorescence analysis showed a preserved pattern of cell type marker localization in murine and human pulmonary arteries, in both donors and idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH) patients. Whilst neural glial antigen 2 (chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4) labeled mostly vascular supportive cells with partial overlap with SMC markers, PDGFRα-expressing cells were observed in the perivascular compartment. The luminal vessel side was lined by a single cell layer expressing endothelial markers followed by an adjacent and distinct layer defined by SMC marker expression and pronounced thickening in remodeled vessels. Quantitative flow cytometric analysis of single cell digests of diverse pulmonary artery layers showed the preserved separation into two discrete cell populations expressing either endothelial cell (EC) or SMC markers in human remodeled vessels. Additionally, we found no evidence of overlap between EC and SMC ultrastructural characteristics using electron microscopy in either donor or IPAH arteries. Lineage-specific marker expression profiles are retained during pulmonary vascular remodeling without any indication of cell type conversion. The expansion of resident SMCs is the major underlying and evolutionarily conserved paradigm of pulmonary vascular disease pathogenesis. © 2018 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Actins/genetics
- Actins/metabolism
- Animals
- Antigens/genetics
- Antigens/metabolism
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Cadherins/genetics
- Cadherins/metabolism
- Cell Lineage
- Chronic Disease
- Disease Models, Animal
- Familial Primary Pulmonary Hypertension/metabolism
- Familial Primary Pulmonary Hypertension/pathology
- Familial Primary Pulmonary Hypertension/physiopathology
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique
- Genes, Reporter
- Humans
- Hypoxia/genetics
- Hypoxia/metabolism
- Hypoxia/pathology
- Hypoxia/physiopathology
- Luminescent Proteins/genetics
- Luminescent Proteins/metabolism
- Lung/blood supply
- Mice, Transgenic
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiopathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Phenotype
- Proteoglycans/genetics
- Proteoglycans/metabolism
- Pulmonary Artery/metabolism
- Pulmonary Artery/pathology
- Pulmonary Artery/physiopathology
- Receptor, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor alpha/genetics
- Receptor, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor alpha/metabolism
- Respiratory Hypersensitivity/genetics
- Respiratory Hypersensitivity/metabolism
- Respiratory Hypersensitivity/pathology
- Respiratory Hypersensitivity/physiopathology
- Vascular Remodeling
- Red Fluorescent Protein
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Slaven Crnkovic
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular ResearchGrazAustria
- Department of PhysiologyMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
| | - Leigh M Marsh
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular ResearchGrazAustria
| | - Elie El Agha
- Excellence Cluster Cardio‐Pulmonary System (ECCPS), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC)Justus Liebig University GiessenGiessenGermany
| | | | - Bahil Ghanim
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Walter Klepetko
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Elvira Stacher‐Priehse
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular ResearchGrazAustria
- Institute of PathologyMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
| | - Horst Olschewski
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of PulmonologyMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
| | | | - Saverio Bellusci
- Excellence Cluster Cardio‐Pulmonary System (ECCPS), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC)Justus Liebig University GiessenGiessenGermany
| | - Andrea Olschewski
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular ResearchGrazAustria
- Department of PhysiologyMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
| | - Grazyna Kwapiszewska
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular ResearchGrazAustria
- Department of PhysiologyMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Kwapiszewska G, Crnkovic S, Stenmark KR. A Twist on Pulmonary Vascular Remodeling: Endothelial to Mesenchymal Transition? Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2018; 58:140-141. [PMID: 29388836 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2017-0314ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Slaven Crnkovic
- 1 Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research Graz, Austria and
| | - Kurt R Stenmark
- 2 Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratories University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora, Colorado
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
"Good things come in small packages": application of exosome-based therapeutics in neonatal lung injury. Pediatr Res 2018; 83:298-307. [PMID: 28985201 PMCID: PMC5876073 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2017.256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Infants born at very low gestational age contribute disproportionately to neonatal morbidity and mortality. Advancements in antenatal steroid therapies and surfactant replacement have favored the survival of infants with ever-more immature lungs. Despite such advances in medical care, cardiopulmonary and neurological impairment prevail in constituting the major adverse outcomes for neonatal intensive care unit survivors. With no single effective therapy for either the prevention or treatment of such neonatal disorders, the need for new tools to treat and reduce risk of further complications associated with extreme preterm birth is urgent. Mesenchymal stem/stromal cell (MSC)-based approaches have shown promise in numerous experimental models of lung injury relevant to neonatology. Recent studies have highlighted that the therapeutic potential of MSCs is harnessed in their secretome, and that the therapeutic vector therein is represented by the exosomes released by MSCs. In this review, we summarize the development and significance of stem cell-based therapies for neonatal diseases, focusing on preclinical models of neonatal lung injury. We emphasize the development of MSC exosome-based therapeutics and comment on the challenges in bringing these promising interventions to clinic.
Collapse
|
25
|
Kropski JA, Richmond BW, Gaskill CF, Foronjy RF, Majka SM. Deregulated angiogenesis in chronic lung diseases: a possible role for lung mesenchymal progenitor cells (2017 Grover Conference Series). Pulm Circ 2017; 8:2045893217739807. [PMID: 29040010 PMCID: PMC5731726 DOI: 10.1177/2045893217739807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lung disease (CLD), including pulmonary fibrosis (PF) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), is the fourth leading cause of mortality worldwide. Both are debilitating pathologies that impede overall tissue function. A common co-morbidity in CLD is vasculopathy, characterized by deregulated angiogenesis, remodeling, and loss of microvessels. This substantially worsens prognosis and limits survival, with most current therapeutic strategies being largely palliative. The relevance of angiogenesis, both capillary and lymph, to the pathophysiology of CLD has not been resolved as conflicting evidence depicts angiogenesis as both reparative or pathologic. Therefore, we must begin to understand and model the underlying pathobiology of pulmonary vascular deregulation, alone and in response to injury induced disease, to define cell interactions necessary to maintain normal function and promote repair. Capillary and lymphangiogenesis are deregulated in both PF and COPD, although the mechanisms by which they co-regulate and underlie early pathogenesis of disease are unknown. The cell-specific mechanisms that regulate lung vascular homeostasis, repair, and remodeling represent a significant gap in knowledge, which presents an opportunity to develop targeted therapies. We have shown that that ABCG2pos multipotent adult mesenchymal stem or progenitor cells (MPC) influence the function of the capillary microvasculature as well as lymphangiogenesis. A balance of both is required for normal tissue homeostasis and repair. Our current models suggest that when lymph and capillary angiogenesis are out of balance, the non-equivalence appears to support the progression of disease and tissue remodeling. The angiogenic regulatory mechanisms underlying CLD likely impact other interstitial lung diseases, tuberous sclerosis, and lymphangioleiomyomatosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Kropski
- 1 12328 Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Bradley W Richmond
- 1 12328 Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Christa F Gaskill
- 1 12328 Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Robert F Foronjy
- 3 5718 Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Susan M Majka
- 1 12328 Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,2 74498 Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Hemnes AR, Zhao M, West J, Newman JH, Rich S, Archer SL, Robbins IM, Blackwell TS, Cogan J, Loyd JE, Zhao Z, Gaskill C, Jetter C, Kropski JA, Majka SM, Austin ED. Critical Genomic Networks and Vasoreactive Variants in Idiopathic Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2017; 194:464-75. [PMID: 26926454 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201508-1678oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH) is usually without an identified genetic cause, despite clinical and molecular similarity to bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 2 mutation-associated heritable pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). There is phenotypic heterogeneity in IPAH, with a minority of patients showing long-term improvement with calcium channel-blocker therapy. OBJECTIVES We sought to identify gene variants (GVs) underlying IPAH and determine whether GVs differ in vasodilator-responsive IPAH (VR-PAH) versus vasodilator-nonresponsive IPAH (VN-PAH). METHODS We performed whole-exome sequencing (WES) on 36 patients with IPAH: 17 with VR-PAH and 19 with VN-PAH. Wnt pathway differences were explored in human lung fibroblasts. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS We identified 1,369 genes with 1,580 variants unique to IPAH. We used a gene ontology approach to analyze variants and identified overrepresentation of several pathways, including cytoskeletal function and ion binding. By mapping WES data to prior genome-wide association study data, Wnt pathway genes were highlighted. Using the connectivity map to define genetic differences between VR-PAH and VN-PAH, we found enrichment in vascular smooth muscle cell contraction pathways and greater genetic variation in VR-PAH versus VN-PAH. Using human lung fibroblasts, we found increased stimulated Wnt activity in IPAH versus controls. CONCLUSIONS A pathway-based analysis of WES data in IPAH demonstrated multiple rare GVs that converge on key biological pathways, such as cytoskeletal function and Wnt signaling pathway. Vascular smooth muscle contraction-related genes were enriched in VR-PAH, suggesting a potentially different genetic predisposition for VR-PAH. This pathway-based approach may be applied to next-generation sequencing data in other diseases to uncover the contribution of unexpected or multiple GVs to a phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna R Hemnes
- 1 Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine
| | - Min Zhao
- 2 Department of Biomedical Informatics
| | - James West
- 1 Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine
| | - John H Newman
- 1 Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine
| | - Stuart Rich
- 3 Division of Cardiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; and
| | - Stephen L Archer
- 4 Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ivan M Robbins
- 1 Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine
| | | | - Joy Cogan
- 5 Department of Pediatric Medical Genetics, and
| | - James E Loyd
- 1 Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Eric D Austin
- 6 Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Langleben D, Orfanos S. Vasodilator responsiveness in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension: identifying a distinct phenotype with distinct physiology and distinct prognosis. Pulm Circ 2017; 7:588-597. [PMID: 28632001 PMCID: PMC5841907 DOI: 10.1177/2045893217714231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Within the cohort of patients suffering from idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH) is a group that responds dramatically (VR-PAH) to an acute vasodilator challenge and that has excellent long-term hemodynamic improvement and prognosis on high dose calcium channel blockers compared with vasodilator non-responders (VN-PAH). For the purposes of diagnosing VR-PAH, there is to date no test to replace the acute vasodilator challenge. However, recent studies have identified markers that may aid in the identification of VR-PAH, including peripheral blood lymphocyte RNA expression levels of desmogelin-2 and Ras homolog gene family member Q, and plasma levels of provirus integration site for Moloney murine leukemia virus. Genome wide-array studies of peripheral blood DNA have demonstrated differences in disease specific genetic variants between VR-PAH and NR-PAH, with particular convergence on cytoskeletal function pathways and Wnt signaling pathways. These studies offer hope for future non-invasive identification of VR-PAH, and insights into pathogenesis that may lead to novel therapies. Examination of the degree of pulmonary microvascular perfusion in PAH has offered additional insights. During the acute vasodilator challenge, VR-PAH patients demonstrate true vasodilation with recruitment and increased perfusion of the capillary bed, while VN-PAH patients are unable to recruit vasculature. In the very few reports of lung histology, VR-PAH has more medial thickening in the precapillary arterioles, while VN-PAH has the classic histology of PAH, including intimal thickening. VR-PAH is a disorder with a phenotype distinct from VN-PAH and other types of PAH, and should be considered separately in the classification of PAH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Langleben
- Center for Pulmonary Vascular Disease, Division of Cardiology, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec Canada
| | - Stylianos Orfanos
- Pulmonary Hypertension Clinic, Department of Critical Care, Attikon Hospital, National and Kapodistirian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Gaskill CF, Carrier EJ, Kropski JA, Bloodworth NC, Menon S, Foronjy RF, Taketo MM, Hong CC, Austin ED, West JD, Means AL, Loyd JE, Merryman WD, Hemnes AR, De Langhe S, Blackwell TS, Klemm DJ, Majka SM. Disruption of lineage specification in adult pulmonary mesenchymal progenitor cells promotes microvascular dysfunction. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:2262-2276. [PMID: 28463231 DOI: 10.1172/jci88629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary vascular disease is characterized by remodeling and loss of microvessels and is typically attributed to pathological responses in vascular endothelium or abnormal smooth muscle cell phenotypes. We have challenged this understanding by defining an adult pulmonary mesenchymal progenitor cell (MPC) that regulates both microvascular function and angiogenesis. The current understanding of adult MPCs and their roles in homeostasis versus disease has been limited by a lack of genetic markers with which to lineage label multipotent mesenchyme and trace the differentiation of these MPCs into vascular lineages. Here, we have shown that lineage-labeled lung MPCs expressing the ATP-binding cassette protein ABCG2 (ABCG2+) are pericyte progenitors that participate in microvascular homeostasis as well as adaptive angiogenesis. Activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling, either autonomously or downstream of decreased BMP receptor signaling, enhanced ABCG2+ MPC proliferation but suppressed MPC differentiation into a functional pericyte lineage. Thus, enhanced Wnt/β-catenin signaling in ABCG2+ MPCs drives a phenotype of persistent microvascular dysfunction, abnormal angiogenesis, and subsequent exacerbation of bleomycin-induced fibrosis. ABCG2+ MPCs may, therefore, account in part for the aberrant microvessel function and remodeling that are associated with chronic lung diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christa F Gaskill
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine or Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee USA
| | - Erica J Carrier
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine or Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee USA
| | - Jonathan A Kropski
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine or Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee USA
| | | | - Swapna Menon
- Pulmonary Vascular Research Institute, Kochi, and AnalyzeDat Consulting Services, Kerala, India
| | - Robert F Foronjy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | | | - Charles C Hong
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine or Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine or Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - James D West
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine or Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee USA
| | - Anna L Means
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - James E Loyd
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine or Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee USA
| | - W David Merryman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee USA
| | - Anna R Hemnes
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine or Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee USA
| | | | - Timothy S Blackwell
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine or Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee USA
| | - Dwight J Klemm
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Susan M Majka
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine or Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee USA.,Vanderbilt Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Klein D, Steens J, Wiesemann A, Schulz F, Kaschani F, Röck K, Yamaguchi M, Wirsdörfer F, Kaiser M, Fischer JW, Stuschke M, Jendrossek V. Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy Protects Lungs from Radiation-Induced Endothelial Cell Loss by Restoring Superoxide Dismutase 1 Expression. Antioxid Redox Signal 2017; 26:563-582. [PMID: 27572073 PMCID: PMC5393411 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2016.6748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Radiation-induced normal tissue toxicity is closely linked to endothelial cell (EC) damage and dysfunction (acute effects). However, the underlying mechanisms of radiation-induced adverse late effects with respect to the vascular compartment remain elusive, and no causative radioprotective treatment is available to date. RESULTS The importance of injury to EC for radiation-induced late toxicity in lungs after whole thorax irradiation (WTI) was investigated using a mouse model of radiation-induced pneumopathy. We show that WTI induces EC loss as long-term complication, which is accompanied by the development of fibrosis. Adoptive transfer of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) either derived from bone marrow or aorta (vascular wall-resident MSCs) in the early phase after irradiation limited the radiation-induced EC loss and fibrosis progression. Furthermore, MSC-derived culture supernatants rescued the radiation-induced reduction in viability and long-term survival of cultured lung EC. We further identified the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) as a MSC-secreted factor. Importantly, MSC treatment restored the radiation-induced reduction of SOD1 levels after WTI. A similar protective effect was achieved by using the SOD-mimetic EUK134, suggesting that MSC-derived SOD1 is involved in the protective action of MSC, presumably through paracrine signaling. INNOVATION In this study, we explored the therapeutic potential of MSC therapy to prevent radiation-induced EC loss (late effect) and identified the protective mechanisms of MSC action. CONCLUSIONS Adoptive transfer of MSCs early after irradiation counteracts radiation-induced vascular damage and EC loss as late adverse effects. The high activity of vascular wall-derived MSCs for radioprotection may be due to their tissue-specific action. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 26, 563-582.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Klein
- 1 Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen , Essen, Germany
| | - Jennifer Steens
- 1 Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen , Essen, Germany
| | - Alina Wiesemann
- 1 Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen , Essen, Germany
| | - Florian Schulz
- 2 Department of Chemical Biology, Faculty of Biology, Center for Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen , Essen, Germany
| | - Farnusch Kaschani
- 2 Department of Chemical Biology, Faculty of Biology, Center for Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen , Essen, Germany
| | - Katharina Röck
- 3 Institute for Pharmacology, University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-University , Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Florian Wirsdörfer
- 1 Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen , Essen, Germany
| | - Markus Kaiser
- 2 Department of Chemical Biology, Faculty of Biology, Center for Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen , Essen, Germany
| | - Jens W Fischer
- 3 Institute for Pharmacology, University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-University , Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Martin Stuschke
- 5 Department of Radiotherapy, University of Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital , Essen, Germany
| | - Verena Jendrossek
- 1 Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen , Essen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Gaskill C, Majka SM. A high-yield isolation and enrichment strategy for human lung microvascular endothelial cells. Pulm Circ 2017; 7:108-116. [PMID: 28680570 PMCID: PMC5448535 DOI: 10.1177/2045893217702346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Vasculopathies, characterized by the formation of fragile and abnormal microvessels, are associated with the severity of many chronic lung diseases, including pulmonary fibrosis, emphysema/chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, systemic sclerosis, and hypertension. However, the study of human lung vasculature has been limited by the ability to isolate generous quantities of microvascular endothelial cells (MVEC) free from mesenchymal contamination. Expansion and passaging of primary human MVEC in vitro typically results in loss of a traditional phenotype in favor of an intermediate mesenchymal one, as early as passage five. Here we provide a detailed protocol for the selection of large quantities of enriched primary human lung MVEC based upon differential adherence from mesenchyme and simple magnetic separation, which decreases the need for excessive passaging, in order to obtain sufficient cell numbers to successfully freeze stock cultures. Additional protocols are provided for Ac-di-LDL selection, characterization, and a sandwich angiogenesis method of functional tube formation. The complete protocol including cell isolation and characterization takes approximately six weeks to complete.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christa Gaskill
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Susan M Majka
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Wirsdörfer F, Jendrossek V. The Role of Lymphocytes in Radiotherapy-Induced Adverse Late Effects in the Lung. Front Immunol 2016; 7:591. [PMID: 28018357 PMCID: PMC5155013 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation-induced pneumonitis and fibrosis are dose-limiting side effects of thoracic irradiation. Thoracic irradiation triggers acute and chronic environmental lung changes that are shaped by the damage response of resident cells, by the resulting reaction of the immune system, and by repair processes. Although considerable progress has been made during the last decade in defining involved effector cells and soluble mediators, the network of pathophysiological events and the cellular cross talk linking acute tissue damage to chronic inflammation and fibrosis still require further definition. Infiltration of cells from the innate and adaptive immune systems is a common response of normal tissues to ionizing radiation. Herein, lymphocytes represent a versatile and wide-ranged group of cells of the immune system that can react under specific conditions in various ways and participate in modulating the lung environment by adopting pro-inflammatory, anti-inflammatory, or even pro- or anti-fibrotic phenotypes. The present review provides an overview on published data about the role of lymphocytes in radiation-induced lung disease and related damage-associated pulmonary diseases with a focus on T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes. We also discuss the suspected dual role of specific lymphocyte subsets during the pneumonitic phase and fibrotic phase that is shaped by the environmental conditions as well as the interaction and the intercellular cross talk between cells from the innate and adaptive immune systems and (damaged) resident epithelial cells and stromal cells (e.g., endothelial cells, mesenchymal stem cells, and fibroblasts). Finally, we highlight potential therapeutic targets suited to counteract pathological lymphocyte responses to prevent or treat radiation-induced lung disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Wirsdörfer
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University Hospital Essen , Essen , Germany
| | - Verena Jendrossek
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University Hospital Essen , Essen , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Gaskill C, Marriott S, Pratap S, Menon S, Hedges LK, Fessel JP, Kropski JA, Ames D, Wheeler L, Loyd JE, Hemnes AR, Roop DR, Klemm DJ, Austin ED, Majka SM. Shared gene expression patterns in mesenchymal progenitors derived from lung and epidermis in pulmonary arterial hypertension: identifying key pathways in pulmonary vascular disease. Pulm Circ 2016; 6:483-497. [PMID: 28090290 PMCID: PMC5210051 DOI: 10.1086/688314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid access to lung-derived cells from stable subjects is a major challenge in the pulmonary hypertension field, given the relative contraindication of lung biopsy. In these studies, we sought to demonstrate the importance of evaluating a cell type that actively participates in disease processes, as well as the potential to translate these findings to vascular beds in other nonlung tissues, in this instance perivascular skin mesenchymal cells (MCs). We utilized posttransplant or autopsy lung explant-derived cells (ABCG2-expressing mesenchymal progenitor cells [MPCs], fibroblasts) and skin-derived MCs to test the hypothesis that perivascular ABCG2 MPCs derived from pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) patient lung and skin would express a gene profile reflective of ongoing vascular dysfunction. By analyzing the genetic signatures and pathways associated with abnormal ABCG2 lung MPC phenotypes during PAH and evaluating them in lung- and skin-derived MCs, we have identified potential predictor genes for detection of PAH as well as a targetable mechanism to restore MPCs and microvascular function. These studies are the first to explore the utility of expanding the study of ABCG2 MPC regulation of the pulmonary microvasculature to the epidermis, in order to identify potential markers for adult lung vascular disease, such as PAH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christa Gaskill
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Shennea Marriott
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Sidd Pratap
- Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Swapna Menon
- Pulmonary Vascular Research Institute, Kochi; and AnalyzeDat Consulting Services, Kerala, India
| | - Lora K. Hedges
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Joshua P. Fessel
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jonathan A. Kropski
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - DeWayne Ames
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Lisa Wheeler
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - James E. Loyd
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Anna R. Hemnes
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Dennis R. Roop
- Department of Dermatology; and Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Dwight J. Klemm
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine; and Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Eric D. Austin
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Susan M. Majka
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Barron L, Gharib SA, Duffield JS. Lung Pericytes and Resident Fibroblasts: Busy Multitaskers. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 186:2519-31. [PMID: 27555112 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pericytes, resident fibroblasts, and mesenchymal stem cells are poorly described cell populations. They have recently been characterized in much greater detail in rodent lungs and have been shown to play important roles in development, homeostasis, response to injury and pathogens, as well as recovery from damage. These closely related mesenchymal cell populations form extensive connections to the lung's internal structure, as well as its internal and external surfaces. They generate and remodel extracellular matrix, coregulate the vasculature, help maintain and restore the epithelium, and act as sentries for the immune system. In this review, we revisit these functions in light of significant advances in characterizing and tracking lung fibroblast populations in rodents. Lineage tracing experiments have mapped the heritage, identified functions that discriminate lung pericytes from resident fibroblasts, identified a subset of mesenchymal stem cells, and shown these populations to be the predominant progenitors of pathological fibroblasts and myofibroblasts in lung diseases. These findings point to the importance of resident lung mesenchymal populations as therapeutic targets in acute lung injury as well as fibrotic and degenerative diseases. Far from being passive and quiescent, pericytes and resident fibroblasts are busily sensing and responding, through diverse mechanisms, to changes in lung health and function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luke Barron
- Department of Research and Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Sina A Gharib
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jeremy S Duffield
- Department of Research and Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Jiang D, Muschhammer J, Qi Y, Kügler A, de Vries JC, Saffarzadeh M, Sindrilaru A, Beken SV, Wlaschek M, Kluth MA, Ganss C, Frank NY, Frank MH, Preissner KT, Scharffetter-Kochanek K. Suppression of Neutrophil-Mediated Tissue Damage-A Novel Skill of Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Stem Cells 2016; 34:2393-406. [PMID: 27299700 PMCID: PMC5572139 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are crucial for tissue homeostasis and regeneration. Though of prime interest, their potentially protective role on neutrophil-induced tissue damage, associated with high morbidity and mortality, has not been explored in sufficient detail. Here we report the therapeutic skill of MSCs to suppress unrestrained neutrophil activation and to attenuate severe tissue damage in a murine immune-complex mediated vasculitis model of unbalanced neutrophil activation. MSC-mediated neutrophil suppression was due to intercellular adhesion molecule 1-dependent engulfment of neutrophils by MSCs, decreasing overall neutrophil numbers. Similar to MSCs in their endogenous niche of murine and human vasculitis, therapeutically injected MSCs via upregulation of the extracellular superoxide dismutase (SOD3), reduced super-oxide anion concentrations and consequently prevented neutrophil death, neutrophil extracellular trap formation and spillage of matrix degrading neutrophil elastase, gelatinase and myeloperoxidase. SOD3-silenced MSCs did not exert tissue protective effects. Thus, MSCs hold substantial therapeutic promise to counteract tissue damage in conditions with unrestrained neutrophil activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongsheng Jiang
- Department of Dermatology and Allergic Diseases, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jana Muschhammer
- Department of Dermatology and Allergic Diseases, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Yu Qi
- Department of Dermatology and Allergic Diseases, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Andrea Kügler
- Department of Dermatology and Allergic Diseases, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Juliane C de Vries
- Department of Dermatology and Allergic Diseases, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Mona Saffarzadeh
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Anca Sindrilaru
- Department of Dermatology and Allergic Diseases, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Seppe Vander Beken
- Department of Dermatology and Allergic Diseases, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Meinhard Wlaschek
- Department of Dermatology and Allergic Diseases, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | | | | - Natasha Y Frank
- Department of Medicine, Boston VA Healthcare System, West Roxbury, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Genetics, Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Markus H Frank
- Division of Genetics, Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Transplant Research Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Klaus T Preissner
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Collins JJP, Möbius MA, Thébaud B. Isolation of CD146+ Resident Lung Mesenchymal Stromal Cells from Rat Lungs. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27340891 DOI: 10.3791/53782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are increasingly recognized for their therapeutic potential in a wide range of diseases, including lung diseases. Besides the use of bone marrow and umbilical cord MSCs for exogenous cell therapy, there is also increasing interest in the repair and regenerative potential of resident tissue MSCs. Moreover, they likely have a role in normal organ development, and have been attributed roles in disease, particularly those with a fibrotic nature. The main hurdle for the study of these resident tissue MSCs is the lack of a clear marker for the isolation and identification of these cells. The isolation technique described here applies multiple characteristics of lung resident MSCs (L-MSCs). Upon sacrifice of the rats, lungs are removed and rinsed multiple times to remove blood. Following mechanical dissociation by scalpel, the lungs are digested for 2-3 hr using a mix of collagenase type I, neutral protease and DNase type I. The obtained single cell suspension is subsequently washed and layered over density gradient medium (density 1.073 g/ml). After centrifugation, cells from the interphase are washed and plated in culture-treated flasks. Cells are cultured for 4-7 days in physiological 5% O2, 5% CO2 conditions. To deplete fibroblasts (CD146(-)) and to ensure a population of only L-MSCs (CD146(+)), positive selection for CD146(+) cells is performed through magnetic bead selection. In summary, this procedure reliably produces a population of primary L-MSCs for further in vitro study and manipulation. Because of the nature of the protocol, it can easily be translated to other experimental animal models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J P Collins
- Sinclair Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute; University of Ottawa;
| | - Marius A Möbius
- Sinclair Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute; Department of Neonatology and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden; DFG Research Center and Cluster of Excellence for Regenerative Therapies (CRTD), Technische Universität, Dresden
| | - Bernard Thébaud
- Sinclair Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute; University of Ottawa; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Chen X, Shi C, Meng X, Zhang K, Li X, Wang C, Xiang Z, Hu K, Han X. Inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin signaling suppresses bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis by attenuating the expression of TGF-β1 and FGF-2. Exp Mol Pathol 2016; 101:22-30. [PMID: 27112840 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is a progressive lung disorder of unknown etiology, which is characterized by alterations in alveolar epithelium function, fibroblast activation, and increased extracellular matrix deposition. Recent studies have demonstrated that PF is associated with uncontrolled production of cytokines after lung injury. In the present study, we found that transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) were both upregulated in bleomycin-induced fibrotic lung tissue and primary murine alveolar epithelial Type II (ATII) cells treated with bleomycin. Furthermore, we discovered that TGF-β1 could induce the differentiation of lung resident mesenchymal stem cells (LR-MSCs) into fibroblasts, which may play an essential role in PF. LR-MSCs incubated with FGF-2 showed modest alterations in the expression of α-SMA and Vimentin. Moreover, in our study, we found that Wnt/β-catenin signaling was activated both in vitro and in vivo as a result of bleomycin treatment. Interestingly, we also found that suppression of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling could significantly attenuate bleomycin-induced PF accompanied with decreased expression of TGF-β1 and FGF-2 in vitro and in vivo. These results support that controlling the aberrant expression of TGF-β1 and FGF-2 via inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin signaling could serve as a potential therapeutic strategy for PF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Chen
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Chaowen Shi
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Xiannan Meng
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Kaijia Zhang
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Xiaoyao Li
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Cong Wang
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Zou Xiang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Mucosal Immunobiology and Vaccine Research Center, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Kebin Hu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, United States.
| | - Xiaodong Han
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing 210093, China.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Shi C, Lv T, Xiang Z, Sun Z, Qian W, Han X. Role of Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling in Epithelial Differentiation of Lung Resident Mesenchymal Stem Cells. J Cell Biochem 2016; 116:1532-9. [PMID: 25546504 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that stem cells have the ability to repair the lung tissue injuries following either injection of cultured cells or bone marrow transplantation. As a result, increasing attention has focused on the lung resident mesenchymal stem cells (LR-MSCs) for repairing damaged lung tissues. Meanwhile, some studies have revealed that Wnt/β-catenin signaling plays an important role in the epithelial differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). In the current study, our aim was to explore the roles of Wnt/β-catenin signaling on cell proliferation and epithelial differentiation of LR-MSCs. We have successfully isolated the stem cell antigen (Sca)-1(+) CD45(-) CD31(-) cells which were proposed to be LR-MSCs by magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS). Furthermore, we demonstrated the expression of epithelial markers on LR-MSCs following indirect co-culture of these cells with alveolar epithelial type II (ATII) cells, confirming the epithelial phenotype of LR-MSCs following co-culture. In order to clarify the regulatory mechanisms of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in epithelial differentiation of LR-MSCs, we measured the protein levels of several important members involved in Wnt/β-catenin signaling in the presence or absence of some canonical activators and inhibitors of the β-catenin pathways. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that Wnt/β-catenin signaling may be an essential mechanism underlying the regulation of epithelial differentiation of LR-MSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chaowen Shi
- Immunology and Reproductive Biology Laboratory, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing, 210093, China.,State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China
| | - Tengfei Lv
- Immunology and Reproductive Biology Laboratory, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing, 210093, China.,State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China
| | - Zou Xiang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Mucosal Immunobiology and Vaccine Research Center, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Zhaorui Sun
- Department of Emergency, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, PR China
| | - Weiping Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Xiaodong Han
- Immunology and Reproductive Biology Laboratory, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing, 210093, China.,State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Mitsialis SA, Kourembanas S. Stem cell-based therapies for the newborn lung and brain: Possibilities and challenges. Semin Perinatol 2016; 40:138-51. [PMID: 26778234 PMCID: PMC4808378 DOI: 10.1053/j.semperi.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
There have been substantial advances in neonatal medical care over the past 2 decades that have resulted in the increased survival of very low birth weight infants, survival that in some centers extends to 22 weeks gestational age. Despite these advances, there continues to be significant morbidity associated with extreme preterm birth that includes both short-term and long-term pulmonary and neurologic consequences. No single therapy has proven to be effective in preventing or treating either developmental lung and brain injuries in preterm infants or the hypoxic-ischemic injury that can be inflicted on the full-term brain as a result of in utero or perinatal complications. Stem cell-based therapies are emerging as a potential paradigm-shifting approach for such complex diseases with multifactorial etiologies, but a great deal of work is still required to understand the role of stem/progenitor cells in normal development and in the repair of injured tissue. This review will summarize the biology of the various stem/progenitor cells, their effects on tissue repair in experimental models of lung and brain injury, the recent advances in our understanding of their mechanism of action, and the challenges that remain to be addressed before their eventual application to clinical care.
Collapse
|
39
|
An official American Thoracic Society workshop report: stem cells and cell therapies in lung biology and diseases. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2016; 12:S79-97. [PMID: 25897748 DOI: 10.1513/annalsats.201502-086st] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The University of Vermont College of Medicine and the Vermont Lung Center, in collaboration with the NHLBI, Alpha-1 Foundation, American Thoracic Society, European Respiratory Society, International Society for Cell Therapy, and the Pulmonary Fibrosis Foundation, convened a workshop, "Stem Cells and Cell Therapies in Lung Biology and Lung Diseases," held July 29 to August 1, 2013 at the University of Vermont. The conference objectives were to review the current understanding of the role of stem and progenitor cells in lung repair after injury and to review the current status of cell therapy and ex vivo bioengineering approaches for lung diseases. These are all rapidly expanding areas of study that both provide further insight into and challenge traditional views of mechanisms of lung repair after injury and pathogenesis of several lung diseases. The goals of the conference were to summarize the current state of the field, discuss and debate current controversies, and identify future research directions and opportunities for both basic and translational research in cell-based therapies for lung diseases. This conference was a follow-up to four previous biennial conferences held at the University of Vermont in 2005, 2007, 2009, and 2011. Each of those conferences, also sponsored by the National Institutes of Health, American Thoracic Society, and Respiratory Disease Foundations, has been important in helping guide research and funding priorities. The major conference recommendations are summarized at the end of the report and highlight both the significant progress and major challenges in these rapidly progressing fields.
Collapse
|
40
|
Dierick F, Héry T, Hoareau-Coudert B, Mougenot N, Monceau V, Claude C, Crisan M, Besson V, Dorfmüller P, Marodon G, Fadel E, Humbert M, Yaniz-Galende E, Hulot JS, Marazzi G, Sassoon D, Soubrier F, Nadaud S. Resident PW1+ Progenitor Cells Participate in Vascular Remodeling During Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Circ Res 2016; 118:822-33. [PMID: 26838788 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.115.307035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Pulmonary arterial hypertension is characterized by vascular remodeling and neomuscularization. PW1(+) progenitor cells can differentiate into smooth muscle cells (SMCs) in vitro. OBJECTIVE To determine the role of pulmonary PW1(+) progenitor cells in vascular remodeling characteristic of pulmonary arterial hypertension. METHODS AND RESULTS We investigated their contribution during chronic hypoxia-induced vascular remodeling in Pw1(nLacZ+/-) mouse expressing β-galactosidase in PW1(+) cells and in differentiated cells derived from PW1(+) cells. PW1(+) progenitor cells are present in the perivascular zone in rodent and human control lungs. Using progenitor markers, 3 distinct myogenic PW1(+) cell populations were isolated from the mouse lung of which 2 were significantly increased after 4 days of chronic hypoxia. The number of proliferating pulmonary PW1(+) cells and the proportion of β-gal(+) vascular SMC were increased, indicating a recruitment of PW1(+) cells and their differentiation into vascular SMC during early chronic hypoxia-induced neomuscularization. CXCR4 inhibition using AMD3100 prevented PW1(+) cells differentiation into SMC but did not inhibit their proliferation. Bone marrow transplantation experiments showed that the newly formed β-gal(+) SMC were not derived from circulating bone marrow-derived PW1(+) progenitor cells, confirming a resident origin of the recruited PW1(+) cells. The number of pulmonary PW1(+) cells was also increased in rats after monocrotaline injection. In lung from pulmonary arterial hypertension patients, PW1-expressing cells were observed in large numbers in remodeled vascular structures. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate the existence of a novel population of resident SMC progenitor cells expressing PW1 and participating in pulmonary hypertension-associated vascular remodeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- France Dierick
- From the INSERM, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, UMR_S 1166-ICAN (F.D., T.H., V.M., C.C., V.B., E.Y.-G., J.-S.H., G.M., D.S., F.S., S.N.), UMS-030 CyPS, Paris, France (B.H.-C.), PECMV UMS28 (N.M.), INSERM, CNRS, CR7, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI), U1135, ERL 8255 (G.M.), Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France; Erasmus MC Stem Cell Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (M.C.); Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, INSERM UMR-S 999, Labex LERMIT, Le Plessis-Robinson, Paris, France (P.D., E.F., M.H.); Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, Paris, France (P.D.); Service de Chirurgie Thoracique et Vasculaire, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France (E.F.); Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France (M.H.); and Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Pneumologie, Centre de Référence de l'Hypertension Pulmonaire Sévère, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France (M.H.)
| | - Tiphaine Héry
- From the INSERM, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, UMR_S 1166-ICAN (F.D., T.H., V.M., C.C., V.B., E.Y.-G., J.-S.H., G.M., D.S., F.S., S.N.), UMS-030 CyPS, Paris, France (B.H.-C.), PECMV UMS28 (N.M.), INSERM, CNRS, CR7, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI), U1135, ERL 8255 (G.M.), Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France; Erasmus MC Stem Cell Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (M.C.); Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, INSERM UMR-S 999, Labex LERMIT, Le Plessis-Robinson, Paris, France (P.D., E.F., M.H.); Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, Paris, France (P.D.); Service de Chirurgie Thoracique et Vasculaire, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France (E.F.); Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France (M.H.); and Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Pneumologie, Centre de Référence de l'Hypertension Pulmonaire Sévère, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France (M.H.)
| | - Bénédicte Hoareau-Coudert
- From the INSERM, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, UMR_S 1166-ICAN (F.D., T.H., V.M., C.C., V.B., E.Y.-G., J.-S.H., G.M., D.S., F.S., S.N.), UMS-030 CyPS, Paris, France (B.H.-C.), PECMV UMS28 (N.M.), INSERM, CNRS, CR7, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI), U1135, ERL 8255 (G.M.), Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France; Erasmus MC Stem Cell Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (M.C.); Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, INSERM UMR-S 999, Labex LERMIT, Le Plessis-Robinson, Paris, France (P.D., E.F., M.H.); Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, Paris, France (P.D.); Service de Chirurgie Thoracique et Vasculaire, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France (E.F.); Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France (M.H.); and Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Pneumologie, Centre de Référence de l'Hypertension Pulmonaire Sévère, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France (M.H.)
| | - Nathalie Mougenot
- From the INSERM, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, UMR_S 1166-ICAN (F.D., T.H., V.M., C.C., V.B., E.Y.-G., J.-S.H., G.M., D.S., F.S., S.N.), UMS-030 CyPS, Paris, France (B.H.-C.), PECMV UMS28 (N.M.), INSERM, CNRS, CR7, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI), U1135, ERL 8255 (G.M.), Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France; Erasmus MC Stem Cell Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (M.C.); Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, INSERM UMR-S 999, Labex LERMIT, Le Plessis-Robinson, Paris, France (P.D., E.F., M.H.); Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, Paris, France (P.D.); Service de Chirurgie Thoracique et Vasculaire, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France (E.F.); Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France (M.H.); and Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Pneumologie, Centre de Référence de l'Hypertension Pulmonaire Sévère, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France (M.H.)
| | - Virginie Monceau
- From the INSERM, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, UMR_S 1166-ICAN (F.D., T.H., V.M., C.C., V.B., E.Y.-G., J.-S.H., G.M., D.S., F.S., S.N.), UMS-030 CyPS, Paris, France (B.H.-C.), PECMV UMS28 (N.M.), INSERM, CNRS, CR7, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI), U1135, ERL 8255 (G.M.), Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France; Erasmus MC Stem Cell Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (M.C.); Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, INSERM UMR-S 999, Labex LERMIT, Le Plessis-Robinson, Paris, France (P.D., E.F., M.H.); Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, Paris, France (P.D.); Service de Chirurgie Thoracique et Vasculaire, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France (E.F.); Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France (M.H.); and Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Pneumologie, Centre de Référence de l'Hypertension Pulmonaire Sévère, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France (M.H.)
| | - Caroline Claude
- From the INSERM, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, UMR_S 1166-ICAN (F.D., T.H., V.M., C.C., V.B., E.Y.-G., J.-S.H., G.M., D.S., F.S., S.N.), UMS-030 CyPS, Paris, France (B.H.-C.), PECMV UMS28 (N.M.), INSERM, CNRS, CR7, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI), U1135, ERL 8255 (G.M.), Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France; Erasmus MC Stem Cell Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (M.C.); Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, INSERM UMR-S 999, Labex LERMIT, Le Plessis-Robinson, Paris, France (P.D., E.F., M.H.); Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, Paris, France (P.D.); Service de Chirurgie Thoracique et Vasculaire, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France (E.F.); Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France (M.H.); and Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Pneumologie, Centre de Référence de l'Hypertension Pulmonaire Sévère, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France (M.H.)
| | - Mihaela Crisan
- From the INSERM, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, UMR_S 1166-ICAN (F.D., T.H., V.M., C.C., V.B., E.Y.-G., J.-S.H., G.M., D.S., F.S., S.N.), UMS-030 CyPS, Paris, France (B.H.-C.), PECMV UMS28 (N.M.), INSERM, CNRS, CR7, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI), U1135, ERL 8255 (G.M.), Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France; Erasmus MC Stem Cell Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (M.C.); Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, INSERM UMR-S 999, Labex LERMIT, Le Plessis-Robinson, Paris, France (P.D., E.F., M.H.); Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, Paris, France (P.D.); Service de Chirurgie Thoracique et Vasculaire, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France (E.F.); Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France (M.H.); and Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Pneumologie, Centre de Référence de l'Hypertension Pulmonaire Sévère, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France (M.H.)
| | - Vanessa Besson
- From the INSERM, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, UMR_S 1166-ICAN (F.D., T.H., V.M., C.C., V.B., E.Y.-G., J.-S.H., G.M., D.S., F.S., S.N.), UMS-030 CyPS, Paris, France (B.H.-C.), PECMV UMS28 (N.M.), INSERM, CNRS, CR7, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI), U1135, ERL 8255 (G.M.), Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France; Erasmus MC Stem Cell Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (M.C.); Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, INSERM UMR-S 999, Labex LERMIT, Le Plessis-Robinson, Paris, France (P.D., E.F., M.H.); Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, Paris, France (P.D.); Service de Chirurgie Thoracique et Vasculaire, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France (E.F.); Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France (M.H.); and Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Pneumologie, Centre de Référence de l'Hypertension Pulmonaire Sévère, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France (M.H.)
| | - Peter Dorfmüller
- From the INSERM, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, UMR_S 1166-ICAN (F.D., T.H., V.M., C.C., V.B., E.Y.-G., J.-S.H., G.M., D.S., F.S., S.N.), UMS-030 CyPS, Paris, France (B.H.-C.), PECMV UMS28 (N.M.), INSERM, CNRS, CR7, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI), U1135, ERL 8255 (G.M.), Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France; Erasmus MC Stem Cell Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (M.C.); Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, INSERM UMR-S 999, Labex LERMIT, Le Plessis-Robinson, Paris, France (P.D., E.F., M.H.); Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, Paris, France (P.D.); Service de Chirurgie Thoracique et Vasculaire, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France (E.F.); Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France (M.H.); and Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Pneumologie, Centre de Référence de l'Hypertension Pulmonaire Sévère, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France (M.H.)
| | - Gilles Marodon
- From the INSERM, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, UMR_S 1166-ICAN (F.D., T.H., V.M., C.C., V.B., E.Y.-G., J.-S.H., G.M., D.S., F.S., S.N.), UMS-030 CyPS, Paris, France (B.H.-C.), PECMV UMS28 (N.M.), INSERM, CNRS, CR7, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI), U1135, ERL 8255 (G.M.), Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France; Erasmus MC Stem Cell Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (M.C.); Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, INSERM UMR-S 999, Labex LERMIT, Le Plessis-Robinson, Paris, France (P.D., E.F., M.H.); Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, Paris, France (P.D.); Service de Chirurgie Thoracique et Vasculaire, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France (E.F.); Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France (M.H.); and Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Pneumologie, Centre de Référence de l'Hypertension Pulmonaire Sévère, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France (M.H.)
| | - Elie Fadel
- From the INSERM, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, UMR_S 1166-ICAN (F.D., T.H., V.M., C.C., V.B., E.Y.-G., J.-S.H., G.M., D.S., F.S., S.N.), UMS-030 CyPS, Paris, France (B.H.-C.), PECMV UMS28 (N.M.), INSERM, CNRS, CR7, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI), U1135, ERL 8255 (G.M.), Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France; Erasmus MC Stem Cell Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (M.C.); Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, INSERM UMR-S 999, Labex LERMIT, Le Plessis-Robinson, Paris, France (P.D., E.F., M.H.); Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, Paris, France (P.D.); Service de Chirurgie Thoracique et Vasculaire, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France (E.F.); Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France (M.H.); and Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Pneumologie, Centre de Référence de l'Hypertension Pulmonaire Sévère, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France (M.H.)
| | - Marc Humbert
- From the INSERM, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, UMR_S 1166-ICAN (F.D., T.H., V.M., C.C., V.B., E.Y.-G., J.-S.H., G.M., D.S., F.S., S.N.), UMS-030 CyPS, Paris, France (B.H.-C.), PECMV UMS28 (N.M.), INSERM, CNRS, CR7, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI), U1135, ERL 8255 (G.M.), Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France; Erasmus MC Stem Cell Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (M.C.); Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, INSERM UMR-S 999, Labex LERMIT, Le Plessis-Robinson, Paris, France (P.D., E.F., M.H.); Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, Paris, France (P.D.); Service de Chirurgie Thoracique et Vasculaire, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France (E.F.); Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France (M.H.); and Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Pneumologie, Centre de Référence de l'Hypertension Pulmonaire Sévère, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France (M.H.)
| | - Elisa Yaniz-Galende
- From the INSERM, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, UMR_S 1166-ICAN (F.D., T.H., V.M., C.C., V.B., E.Y.-G., J.-S.H., G.M., D.S., F.S., S.N.), UMS-030 CyPS, Paris, France (B.H.-C.), PECMV UMS28 (N.M.), INSERM, CNRS, CR7, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI), U1135, ERL 8255 (G.M.), Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France; Erasmus MC Stem Cell Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (M.C.); Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, INSERM UMR-S 999, Labex LERMIT, Le Plessis-Robinson, Paris, France (P.D., E.F., M.H.); Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, Paris, France (P.D.); Service de Chirurgie Thoracique et Vasculaire, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France (E.F.); Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France (M.H.); and Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Pneumologie, Centre de Référence de l'Hypertension Pulmonaire Sévère, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France (M.H.)
| | - Jean-Sébastien Hulot
- From the INSERM, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, UMR_S 1166-ICAN (F.D., T.H., V.M., C.C., V.B., E.Y.-G., J.-S.H., G.M., D.S., F.S., S.N.), UMS-030 CyPS, Paris, France (B.H.-C.), PECMV UMS28 (N.M.), INSERM, CNRS, CR7, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI), U1135, ERL 8255 (G.M.), Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France; Erasmus MC Stem Cell Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (M.C.); Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, INSERM UMR-S 999, Labex LERMIT, Le Plessis-Robinson, Paris, France (P.D., E.F., M.H.); Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, Paris, France (P.D.); Service de Chirurgie Thoracique et Vasculaire, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France (E.F.); Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France (M.H.); and Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Pneumologie, Centre de Référence de l'Hypertension Pulmonaire Sévère, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France (M.H.)
| | - Giovanna Marazzi
- From the INSERM, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, UMR_S 1166-ICAN (F.D., T.H., V.M., C.C., V.B., E.Y.-G., J.-S.H., G.M., D.S., F.S., S.N.), UMS-030 CyPS, Paris, France (B.H.-C.), PECMV UMS28 (N.M.), INSERM, CNRS, CR7, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI), U1135, ERL 8255 (G.M.), Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France; Erasmus MC Stem Cell Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (M.C.); Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, INSERM UMR-S 999, Labex LERMIT, Le Plessis-Robinson, Paris, France (P.D., E.F., M.H.); Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, Paris, France (P.D.); Service de Chirurgie Thoracique et Vasculaire, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France (E.F.); Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France (M.H.); and Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Pneumologie, Centre de Référence de l'Hypertension Pulmonaire Sévère, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France (M.H.)
| | - David Sassoon
- From the INSERM, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, UMR_S 1166-ICAN (F.D., T.H., V.M., C.C., V.B., E.Y.-G., J.-S.H., G.M., D.S., F.S., S.N.), UMS-030 CyPS, Paris, France (B.H.-C.), PECMV UMS28 (N.M.), INSERM, CNRS, CR7, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI), U1135, ERL 8255 (G.M.), Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France; Erasmus MC Stem Cell Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (M.C.); Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, INSERM UMR-S 999, Labex LERMIT, Le Plessis-Robinson, Paris, France (P.D., E.F., M.H.); Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, Paris, France (P.D.); Service de Chirurgie Thoracique et Vasculaire, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France (E.F.); Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France (M.H.); and Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Pneumologie, Centre de Référence de l'Hypertension Pulmonaire Sévère, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France (M.H.)
| | - Florent Soubrier
- From the INSERM, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, UMR_S 1166-ICAN (F.D., T.H., V.M., C.C., V.B., E.Y.-G., J.-S.H., G.M., D.S., F.S., S.N.), UMS-030 CyPS, Paris, France (B.H.-C.), PECMV UMS28 (N.M.), INSERM, CNRS, CR7, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI), U1135, ERL 8255 (G.M.), Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France; Erasmus MC Stem Cell Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (M.C.); Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, INSERM UMR-S 999, Labex LERMIT, Le Plessis-Robinson, Paris, France (P.D., E.F., M.H.); Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, Paris, France (P.D.); Service de Chirurgie Thoracique et Vasculaire, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France (E.F.); Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France (M.H.); and Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Pneumologie, Centre de Référence de l'Hypertension Pulmonaire Sévère, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France (M.H.)
| | - Sophie Nadaud
- From the INSERM, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, UMR_S 1166-ICAN (F.D., T.H., V.M., C.C., V.B., E.Y.-G., J.-S.H., G.M., D.S., F.S., S.N.), UMS-030 CyPS, Paris, France (B.H.-C.), PECMV UMS28 (N.M.), INSERM, CNRS, CR7, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI), U1135, ERL 8255 (G.M.), Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France; Erasmus MC Stem Cell Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (M.C.); Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, INSERM UMR-S 999, Labex LERMIT, Le Plessis-Robinson, Paris, France (P.D., E.F., M.H.); Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, Paris, France (P.D.); Service de Chirurgie Thoracique et Vasculaire, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France (E.F.); Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France (M.H.); and Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Pneumologie, Centre de Référence de l'Hypertension Pulmonaire Sévère, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France (M.H.).
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Heise RL, Link PA, Farkas L. From Here to There, Progenitor Cells and Stem Cells Are Everywhere in Lung Vascular Remodeling. Front Pediatr 2016; 4:80. [PMID: 27583245 PMCID: PMC4988064 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2016.00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The field of stem cell biology, cell therapy, and regenerative medicine has expanded almost exponentially, in the last decade. Clinical trials are evaluating the potential therapeutic use of stem cells in many adult and pediatric lung diseases with vascular component, such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), or pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Extensive research activity is exploring the lung resident and circulating progenitor cells and their contribution to vascular complications of chronic lung diseases, and researchers hope to use resident or circulating stem/progenitor cells to treat chronic lung diseases and their vascular complications. It is becoming more and more clear that progress in mechanobiology will help to understand the various influences of physical forces and extracellular matrix composition on the phenotype and features of the progenitor cells and stem cells. The current review provides an overview of current concepts in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Heise
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, VA , USA
| | - Patrick A Link
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, VA , USA
| | - Laszlo Farkas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, VA , USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
Through detailed interrogation of the molecular pathways that contribute to the development of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), the separate but related processes of oxidative stress and cellular metabolic dysfunction have emerged as being critical pathogenic mechanisms that are as yet relatively untargeted therapeutically. In this review, we have attempted to summarize some of the important existing studies, to point out areas of overlap between oxidative stress and metabolic dysfunction, and to do so under the unifying heading of redox biology. We discuss the importance of precision in assessing oxidant signaling versus oxidant injury and why this distinction matters. We endeavor to advance the discussion of carbon-substrate metabolism beyond a focus on glucose and its fate in the cell to encompass other carbon substrates and some of the murkiness surrounding our understanding of how they are handled in different cell types. Finally, we try to bring these ideas together at the level of the mitochondrion and to point out some additional points of possible cognitive dissonance that warrant further experimental probing. The body of beautiful science regarding the molecular and cellular details of redox biology in PAH points to a future that includes clinically useful therapies that target these pathways. To fully realize the potential of these future interventions, we hope that some of the issues raised in this review can be addressed proactively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua P Fessel
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - James D West
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine: Myth or Reality of the 21th Century. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2015:734731. [PMID: 26300923 PMCID: PMC4537770 DOI: 10.1155/2015/734731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the 1960s and the therapeutic use of hematopoietic stem cells of bone marrow origin, there has been an increasing interest in the study of undifferentiated progenitors that have the ability to proliferate and differentiate into various tissues. Stem cells (SC) with different potency can be isolated and characterised. Despite the promise of embryonic stem cells, in many cases, adult or even fetal stem cells provide a more interesting approach for clinical applications. It is undeniable that mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) from bone marrow, adipose tissue, or Wharton's Jelly are of potential interest for clinical applications in regenerative medicine because they are easily available without ethical problems for their uses. During the last 10 years, these multipotent cells have generated considerable interest and have particularly been shown to escape to allogeneic immune response and be capable of immunomodulatory activity. These properties may be of a great interest for regenerative medicine. Different clinical applications are under study (cardiac insufficiency, atherosclerosis, stroke, bone and cartilage deterioration, diabetes, urology, liver, ophthalmology, and organ's reconstruction). This review focuses mainly on tissue and organ regeneration using SC and in particular MSC.
Collapse
|
44
|
Al-Husseini A, Kraskauskas D, Mezzaroma E, Nordio A, Farkas D, Drake JI, Abbate A, Felty Q, Voelkel NF. Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 signaling contributes to angioobliterative pulmonary hypertension. Pulm Circ 2015; 5:101-16. [PMID: 25992275 DOI: 10.1086/679704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms involved in the development of severe angioobliterative pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) are multicellular and complex. Many of the features of human severe PAH, including angioobliteration, lung perivascular inflammation, and right heart failure, are reproduced in the Sugen 5416/chronic hypoxia (SuHx) rat model. Here we address, at first glance, the confusing and paradoxical aspect of the model, namely, that treatment of rats with the antiangiogenic vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor 1 and 2 kinase inhibitor, Sugen 5416, when combined with chronic hypoxia, causes angioproliferative pulmonary vascular disease. We postulated that signaling through the unblocked VEGF receptor VEGFR3 (or flt4) could account for some of the pulmonary arteriolar lumen-occluding cell growth. We also considered that Sugen 5416-induced VEGFR1 and VEGFR2 blockade could alter the expression pattern of VEGF isoform proteins. Indeed, in the lungs of SuHx rats we found increased expression of the ligand proteins VEGF-C and VEGF-D as well as enhanced expression of the VEGFR3 protein. In contrast, in the failing right ventricle of SuHx rats there was a profound decrease in the expression of VEGF-B and VEGF-D in addition to the previously described reduction in VEGF-A expression. MAZ51, an inhibitor of VEGFR3 phosphorylation and VEGFR3 signaling, largely prevented the development of angioobliteration in the SuHx model; however, obliterated vessels did not reopen when animals with established PAH were treated with the VEGFR3 inhibitor. Part of the mechanism of vasoobliteration in the SuHx model occurs via VEGFR3. VEGFR1/VEGFR2 inhibition can be initially antiangiogenic by inducing lung vessel endothelial cell apoptosis; however, it can be subsequently angiogenic via VEGF-C and VEGF-D signaling through VEGFR3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayser Al-Husseini
- Victoria Johnson Laboratory for Lung Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Donatas Kraskauskas
- Victoria Johnson Laboratory for Lung Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Eleanora Mezzaroma
- VCU Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Andrea Nordio
- VCU Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Daniela Farkas
- Victoria Johnson Laboratory for Lung Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Jennifer I Drake
- Victoria Johnson Laboratory for Lung Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Antonio Abbate
- VCU Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Quentin Felty
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Norbert F Voelkel
- Victoria Johnson Laboratory for Lung Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Shi C, Cao X, Chen X, Sun Z, Xiang Z, Zhao H, Qian W, Han X. Intracellular surface-enhanced Raman scattering probes based on TAT peptide-conjugated Au nanostars for distinguishing the differentiation of lung resident mesenchymal stem cells. Biomaterials 2015; 58:10-25. [PMID: 25941778 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Lung resident mesenchymal stem cells (LR-MSCs) are important regulators of pathophysiological processes including tissue repair and fibrosis, inflammation, angiogenesis and tumor formation. Therefore, increasing attention has focused on the functional differentiation of LR-MSCs. However, the distinction between the undifferentiated and differentiated LR-MSCs, which are closely related and morphologically similar, is difficult to achieve by conventional methods. In this study, by employing the TAT Peptide-conjugated Au nanostars (AuNSs) as an intracellular probe, we developed a method for the identification of LR-MSC differentiation by surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy. SERS spectra were analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA) that allowed unambiguous distinction of subtypes and monitoring of component changes during cellular differentiation. Furthermore, to ascertain whether co-culture with alveolar epithelial type II (ATII) cells and incubation with transform growth factor (TGF)-β were involved in regulating the differentiation of LR-MSCs, we investigated the protein expression levels of epithelial markers and fibroblastic markers on LR-MSCs. Our results demonstrated that co-culture with ATII cells or incubation with TGF-β could induce the differentiation of LR-MSCs as confirmed by SERS analysis, a method that is capable of noninvasive characterization of and distinction between subtypes of LR-MSCs during differentiation. We have provided a new tool that may facilitate stem cell research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chaowen Shi
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China.
| | - Xiaowei Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
| | - Xiang Chen
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China.
| | - Zhaorui Sun
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China.
| | - Zou Xiang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Mucosal Immunobiology and Vaccine Research Center, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Hang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
| | - Weiping Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
| | - Xiaodong Han
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Liu Z, Sun B, Qi L, Li Y, Zhao X, Zhang D, Zhang Y. Dickkopf-1 expression is down-regulated during the colorectal adenoma-carcinoma sequence and correlates with reduced microvessel density and VEGF expression. Histopathology 2015; 67:158-66. [PMID: 24916146 DOI: 10.1111/his.12474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Liu
- Department of Pathology; Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital; Tianjin China
- The Key Laboratory of Tianjin Cancer Prevention and Treatment; Tianjin Medical University; Tianjin China
- National Clinical Research Centre for Cancer; Tianjin Medical University; Tianjin China
| | - Baocun Sun
- Department of Pathology; Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital; Tianjin China
- The Key Laboratory of Tianjin Cancer Prevention and Treatment; Tianjin Medical University; Tianjin China
- National Clinical Research Centre for Cancer; Tianjin Medical University; Tianjin China
- Department of Pathology; Tianjin Medical University; Tianjin China
| | - Lisha Qi
- Department of Pathology; Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital; Tianjin China
- The Key Laboratory of Tianjin Cancer Prevention and Treatment; Tianjin Medical University; Tianjin China
- National Clinical Research Centre for Cancer; Tianjin Medical University; Tianjin China
| | - Yixian Li
- Department of Pathology; Tianjin Medical University; Tianjin China
| | - Xiulan Zhao
- Department of Pathology; Tianjin Medical University; Tianjin China
| | - Danfang Zhang
- Department of Pathology; Tianjin Medical University; Tianjin China
| | - Yanhui Zhang
- Department of Pathology; Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital; Tianjin China
- The Key Laboratory of Tianjin Cancer Prevention and Treatment; Tianjin Medical University; Tianjin China
- National Clinical Research Centre for Cancer; Tianjin Medical University; Tianjin China
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Das JK, Voelkel NF, Felty Q. ID3 contributes to the acquisition of molecular stem cell-like signature in microvascular endothelial cells: its implication for understanding microvascular diseases. Microvasc Res 2015; 98:126-38. [PMID: 25665868 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2015.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
While significant progress has been made to advance our knowledge of microvascular lesion formation, yet the investigation of how stem-like cells may contribute to the pathogenesis of microvascular diseases is still in its infancy. We assessed whether the inhibitor of DNA binding and differentiation 3 (ID3) contributes to the acquisition of a molecular stem cell-like signature in microvascular endothelial cells. The effects of stable ID3 overexpression and SU5416 treatment - a chemical inducer of microvascular lesions, had on the stemness signature were determined by flow cytometry, immunoblot, and immunohistochemistry. Continuous ID3 expression produced a molecular stemness signature consisting of CD133(+) VEGFR3(+) CD34(+) cells. Cells exposed to SU5416 showed positive protein expression of ID3, VEGFR3, CD34 and increased expression of pluripotent transcription factors Oct-4 and Sox-2. ID3 overexpressing cells supported the formation of a 3-D microvascular lesion co-cultured with smooth muscle cells. In addition, in vivo microvascular lesions from SuHx rodent model showed an increased expression of ID3, VEGFR3, and Pyk2 similar to SU5416 treated human endothelial cells. Further investigations into how normal and stem-like cells utilize ID3 may open up new avenues for a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms which are underlying the pathological development of microvascular diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jayanta K Das
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Norbert F Voelkel
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division and Victoria Johnson Center for Obstructive Lung Diseases, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Quentin Felty
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Felty Q, Sakao S, Voelkel NF. Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: A Stem Cell Hypothesis. LUNG STEM CELLS IN THE EPITHELIUM AND VASCULATURE 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-16232-4_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
|
49
|
Baskir R, Majka S. Pulmonary Vascular Remodeling by Resident Lung Stem and Progenitor Cells. LUNG STEM CELLS IN THE EPITHELIUM AND VASCULATURE 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-16232-4_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
|
50
|
Nozik-Grayck E, Woods C, Taylor JM, Benninger RKP, Johnson RD, Villegas LR, Stenmark KR, Harrison DG, Majka SM, Irwin D, Farrow KN. Selective depletion of vascular EC-SOD augments chronic hypoxic pulmonary hypertension. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2014; 307:L868-76. [PMID: 25326578 PMCID: PMC4254965 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00096.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Excess superoxide has been implicated in pulmonary hypertension (PH). We previously found lung overexpression of the antioxidant extracellular superoxide dismutase (EC-SOD) attenuates PH and pulmonary artery (PA) remodeling. Although comprising a small fraction of total SOD activity in most tissues, EC-SOD is abundant in arteries. We hypothesize that the selective loss of vascular EC-SOD promotes hypoxia-induced PH through redox-sensitive signaling pathways. EC-SOD(loxp/loxp) × Tg(cre/SMMHC) mice (SMC EC-SOD KO) received tamoxifen to conditionally deplete smooth muscle cell (SMC)-derived EC-SOD. Mice were exposed to hypobaric hypoxia for 35 days, and PH was assessed by right ventricular systolic pressure measurements and right ventricle hypertrophy. Vascular remodeling was evaluated by morphometric analysis and two-photon microscopy for collagen. We examined cGMP content and soluble guanylate cyclase expression and activity in lung, lung phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) expression and activity, and expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and GTP cyclohydrolase-1 (GTPCH-1), the rate-limiting enzyme in tetrahydrobiopterin synthesis. Knockout of SMC EC-SOD selectively decreased PA EC-SOD without altering total lung EC-SOD. PH and vascular remodeling induced by chronic hypoxia was augmented in SMC EC-SOD KO. Depletion of SMC EC-SOD did not impact content or activity of lung soluble guanylate cyclase or PDE5, yet it blunted the hypoxia-induced increase in cGMP. Although total eNOS was not altered, active eNOS and GTPCH-1 decreased with hypoxia only in SMC EC-SOD KO. We conclude that the localized loss of PA EC-SOD augments chronic hypoxic PH. In addition to oxidative inactivation of NO, deletion of EC-SOD seems to reduce eNOS activity, further compromising pulmonary vascular function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Nozik-Grayck
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado;
| | - Crystal Woods
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Joann M Taylor
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; and
| | - Richard K P Benninger
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | | | - Leah R Villegas
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Kurt R Stenmark
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - David G Harrison
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Susan M Majka
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - David Irwin
- Department of Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Kathryn N Farrow
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; and
| |
Collapse
|