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Wenndt A, Mutua F, Grace D, Thomas LF, Lambertini E. Quantitative assessment of aflatoxin exposure and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) risk associated with consumption of select Nigerian staple foods. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2023.1128540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin contamination of staple grains and legumes has been linked to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and other adverse health outcomes, constituting a substantial public health concern globally. Low-resource food environments in sub-Saharan Africa are often under-regulated and are particularly vulnerable to adverse health and nutrition outcomes associated with aflatoxin exposure. This study identifies levels of HCC risk in the northern Nigerian adult population, leveraging a systematic review of available evidence on aflatoxin contamination in Nigerian maize, groundnut, rice, cowpea, and soybean. Estimated dietary intake (EDI) was computed using publicly available dietary consumption data and a probabilistic quantitative risk assessment was conducted to determine the relative risk of HCC associated with consumption of selected aflatoxin-contaminated commodities. In total, 41 eligible studies reporting aflatoxin contamination were used to model the distribution of aflatoxin concentrations in Nigerian commodities. EDIs for maize, groundnut, rice, and cowpea exceeded the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake (PMTDI) level of 1 kgbw-1 day-1, with maize yielding the highest mean EDI (36.7 kgbw-1 day-1). The quantitative risk assessment estimated that 1.77, 0.44, 0.43, 0.15, and 0.01 HCC cases per year/100,000 population were attributable to aflatoxin exposure through maize, groundnut, rice, cowpea, and soybean, respectively. Sensitivity analysis revealed that aflatoxin concentration, dietary consumption levels, consumption frequency, and other variables have differing relative contributions to HCC risk across commodities. These findings constitute a novel multi-study risk assessment approach in the Nigerian context and substantiate existing evidence suggesting that there is reason for public health concern regarding aflatoxin exposure in the Nigerian population.
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Chigbu CO, Aniebue UU, Berger U, Parhofer KG. Impact of perceptions of body size on obesity and weight management behaviour: a large representative population study in an African setting. J Public Health (Oxf) 2021; 43:e54-e61. [PMID: 31774503 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdz127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perception of body size is an important psycho-cultural cause of obesity with wide racial and ethnic variations. METHOD Cross-sectional household survey using multistage cluster-randomised sampling. Prevalence estimates were weighted. Logistic regressions were done to determine the impact of perception of large body size on obesity and the impact of perception of own body size on weight-management behaviour. Adjusted odds ratios (AOR) were reported. RESULTS The survey involved 6628 adults from 2843 households. More than a quarter of the population is either obese or overweight. Nearly half, 44.07% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 42.48-45.66%) of the population perceive large body size as desirable. Positive perception of large body size significantly increases the odds of obesity by 1.5 (AOR: 1.45; 95% CI: 1.09-1.9). Some 42.03% (95% CI: 35.52-48.55%) obese persons misperceive their weight to be normal. Perceiving own body size as normal decreases the odds of weight-losing behaviour (AOR: 0.019; 95% CI: 0.014-0.026). CONCLUSION There is a high level of veneration of large body size in southeast Nigeria, and this has a significant impact on obesity burden. Perception of own body size has a significant impact on weight-management behaviour. Health-promotion policies aimed at changing the social desirability of large body size and misperception of body size are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- C O Chigbu
- CIH LMU Center for International Health, Medical Center of the University of Munich, Leopoldstrasse 7, Munich 80802, Germany
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410108, Nigeria
| | - U U Aniebue
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410108, Nigeria
| | - U Berger
- Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry and Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - K G Parhofer
- Department of Medicine 4, Grossharden, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich 81377, Germany
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Flax VL, Thakwalakwa C, Phuka JC, Jaacks LM. Body size preferences and food choice among mothers and children in Malawi. MATERNAL & CHILD NUTRITION 2020; 16:e13024. [PMID: 32638514 PMCID: PMC7507496 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.13024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Overweight in mothers and children in sub-Saharan Africa is rapidly increasing and may be related to body size perceptions and preferences. We enrolled 268 mother-child (6-59 months) pairs in central Malawi; 71% of mothers and 56% of children were overweight/obese, and the remainder were normal weight. Interviewers used seven body silhouette drawings and a questionnaire with open- and closed-ended questions to measure mothers' perceptions of current, preferred and healthy maternal and child body sizes and their relation to food choices. Overweight/obese and normal weight mothers' correct identification of their current weight status (72% vs. 64%), preference for overweight/obese body size (68% both) and selection of an overweight/obese silhouette as healthy (94% vs. 96%) did not differ by weight status. Fewer overweight/obese than normal weight mothers' preferred body silhouette was larger than their current silhouette (74% vs. 29%, p < .001). More mothers of overweight than normal weight children correctly identified the child's current weight status (55% vs. 42%, p < .05) and preferred an overweight/obese body size for the child (70% vs. 58%, p < .01), and both groups selected overweight/obese silhouettes as healthy for children. More than half of mothers in both groups wanted their child to be larger than the current size. Mothers said that increasing consumption of fruits, vegetables, meat, milk, grains, fizzy drinks and fatty foods could facilitate weight gain, but many cannot afford to purchase some of these foods. Their desired strategies for increasing weight indicate that body size preferences may drive food choice but could be limited by affordability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie L. Flax
- Public Health Research DivisionRTI InternationalResearch Triangle ParkNorth CarolinaUSA
| | | | - John C. Phuka
- College of MedicineUniversity of MalawiBlantyreMalawi
| | - Lindsay M. Jaacks
- Department of Global Health and PopulationHarvard T.H. Chan School of Public HealthBostonMassachusettsUSA
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Freigang* R, Geier* AK, Lukas Schmid G, Frese T, Klement A, Unverzagt S. Misclassification of Self-Reported Body Mass Index Categories. DEUTSCHES ARZTEBLATT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 117:253-260. [PMID: 32449888 PMCID: PMC7268097 DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.2020.0253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overweight and obesity are an increasingly serious public health problem in Western societies, including Germany. The tendency of overweight and obese people not to classify themselves as such limits the efficacy of information on the health risks of these conditions and lessens the motivation to change behavior accordingly. In this article, we summarize the available study data on the selfperception of weight class. We present and discuss the differences between selfreported body-mass index (BMI) category and the actual category of the BMI when it is calculated from the individual's measured height and weight. METHODS We systematically searched the Medline, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library databases in August 2017 for pertinent publications. The study protocol was published in the PROSPERO register (CRD42017064230). Meta-analyses were calculable for a number of subgroup analyses. RESULTS A total of 50 studies from 25 countries were identified that contained findings on self-estimation of weight in a total of 173 971 study participants. The percentage of correct self-categorizations of BMI category varied from 16% to 83%, with marked heterogeneity of the population groups studied. In Europe, women overestimated their BMI category three times as often as men (RR: 3.22; 95% confidence interval: [2.87; 3.62], I2 = 0%). Most erroneous classifications were based on underestimates. Study participants of normal weight were more likely than others to categorize their BMI correctly. In European studies, 50.3-75.8% categorized their BMI correctly. Low socioeconomic status was associated with an incorrect perception of BMI. CONCLUSION The self-assignment of BMI categories is often erroneous, with underestimates being more common than overestimates. Physicians should take particular care to provide appropriate information to persons belonging to groups in which underestimating one's BMI is common, such as overweight people and men in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romy Freigang*
- * The two authors are co-first authors
- Department of General Practice, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig
- Institute of General Practice and Family Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle
| | - Anne-Kathrin Geier*
- * The two authors are co-first authors
- Department of General Practice, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig
| | - Gordian Lukas Schmid
- Department of General Practice, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig
- Institute of General Practice and Family Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle
| | - Thomas Frese
- Institute of General Practice and Family Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle
| | - Andreas Klement
- Institute of General Practice and Family Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle
| | - Susanne Unverzagt
- Department of General Practice, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig
- Institute of General Practice and Family Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle
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Parra YJ, Oloyede OO, Pereira GM, de Almeida Lima PHA, da Silva Caumo SE, Morenikeji OA, de Castro Vasconcellos P. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils and sediments in Southwest Nigeria. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 259:113732. [PMID: 31884216 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons are strongly associated with agricultural, residential, transportation, and industrial activities. This study determined by GC-MS the concentration of 15 PAHs in soil and sediments at different sites from the Awotan-Asunle dumpsite area in the Southwestern region of Nigeria, which is one of the largest dumpsites in Africa. The sources of contamination, toxicity and associated risks for human health were also evaluated. Total PAHs concentrations were from 489 to 5616 μg kg-1, and 642-2159 μg kg-1, for soil and sediment, respectively. For soils, the highest values were observed for indeno[1,2,3-c,d]pyrene, coronene, and phenanthrene, while for sediments, the most abundant species were pyrene, fluoranthene and phenanthrene. Diagnostic ratios were used to determine the sources of PAHs and suggested that the compounds were mainly emitted from non-traffic sources. The total BaP-TEQ and BaP-MEQ for soils did not exceed the value recommended by the Canadian guideline since the country does not present guidelines. The analysis of incremental lifetime cancer risk was high mostly for dermal and ingestion exposures in the population. This study might provide valuable information regarding exposure to PAHs in soils of a Nigerian community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yendry Jomolca Parra
- Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Lineu Prestes, 74, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil.
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Naigaga DA, Jahanlu D, Claudius HM, Gjerlaug AK, Barikmo I, Henjum S. Body size perceptions and preferences favor overweight in adult Saharawi refugees. Nutr J 2018; 17:17. [PMID: 29426331 PMCID: PMC5807821 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-018-0330-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Culture affects body image and body size perceptions from an early age and in many African countries, overweight has been associated with richness, health, strength, and fertility. The present study investigated body size perceptions and preferences in an African refugee population. Methods The cross-sectional study was comprised of 180 and 175 randomly selected Saharawi women and men, respectively, between 18 and 80 years. Stunkard’s body figure scale was used to identify self-perceived body size, desired body size and desired body size in the opposite gender. Results Approximately half of the participants had a correct self-perceived body size; among them 70% did not have a desire to have a smaller body size. Among women who preferred a body size corresponding to overweight in men, 77% also had a desired body size corresponding to overweight; compared to 43% for men. The youngest participants (18–25 years) were the least likely to overestimate their body size in comparison to the older participants (26–45 years and 46–80 years). Conclusion We found an overall preference for an overweight body size, and a significant difference in body size perception associated with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desire Alice Naigaga
- Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences, P.O. Box 4, St. Olavs plass, 0130, OSLO, Norway
| | - David Jahanlu
- Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences, P.O. Box 4, St. Olavs plass, 0130, OSLO, Norway
| | - Hanne Marit Claudius
- Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences, P.O. Box 4, St. Olavs plass, 0130, OSLO, Norway
| | - Anne Karine Gjerlaug
- Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences, P.O. Box 4, St. Olavs plass, 0130, OSLO, Norway
| | - Ingrid Barikmo
- Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences, P.O. Box 4, St. Olavs plass, 0130, OSLO, Norway
| | - Sigrun Henjum
- Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences, P.O. Box 4, St. Olavs plass, 0130, OSLO, Norway.
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Akindele MO, Phillips J, Igumbor E, Useh U. Body Weight Misperception and Dissatisfaction Among Overweight and Obese Adult Nigerians. JMIR Public Health Surveill 2017; 3:e56. [PMID: 28814377 PMCID: PMC5577454 DOI: 10.2196/publichealth.7047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity in low- and medium-income countries has a negative impact on overall health. Correct perception of one's body weight is a step in seeking healthy help toward weight reduction in overweight and obese individuals. OBJECTIVE This study was carried out to assess the body weight misperception and dissatisfaction among overweight and obese adults in an urban African setting. METHODS This study was part of a larger cross-sectional study that was designed to plan an intervention for overweight and obese adults in an urban African setting. For this study, we randomly selected only overweight and obese adults (≥18 years old) who consented to participate in the study from 15 enumeration areas in Alimosho Local Government Area of Lagos State, Nigeria. We followed the World Health Organization guidelines for conducting community surveys in recruiting overweight and obese participants. We assessed body weight perception and dissatisfaction through their responses to the following: "How do you describe your weight?" and "I feel bad about myself because of my weight." Data for this study were collected between November 2012 and March 2013. RESULTS We recruited 567 participants, of whom more than half (n=304, 53.6%) misperceived their weight as either underweight or normal weight, and 61.2% (n=186) of whom were women. The strength of agreement between the actual body mass index and weight perception was very poor (κ=.032, SE .015, P=.04). The strongest predictor of weight perception was sex (female) with an odds ratio of 1.63 (95% CI 1.13-2.35). About 41.1% (n=233) of the participants were dissatisfied with their weight, of whom 30.0% (n=70) were men. Age (young adult) was a predictor of weight dissatisfaction with an odds ratio of 2.37 (95% CI 1.62-3.46). CONCLUSIONS More than half of the participants misperceived their body weight as either underweight or normal weight, and the majority of them were women. More men were not happy with their body weight, and participants in the young adult age group were more dissatisfied with their body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukadas Oyeniran Akindele
- Diseases of Lifestyle Niche Area, School of Research and Postgraduate Studies, North-West University, Mafikeng, South Africa.,Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria.,Department of Physiotherapy, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Joliana Phillips
- Department of Physiotherapy, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ehimario Igumbor
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Community and Health Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ushotanefe Useh
- Diseases of Lifestyle Niche Area, School of Research and Postgraduate Studies, North-West University, Mafikeng, South Africa
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