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Stope MB, Mustea A, Sänger N, Einenkel R. Immune Cell Functionality during Decidualization and Potential Clinical Application. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13051097. [PMID: 37240742 DOI: 10.3390/life13051097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to a vast influx in the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle, leukocytes represent 40-50% of the decidua at the time of implantation. Their importance for the implantation, maintenance of pregnancy, and parturition are known yet not fully understood. Thus, in idiopathic infertility, decidual immune-related factors are speculated to be the cause. In this review, the immune cell functions in the decidua were summarized, and clinical diagnostics, as well as interventions, were discussed. There is a rising number of commercially available diagnostic tools. However, the intervention options are still limited and/or poorly studied. In order for us to make big steps towards the proper use of reproductive immunology findings, we need to understand the mechanisms and especially support translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias B Stope
- Department of Gynecology and Gynecological Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Alexander Mustea
- Department of Gynecology and Gynecological Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Nicole Sänger
- Department of Gynecological Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Rebekka Einenkel
- Department of Gynecological Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
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Jang Y, Cheong W, Park G, Kim Y, Ha J, Ahn S. Tumor Microenvironment and Genes Affecting the Prognosis of Temozolomide-Treated Glioblastoma. J Pers Med 2023; 13:jpm13020188. [PMID: 36836422 PMCID: PMC9966340 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13020188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most frequent primary brain tumor in adults and has a poor prognosis due to its resistance to Temozolomide (TMZ). However, there is limited research regarding the tumor microenvironment and genes related to the prognosis of TMZ-treated GBM patients. This study aimed to identify putative transcriptomic biomarkers with predictive value in patients with GBM who were treated with TMZ. Publicly available datasets from The Cancer Genome Atlas and Gene Expression Omnibus were analyzed using CIBERSORTx and Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) to obtain types of highly expressed cell types and gene clusters. Differentially Expressed Genes analysis was performed and was intersected with the WGCNA results to obtain a candidate gene list. Cox proportional-hazard survival analysis was performed to acquire genes related to the prognosis of TMZ-treated GBM patients. Inflammatory microglial cells, dendritic cells, myeloid cells, and glioma stem cells were highly expressed in GBM tissue, and ACP7, EPPK1, PCDHA8, RHOD, DRC1, ZIC3, and PRLR were significantly associated with survival. While the listed genes have been previously reported to be related to glioblastoma or other types of cancer, ACP7 was identified as a novel gene related to the prognosis of GBM. These findings may have potential implications for developing a diagnostic tool to predict GBM resistance and optimize treatment decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yena Jang
- Inje University College of Medicine, Busan 47392, Republic of Korea
| | - Wooyong Cheong
- Inje University College of Medicine, Busan 47392, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyurin Park
- Inje University College of Medicine, Busan 47392, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeongmin Kim
- Inje University College of Medicine, Busan 47392, Republic of Korea
| | - Junbeom Ha
- Inje University College of Medicine, Busan 47392, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangzin Ahn
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics Research Center, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan 47392, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence:
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Dorai S, Alex Anand D. Differentially Expressed Cell Cycle Genes and STAT1/3-Driven Multiple Cancer Entanglement in Psoriasis, Coupled with Other Comorbidities. Cells 2022; 11:cells11233867. [PMID: 36497125 PMCID: PMC9740537 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a persistent T-cell-supported inflammatory cutaneous disorder, which is defined by a significant expansion of basal cells in the epidermis. Cell cycle and STAT genes that control cell cycle progression and viral infection have been revealed to be comorbid with the development of certain cancers and other disorders, due to their abnormal or scanty expression. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the expression of certain cell cycle and STAT1/3 genes in psoriasis patients and to determine the types of comorbidities associated with these genes. To do so, we opted to adopt the in silico methodology, since it is a quick and easy way to discover any potential comorbidity risks that may exist in psoriasis patients. With the genes collected from early research groups, protein networks were created in this work using the NetworkAnalyst program. The crucial hub genes were identified by setting the degree parameter, and they were then used in gene ontology and pathway assessments. The transcription factors that control the hub genes were detected by exploring TRRUST, and DGIdb was probed for remedies that target transcription factors and hubs. Using the degree filter, the first protein subnetwork produced seven hub genes, including STAT3, CCNB1, STAT1, CCND1, CDC20, HSPA4, and MAD2L1. The hub genes were shown to be implicated in cell cycle pathways by the gene ontology and Reactome annotations. The former four hubs were found in signaling pathways, including prolactin, FoxO, JAK/STAT, and p53, according to the KEGG annotation. Furthermore, they enhanced several malignancies, including pancreatic cancer, Kaposi's sarcoma, non-small cell lung cancer, and acute myeloid leukemia. Viral infections, including measles, hepatitis C, Epstein-Barr virus, and HTLV-1 and viral carcinogenesis were among the other susceptible diseases. Diabetes and inflammatory bowel disease were conjointly annotated. In total, 129 medicines were discovered in DGIdb to be effective against the transcription factors BRCA1, RELA, TP53, and MYC, as opposed to 10 medications against the hubs, STAT3 and CCND1, in tandem with 8 common medicines. The study suggests that the annotated medications should be tested in suitable psoriatic cell lines and animal models to optimize the drugs used based on the kind, severity, and related comorbidities of psoriasis. Furthermore, a personalized medicine protocol must be designed for each psoriasis patient that displays different comorbidities.
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Haloperidol Instigates Endometrial Carcinogenesis and Cancer Progression by the NF-κB/CSF-1 Signaling Cascade. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14133089. [PMID: 35804859 PMCID: PMC9265032 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14133089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Haloperidol, a typical antipsychotic, is widely used in schizophrenia and palliative care of cancer; however, the role and impact of chronic haloperidol treatment in endometrial cancer (EC) development are unclear. Here, we showed that haloperidol is a carcinogenic compound capable of inducing endometrial hyperplasia and promoting EC progression in rodents. Mechanistically, haloperidol stimulates the production of colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1) on tumor cells by activating nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), and its downstream autocrine oncogenic CSF-1 receptor signaling contributes to this carcinogenesis. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the use of haloperidol is associated with increased EC-specific mortality in EC patients. Overall, these findings highlighted that physicians should be cautious about the use of haloperidol in female patients. Abstract Haloperidol is a routine drug for schizophrenia and palliative care of cancer; it also has antitumor effects in several types of cancer. However, the role of haloperidol in endometrial cancer (EC) development is still unclear. Here, we show that chronic haloperidol treatment in clinically relevant doses induced endometrial hyperplasia in normal mice and promoted tumor growth and malignancy in mice with orthotopic EC. The pharmacokinetic study indicated that haloperidol highly accumulated in the uterus of mice. In vitro studies revealed that haloperidol stimulated the cellular transformation of human endometrial epithelial cells (HECCs) and promoted the proliferation, migration, and invasion of human endometrial carcinoma cells (HECCs) by activating nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and its downstream signaling target, colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1). Gain of function of CSF-1 promotes the cellular transformation of HEECs and the malignant progression of HECCs. Moreover, blockade of CSF-1 inhibited haloperidol-promoted EC progression in vitro and in vivo. A population-based cohort study of EC patients further demonstrated that the use of haloperidol was associated with increased EC-specific mortality. Collectively, these findings indicate that clinical use of haloperidol could potentially be harmful to female patients with EC.
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Krstic J, Deutsch A, Fuchs J, Gauster M, Gorsek Sparovec T, Hiden U, Krappinger JC, Moser G, Pansy K, Szmyra M, Gold D, Feichtinger J, Huppertz B. (Dis)similarities between the Decidual and Tumor Microenvironment. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10051065. [PMID: 35625802 PMCID: PMC9138511 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10051065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Placenta-specific trophoblast and tumor cells exhibit many common characteristics. Trophoblast cells invade maternal tissues while being tolerated by the maternal immune system. Similarly, tumor cells can invade surrounding tissues and escape the immune system. Importantly, both trophoblast and tumor cells are supported by an abetting microenvironment, which influences invasion, angiogenesis, and immune tolerance/evasion, among others. However, in contrast to tumor cells, the metabolic, proliferative, migrative, and invasive states of trophoblast cells are under tight regulatory control. In this review, we provide an overview of similarities and dissimilarities in regulatory processes that drive trophoblast and tumor cell fate, particularly focusing on the role of the abetting microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Krstic
- Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6, 8010 Graz, Austria; (J.K.); (J.F.); (M.G.); (J.C.K.); (G.M.); (B.H.)
| | - Alexander Deutsch
- Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz, Stiftingtalstrasse 24, 8010 Graz, Austria; (A.D.); (K.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Julia Fuchs
- Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6, 8010 Graz, Austria; (J.K.); (J.F.); (M.G.); (J.C.K.); (G.M.); (B.H.)
- Division of Biophysics, Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Martin Gauster
- Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6, 8010 Graz, Austria; (J.K.); (J.F.); (M.G.); (J.C.K.); (G.M.); (B.H.)
| | - Tina Gorsek Sparovec
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 14, 8036 Graz, Austria; (T.G.S.); (U.H.); (D.G.)
| | - Ursula Hiden
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 14, 8036 Graz, Austria; (T.G.S.); (U.H.); (D.G.)
| | - Julian Christopher Krappinger
- Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6, 8010 Graz, Austria; (J.K.); (J.F.); (M.G.); (J.C.K.); (G.M.); (B.H.)
| | - Gerit Moser
- Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6, 8010 Graz, Austria; (J.K.); (J.F.); (M.G.); (J.C.K.); (G.M.); (B.H.)
| | - Katrin Pansy
- Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz, Stiftingtalstrasse 24, 8010 Graz, Austria; (A.D.); (K.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Marta Szmyra
- Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz, Stiftingtalstrasse 24, 8010 Graz, Austria; (A.D.); (K.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Daniela Gold
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 14, 8036 Graz, Austria; (T.G.S.); (U.H.); (D.G.)
| | - Julia Feichtinger
- Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6, 8010 Graz, Austria; (J.K.); (J.F.); (M.G.); (J.C.K.); (G.M.); (B.H.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Berthold Huppertz
- Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6, 8010 Graz, Austria; (J.K.); (J.F.); (M.G.); (J.C.K.); (G.M.); (B.H.)
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Mozihim AK, Chung I, Said NABM, Jamil AHA. Reprogramming of Fatty Acid Metabolism in Gynaecological Cancers: Is There a Role for Oestradiol? Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12040350. [PMID: 35448537 PMCID: PMC9031151 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12040350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gynaecological cancers are among the leading causes of cancer-related death among women worldwide. Cancer cells undergo metabolic reprogramming to sustain the production of energy and macromolecules required for cell growth, division and survival. Emerging evidence has provided significant insights into the integral role of fatty acids on tumourigenesis, but the metabolic role of high endogenous oestrogen levels and increased gynaecological cancer risks, notably in obesity, is less understood. This is becoming a renewed research interest, given the recently established association between obesity and incidence of many gynaecological cancers, including breast, ovarian, cervical and endometrial cancers. This review article, hence, comprehensively discusses how FA metabolism is altered in these gynaecological cancers, highlighting the emerging role of oestradiol on the actions of key regulatory enzymes of lipid metabolism, either directly through its classical ER pathways, or indirectly via the IGIFR pathway. Given the dramatic rise in obesity and parallel increase in the prevalence of gynaecological cancers among premenopausal women, further clarifications of the complex mechanisms underpinning gynaecological cancers are needed to inform future prevention efforts. Hence, in our review, we also highlight opportunities where metabolic dependencies can be exploited as viable therapeutic targets for these hormone-responsive cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azilleo Kristo Mozihim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (A.K.M.); (N.A.B.M.S.)
| | - Ivy Chung
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia;
| | - Nur Akmarina B. M. Said
- Department of Pharmaceutical Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (A.K.M.); (N.A.B.M.S.)
| | - Amira Hajirah Abd Jamil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (A.K.M.); (N.A.B.M.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +60-3-7967-4909
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Muralidharan R. Applied Physiology of Breast Cancer. Breast Cancer 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-4546-4_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Oh KK, Adnan M, Cho DH. Network Pharmacology-Based Study to Uncover Potential Pharmacological Mechanisms of Korean Thistle ( Cirsium japonicum var. maackii (Maxim.) Matsum.) Flower against Cancer. Molecules 2021; 26:5904. [PMID: 34641448 PMCID: PMC8513069 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cirsium japonicum var. maackii (Maxim.) Matsum. or Korean thistle flower is a herbal plant used to treat tumors in Korean folk remedies, but its essential bioactives and pharmacological mechanisms against cancer have remained unexplored. This study identified the main compounds(s) and mechanism(s) of the C. maackii flower against cancer via network pharmacology. The bioactives from the C. maackii flower were revealed by gas chromatography-mass spectrum (GC-MS), and SwissADME evaluated their physicochemical properties. Next, target(s) associated with the obtained bioactives or cancer-related targets were retrieved by public databases, and the Venn diagram selected the overlapping targets. The networks between overlapping targets and bioactives were visualized, constructed, and analyzed by RPackage. Finally, we implemented a molecular docking test (MDT) to explore key target(s) and compound(s) on AutoDockVina and LigPlot+. GC-MS detected a total of 34 bioactives and all were accepted by Lipinski's rules and therefore classified as drug-like compounds (DLCs). A total of 597 bioactive-related targets and 4245 cancer-related targets were identified from public databases. The final 51 overlapping targets were selected between the bioactive targets network and cancer-related targets. With Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment, a total of 20 signaling pathways were manifested, and a hub signaling pathway (PI3K-Akt signaling pathway), a key target (Akt1), and a key compound (Urs-12-en-24-oic acid, 3-oxo, methyl ester) were selected among the 20 signaling pathways via MDT. Overall, Urs-12-en-24-oic acid, 3-oxo, methyl ester from the C. maackii flower has potent anti-cancer efficacy by inactivating Akt1 on the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dong-Ha Cho
- Department of Bio-Health Convergence, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (K.-K.O.); (M.A.)
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Zanatelli M, Colleta SJ, Guerra LHA, Santos FCA, Góes RM, Vilamaior PSL, Taboga SR. Prolactin promotes a partial recovery from the atrophy of both male and female gerbil prostates caused by castration. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2021; 19:94. [PMID: 34158080 PMCID: PMC8218528 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-021-00777-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The male and female prostates are controlled by steroid hormones, suffering important morphological and physiological changes after castration. Prolactin is involved in the regulation of the male prostate, having already been identified in the tissue, acting through its receptor PRLR. In the Mongolian gerbil, in addition to the male prostate, the female prostate is also well developed and active in its secretion processes. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of exposure to exogenous prolactin in the prostate of both intact and castrated male and female gerbils in order to establish if prolactin administration can sustain prostate cell activity in conditions of sexual hormone deprivation. METHODS The morphological analyses were performed by biometric analysis, lesion histological analysis and morphometric-stereological aspects. In addition, immune-cytochemical tests were performed for prolactin and its receptor, as well as for the receptors of androgen and oestrogen and serum prolactin dosage. All data were submitted to ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis tests for comparison between groups. P < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. RESULTS The results showed a strong influence of prolactin on the morphology of the prostate, with the development of important epithelial alterations, after only 3 days of administration, and an expressive epithelial cell discard process after 30 days of administration. Prolactin acts in synergy with testosterone in males and mainly with oestrogens in females, establishing different steroid hormonal receptor immunoreactivity according to sex. It was also demonstrated that prolactin can assist in the recovery from some atrophic effects caused in the gland after castration, without causing additional tissue damage. CONCLUSIONS The prolactin and its receptor are involved in the maintenance of the homeostasis of male and female gerbils, and also cause distinct histological alterations after exogenous exposure for 3 and 30 days. The effects of prolactin are related to its joint action on androgens and oestrogens and it can also assist in the recovery from the atrophic effects of castration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Zanatelli
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas - UNICAMP, SP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Simone Jacovaci Colleta
- Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, Department of Biology, São Paulo State University - UNESP/IBILCE, Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, Jardim Nazareth, SP, 15054-000, São José do Rio Preto, Brasil
| | - Luiz Henrique Alves Guerra
- Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, Department of Biology, São Paulo State University - UNESP/IBILCE, Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, Jardim Nazareth, SP, 15054-000, São José do Rio Preto, Brasil
| | | | - Rejane Maira Góes
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas - UNICAMP, SP, Campinas, Brazil
- Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, Department of Biology, São Paulo State University - UNESP/IBILCE, Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, Jardim Nazareth, SP, 15054-000, São José do Rio Preto, Brasil
| | - Patricia Simone Leite Vilamaior
- Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, Department of Biology, São Paulo State University - UNESP/IBILCE, Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, Jardim Nazareth, SP, 15054-000, São José do Rio Preto, Brasil
| | - Sebastião Roberto Taboga
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas - UNICAMP, SP, Campinas, Brazil.
- Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, Department of Biology, São Paulo State University - UNESP/IBILCE, Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, Jardim Nazareth, SP, 15054-000, São José do Rio Preto, Brasil.
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Canadas-Sousa A, Santos M, Medeiros R, Dias-Pereira P. Single Nucleotide Polymorphism in Prolactin Gene Is Associated With Clinical Aggressiveness and Outcome of Canine Mammary Malignant Tumors. Vet Pathol 2021; 58:1051-1057. [PMID: 34121513 DOI: 10.1177/03009858211022705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Prolactin (PRL) is a key hormone involved in canine mammary development and tumorigenesis. In this study, the influence of a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the PRL gene (rs23932236) on the clinicopathological parameters and survival of dogs with canine mammary tumors (CMTs) was investigated. A total of 206 female dogs with spontaneous mammary tumors were enrolled in this study and circulating blood cells were genotyped. This specific SNP was associated with larger size (>3 cm diameter) for malignant tumors (P = .036), tumors with infiltrative/invasive growth pattern (P = .010), vascular invasion (P = .006), and lymph node metastasis (P = .004). Carriers of the variant allele had a shorter overall survival compared to the wild-type population with an overall survival of 18.7 months and 22.7 months, respectively (P = .004). These findings suggest that SNP rs23932236 of canine PRL gene may be used as an indicator for the development of clinically aggressive forms of CMTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Canadas-Sousa
- Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, ICBAS, UPorto, 89239University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Marta Santos
- Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, ICBAS, UPorto, 89239University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Medeiros
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, 59035IPO-Porto Research Center, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Dias-Pereira
- Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, ICBAS, UPorto, 89239University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Ramírez-de-Arellano A, Villegas-Pineda JC, Hernández-Silva CD, Pereira-Suárez AL. The Relevant Participation of Prolactin in the Genesis and Progression of Gynecological Cancers. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:747810. [PMID: 34745013 PMCID: PMC8566755 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.747810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolactin (PRL) is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland and multiple non-pituitary sites, vital in several physiological processes such as lactation, pregnancy, cell growth, and differentiation. However, PRL is nowadays known to have a strong implication in oncogenic processes, making it essential to delve into the mechanisms governing these actions. PRL and its receptor (PRLR) activate a series of effects such as survival, cellular proliferation, migration, invasion, metastasis, and resistance to treatment, being highly relevant in developing certain types of cancer. Because women produce high levels of PRL, its influence in gynecological cancers is herein reviewed. It is interesting that, other than the 23 kDa PRL, whose mechanism of action is endocrine, other variants of PRL have been observed to be produced by tumoral tissue, acting in a paracrine/autocrine manner. Because many components, including PRL, surround the microenvironment, it is interesting to understand the hormone's modulation in cancer cells. This work aims to review the most important findings regarding the PRL/PRLR axis in cervical, ovarian, and endometrial cancers and its molecular mechanisms to support carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Ramírez-de-Arellano
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Julio César Villegas-Pineda
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
- Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Departamento de Fisiología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Christian David Hernández-Silva
- Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Departamento de Fisiología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Ana Laura Pereira-Suárez
- Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Departamento de Fisiología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
- Departamento de Microbiología y Patología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Ana Laura Pereira-Suárez,
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Dandawate P, Kaushik G, Ghosh C, Standing D, Sayed AAA, Choudhury S, Subramaniam D, Manzardo A, Banerjee T, Santra S, Ramamoorthy P, Butler M, Padhye SB, Baranda J, Kasi A, Sun W, Tawfik O, Coppola D, Malafa M, Umar S, Soares MJ, Saha S, Weir SJ, Dhar A, Jensen RA, Thomas SM, Anant S. Diphenylbutylpiperidine Antipsychotic Drugs Inhibit Prolactin Receptor Signaling to Reduce Growth of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma in Mice. Gastroenterology 2020; 158:1433-1449.e27. [PMID: 31786131 PMCID: PMC7103550 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2019.11.279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Prolactin (PRL) signaling is up-regulated in hormone-responsive cancers. The PRL receptor (PRLR) is a class I cytokine receptor that signals via the Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and activator of transcription and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways to regulate cell proliferation, migration, stem cell features, and apoptosis. Patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) have high plasma levels of PRL. We investigated whether PRLR signaling contributes to the growth of pancreatic tumors in mice. METHODS We used immunohistochemical analyses to compare levels of PRL and PRLR in multitumor tissue microarrays. We used structure-based virtual screening and fragment-based drug discovery to identify compounds likely to bind PRLR and interfere with its signaling. Human pancreatic cell lines (AsPC-1, BxPC-3, Panc-1, and MiaPaCa-2), with or without knockdown of PRLR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats or small hairpin RNA), were incubated with PRL or penfluridol and analyzed in proliferation and spheroid formation. C57BL/6 mice were given injections of UNKC-6141 cells, with or without knockdown of PRLR, into pancreas, and tumor development was monitored for 4 weeks, with some mice receiving penfluridol treatment for 21 days. Human pancreatic tumor tissues were implanted into interscapular fat pads of NSG mice, and mice were given injections of penfluridol daily for 28 days. Nude mice were given injections of Panc-1 cells, xenograft tumors were grown for 2 weeks, and mice were then given intraperitoneal penfluridol for 35 days. Tumors were collected from mice and analyzed by histology, immunohistochemistry, and immunoblots. RESULTS Levels of PRLR were increased in PDAC compared with nontumor pancreatic tissues. Incubation of pancreatic cell lines with PRL activated signaling via JAK2-signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase, as well as formation of pancospheres and cell migration; these activities were not observed in cells with PRLR knockdown. Pancreatic cancer cells with PRLR knockdown formed significantly smaller tumors in mice. We identified several diphenylbutylpiperidine-class antipsychotic drugs as agents that decreased PRL-induced JAK2 signaling; incubation of pancreatic cancer cells with these compounds reduced their proliferation and formation of panco spheres. Injections of 1 of these compounds, penfluridol, slowed the growth of xenograft tumors in the different mouse models, reducing proliferation and inducing autophagy of the tumor cells. CONCLUSIONS Levels of PRLR are increased in PDAC, and exposure to PRL increases proliferation and migration of pancreatic cancer cells. Antipsychotic drugs, such as penfluridol, block PRL signaling in pancreatic cancer cells to reduce their proliferation, induce autophagy, and slow the growth of xenograft tumors in mice. These drugs might be tested in patients with PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasad Dandawate
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Gaurav Kaushik
- Department of Surgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Chandrayee Ghosh
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - David Standing
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Afreen Asif Ali Sayed
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Sonali Choudhury
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | | | - Ann Manzardo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Tuhina Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, KS 66762, USA
| | - Santimukul Santra
- Department of Chemistry, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, KS 66762, USA
| | - Prabhu Ramamoorthy
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Merlin Butler
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Subhash B. Padhye
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, Interdisciplinary Science and Technology Research Academy, Abeda Inamdar College, University of Pune, Pune 411001
| | - Joaquina Baranda
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Anup Kasi
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Weijing Sun
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Ossama Tawfik
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Domenico Coppola
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612
| | - Mokenge Malafa
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612
| | - Shahid Umar
- Department of Surgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Michael J. Soares
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, Department of Pediatrics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, Center for Perinatal Research, Children’s Research Institute, Children’s Mercy-Kansas City, MO 64108
| | - Subhrajit Saha
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Scott J. Weir
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Animesh Dhar
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Roy A. Jensen
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Sufi Mary Thomas
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Shrikant Anant
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; Department of Surgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; Interdisciplinary Science and Technology Research Academy, Abeda Inamdar College, University of Pune, Pune.
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Asad AS, Nicola Candia AJ, Gonzalez N, Zuccato CF, Abt A, Orrillo SJ, Lastra Y, De Simone E, Boutillon F, Goffin V, Seilicovich A, Pisera DA, Ferraris MJ, Candolfi M. Prolactin and its receptor as therapeutic targets in glioblastoma multiforme. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19578. [PMID: 31862900 PMCID: PMC6925187 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55860-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although prolactin (PRL) and its receptor (PRLR) have been detected in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), their role in its pathogenesis remains unclear. Our aim was to explore their contribution in GBM pathogenesis. We detected PRL and PRLR in all GBM cell lines tested. PRLR activation or overexpression using plasmid transfection increased proliferation, viability, clonogenicity, chemoresistance and matrix metalloproteinase activity in GBM cells, while PRLR antagonist ∆1–9-G129R-hPRL reduced their proliferation, viability, chemoresistance and migration. Meta-analysis of transcriptomic data indicated that PRLR was expressed in all grade II-III glioma (GII-III) and GBM samples. PRL was upregulated in GBM biopsies when compared to GII-III. While in the general population tumour PRL/PRLR expression did not correlate with patient survival, biological sex-stratified analyses revealed that male patients with PRL+/PRLRHIGH GBM performed worse than PRL+/PRLRLOW GBM. In contrast, all male PRL+/PRLRHIGH GII-III patients were alive whereas only 30% of PRL+/PRLRLOW GII-III patients survived after 100 months. Our study suggests that PRLR may be involved in GBM pathogenesis and could constitute a therapeutic target for its treatment. Our findings also support the notion that sexual dimorphism should be taken into account to improve the care of GBM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonela Sofía Asad
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED, UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandro Javier Nicola Candia
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED, UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nazareno Gonzalez
- Max Planck Laboratory for Structural Biology, Chemistry and Molecular Biophysics of Rosario (MPLbioR), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Camila Florencia Zuccato
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED, UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Araceli Abt
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED, UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Santiago Jordi Orrillo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED, UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Yael Lastra
- Cátedra de Fisiología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Emilio De Simone
- Cátedra de Fisiología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Florence Boutillon
- Inserm U1151, Institut Necker Enfants Malades (INEM), Faculty of Medicine, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Goffin
- Inserm U1151, Institut Necker Enfants Malades (INEM), Faculty of Medicine, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Adriana Seilicovich
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED, UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniel Alberto Pisera
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED, UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Jimena Ferraris
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED, UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marianela Candolfi
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED, UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Chhatriya B, Mukherjee M, Ray S, Sarkar P, Chatterjee S, Nath D, Das K, Goswami S. Comparison of tumour and serum specific microRNA changes dissecting their role in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: a meta-analysis. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:1175. [PMID: 31795960 PMCID: PMC6891989 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-6380-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is considered as one of the most aggressive cancers lacking efficient early detection biomarkers. Circulating miRNAs are now being considered to have potency to be used as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in different diseases as well as cancers. In case of cancer, a fraction of the circulating miRNAs is actually derived from the tumour tissue. This fraction would function as stable biomarker for the disease and also would contribute to the understanding of the disease development. There are not many studies exploring this aspect in pancreatic cancer and even there is not much overlap of results between existing studies. Methods In order to address that gap, we performed a miRNA microarray analysis to identify differentially expressed circulating miRNAs between PDAC patients and normal healthy individuals and also found two more similar datasets to perform a meta-analysis using a total of 182 PDAC patients and 170 normal, identifying a set of miRNAs significantly altered in patient serum. Next, we found five datasets studying miRNA expression profile in tumour tissues of PDAC patients as compared to normal pancreas and performed a second meta-analysis using data from a total of 183 pancreatic tumour and 47 normal pancreas to detect significantly deregulated miRNAs in pancreatic carcinoma. Comparison of these two lists and subsequent search for their target genes which were also deregulated in PDAC in inverse direction to miRNAs was done followed by investigation of their role in disease development. Results We identified 21 miRNAs altered in both pancreatic tumour tissue and serum. While deciphering the functions of their target genes, we characterized key miR-Gene interactions perturbing the biological pathways. We identified important cancer related pathways, pancreas specific pathways, AGE-RAGE signaling, prolactin signaling and insulin resistance signaling pathways among the most affected ones. We also reported the possible involvement of crucial transcription factors in the process. Conclusions Our study identified a unique meta-signature of 21 miRNAs capable of explaining pancreatic carcinogenesis and possibly holding the potential to act as biomarker for the disease detection which could be explored further.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Moumita Mukherjee
- National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, West Bengal, India
| | - Sukanta Ray
- School of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Piyali Sarkar
- Present Address: Tata Medical Centre, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | | | - Debashis Nath
- Indira Gandhi Memorial Hospital, Agartala, Tripura, India
| | - Kshaunish Das
- School of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Srikanta Goswami
- National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, West Bengal, India.
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A Review on Mammary Tumors in Rabbits: Translation of Pathology into Medical Care. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9100762. [PMID: 31581718 PMCID: PMC6826878 DOI: 10.3390/ani9100762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In recent years mammary cancer has been increasingly recognized in pet rabbits. In addition to uterine carcinomas—the most common tumor of female rabbits—mammary cancer can also markedly reduce the life expectancy of pet rabbits. The aim of this review is to raise awareness for these tumors and to report recent progress in related research. Their detailed characterization will likely improve medical care for affected rabbits. Moreover, study results will contribute to comparative pathology and may reveal if the rabbit is a suitable model for certain types of breast cancer in humans. Available information suggests that most invasive cancer cases develop through stepwise progression from non-invasive forms. Thus, early recognition will likely improve a complete cancer cure. So far, the only treatment option is surgical excision and prognostic factors are unknown. Recent investigations have identified tumor features with likely prognostic value. They have also revealed differences and similarities to mammary tumors in other species and breast cancer in women. Despite these initial data, continued research is necessary to gain more insights into the development of these tumors and their molecular features. Abstract The aim of this review is to raise awareness for mammary tumors in rabbits and to report progress in related research. Currently, a standardized tumor classification for rabbits is not available, prognostic factors are unknown and the only treatment option is surgical excision. Studies showed that affected rabbits have a wide age range and are nearly exclusively female or female spayed. Most mammary tumors are carcinomas. These may occur together with non-neoplastic or benign mammary lesions. Frequent microscopic findings are lipid droplets in tumor cells, secretory activity and microscopic heterogeneity. Since carcinomas are often negative for estrogen and progesterone receptors (ER-α/PR), modulation of receptor function will unlikely be beneficial for most rabbits. ER-α and PR status may have prognostic significance, since ER-α- or PR-negative tumors have significantly higher mitotic rates than ER-α- or PR-positive tumors. The frequent secretory activity of rabbit mammary tumors may suggest an influence of prolactin on tumorigenesis. Available data contribute to comparative pathology and are the basis for future molecular studies into the identification of additional prognostic factors and novel therapeutic options. They will also reveal the suitability of the rabbit as a model for certain types of breast cancer in women.
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Farley-Barnes KI, McCann KL, Ogawa LM, Merkel J, Surovtseva YV, Baserga SJ. Diverse Regulators of Human Ribosome Biogenesis Discovered by Changes in Nucleolar Number. Cell Rep 2019; 22:1923-1934. [PMID: 29444442 PMCID: PMC5828527 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.01.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribosome biogenesis is a highly regulated, essential cellular process. Although studies in yeast have established some of the biological principles of ribosome biogenesis, many of the intricacies of its regulation in higher eukaryotes remain unknown. To understand how ribosome biogenesis is globally integrated in human cells, we conducted a genome-wide siRNA screen for regulators of nucleolar number. We found 139 proteins whose depletion changed the number of nucleoli per nucleus from 2–3 to only 1 in human MCF10A cells. Follow-up analyses on 20 hits found many (90%) to be essential for the nucleolar functions of rDNA transcription (7), pre-ribosomal RNA (pre-rRNA) processing (16), and/or global protein synthesis (14). This genome-wide analysis exploits the relationship between nucleolar number and function to discover diverse cellular pathways that regulate the making of ribosomes and paves the way for further exploration of the links between ribosome biogenesis and human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine I Farley-Barnes
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Kathleen L McCann
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Epigenetics and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, PO Box 12233 MD F3-05, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Lisa M Ogawa
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Janie Merkel
- Yale Center for Molecular Discovery, Yale University, 600 West Campus Drive, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Yulia V Surovtseva
- Yale Center for Molecular Discovery, Yale University, 600 West Campus Drive, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Susan J Baserga
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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Abstract
The documented efficacy of COX-2 inhibitors in cancer chemoprevention and in suppression of metastasis is predominantly attributed to inflammatory responses, whereas their effects on tumor-stromal interaction are poorly understood. Through single-cell transcriptome analyses in an immune-compromised mouse xenograft model and in vitro reconstitution experiments, we uncover a tumor-stromal paracrine pathway in which secretion by tumor cells of the COX-2 product prostaglandin E2 induces prolactin production by stromal cells, which activates signaling in disseminated tumor cells with upregulated prolactin receptor expression. Analysis of multiple human cancers confirms differential tumor and stromal cell expression of COX-2, prolactin, and prolactin receptor. Together, these findings may provide novel biomarkers to inform the selective application of COX-2 inhibitors and point to additional targets for suppressing metastasis recurrence. Tumor-stromal communication within the microenvironment contributes to initiation of metastasis and may present a therapeutic opportunity. Using serial single-cell RNA sequencing in an orthotopic mouse prostate cancer model, we find up-regulation of prolactin receptor as cancer cells that have disseminated to the lungs expand into micrometastases. Secretion of the ligand prolactin by adjacent lung stromal cells is induced by tumor cell production of the COX-2 synthetic product prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). PGE2 treatment of fibroblasts activates the orphan nuclear receptor NR4A (Nur77), with prolactin as a major transcriptional target for the NR4A-retinoid X receptor (RXR) heterodimer. Ectopic expression of prolactin receptor in mouse cancer cells enhances micrometastasis, while treatment with the COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib abrogates prolactin secretion by fibroblasts and reduces tumor initiation. Across multiple human cancers, COX-2, prolactin, and prolactin receptor show consistent differential expression in tumor and stromal compartments. Such paracrine cross-talk may thus contribute to the documented efficacy of COX-2 inhibitors in cancer suppression.
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The prostate response to prolactin modulation in adult castrated rats subjected to testosterone replacement. J Mol Histol 2017; 48:403-415. [PMID: 28988314 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-017-9738-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite the androgenic dependence, other hormones, growth factors, and cytokines are necessary to support prostatic growth and maintain the glandular structure; among them, prolactin is a non-steroidal hormone secreted mainly by the pituitary gland. However, extra-pituitary expression of prolactin, such as in the prostate, has also been demonstrated, highlighting the paracrine and autocrine actions of prolactin within the prostate. Here, we investigated whether prolactin modulation alters ventral prostate (VP) morphophysiology in adult castrated rats. Sprague Dawley rats were castrated and after 21 days, divided into ten experimental groups (n = 6/group): castrated control: castrated animals that did not receive treatment; castrated+testosterone: castrated animals that received T (4 mg/kg/day); castrated+PRL (PRL): castrated animals receiving prolactin (0.3 mg/kg/day); castrated+T+PRL: castrated animals that received a combination of testosterone and prolactin; and castrated+bromocriptine (BR): castrated animals that received bromocriptine (0.4 mg/kg/day). The control group included intact animals. The animals were treated for 3 or 10 consecutive days. At the end of experimental period, the animals were euthanized, and the blood and VP lobes were collected and analyzed by different methods. The main findings were that the administration of prolactin to castrated rats did not exert anabolic effects on the VP. Although we observed activation of downstream prolactin signaling after prolactin administration, this was not enough to overcome the prostatic androgen deficiency. Likewise, there was no additional glandular involution in the castrated group treated with bromocriptine. We concluded that despite stimulating the downstream signaling pathway, exogenous prolactin does not act on VP in the absence or presence of high levels of testosterone.
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Tam AA, Kaya C, Aydın C, Ersoy R, Çakır B. Differentiated thyroid cancer in patients with prolactinoma. Turk J Med Sci 2016; 46:1360-1365. [PMID: 27966298 DOI: 10.3906/sag-1501-58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Increasing evidence is available about the role of prolactin in the development of various cancers. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the frequency of thyroid cancer in patients with prolactinoma followed at a single site. MATERIALS AND METHODS The medical records of 182 patients diagnosed with prolactinoma were reviewed retrospectively. Serum prolactin, antithyroglobulin, antithyroid peroxidase antibody, thyroid-stimulating hormone, free T4, and free T3 values and pituitary gland magnetic resonance imaging and thyroid ultrasound reports were evaluated. RESULTS Forty-five (39.5%) patients were found to have a thyroid nodule (13 solitary, 32 multiple). Ten patients were administered a thyroidectomy, and differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) was detected in 6 of these patients (6/114, 5.3%). One patient had lung metastasis. The control group consisted of 113 individuals (101 females, 12 males with a mean age of 32.1 ± 9.1). In the ultrasound reports, 28 of these individuals (24.8%) had a thyroid nodule (5 solitary, 23 multiple), and one individual (1/113, 0.8%) had DTC. CONCLUSION When compared to the control group, thyroid volume and thyroid nodularity were significantly higher in patients with prolactinoma (P < 0.001, P = 0.018, respectively); however, no statistically significant difference existed for the incidence of thyroid cancer (P = 0.196).
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Ali Tam
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Atatürk Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Cafer Kaya
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Atatürk Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Cevdet Aydın
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Atatürk Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Reyhan Ersoy
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Bekir Çakır
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Ankara, Turkey
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O'Sullivan CC, Bates SE. Targeting Prolactin Receptor (PRLR) Signaling in PRLR-Positive Breast and Prostate Cancer. Oncologist 2016; 21:523-6. [PMID: 27107001 PMCID: PMC4861375 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2016-0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In this issue of The Oncologist, Agarwal et al. report negative results from a phase I trial of LFA102. Although “negative” in terms of antitumor activity, the study provides useful pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic information. Future trials evaluating PRLR blockers alone and in combination with other agents may still be warranted in patients with breast and prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susan E Bates
- New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA
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21
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De Hert M, Peuskens J, Sabbe T, Mitchell AJ, Stubbs B, Neven P, Wildiers H, Detraux J. Relationship between prolactin, breast cancer risk, and antipsychotics in patients with schizophrenia: a critical review. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2016; 133:5-22. [PMID: 26114737 DOI: 10.1111/acps.12459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A recent meta-analysis showed that breast cancer probably is more common in female patients with schizophrenia than in the general population (effect size = 1.25, P < 0.05). Increasing experimental and epidemiological data have alerted researchers to the influence of prolactin (PRL) in mammary carcinogenesis. We therefore investigated the possible relationship between antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinemia (HPRL) and breast cancer risk in female patients with schizophrenia. METHOD A literature search (1950 until January 2015), using the MEDLINE database, was conducted for English-language published clinical trials to identify and synthesize data of the current state of knowledge concerning breast cancer risk (factors) in women with schizophrenia and its (their) relationship between HPRL and antipsychotic medication. RESULTS Although an increasing body of evidence supports the involvement of PRL in breast carcinogenesis, results of human prospective studies are limited, equivocal, and correlative (with risk ratios ranging from 0.70 to 1.9 for premenopausal women and from 0.76 to 2.03 for postmenopausal women). Moreover, these studies equally do not take into account the local production of PRL in breast epithelium, although amplification or overexpression of the local autocrine/paracrine PRL loop may be a more important mechanism in tumorigenesis. Until now, there is also no conclusive evidence that antipsychotic medication can increase the risk of breast malignancy and mortality. CONCLUSION Other breast risk factors than PRL, such as nulliparity, obesity, diabetes mellitus, and unhealthy lifestyle behaviours (alcohol dependence, smoking, low physical activity), probably are of greater relevance in individual breast cancer cases within the population of female patients with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- M De Hert
- Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven University Psychiatric Centre, Kortenberg, Belgium
| | - J Peuskens
- Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven University Psychiatric Centre, Kortenberg, Belgium
| | - T Sabbe
- Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven University Psychiatric Centre, Kortenberg, Belgium
| | - A J Mitchell
- Department of Psycho-oncology, Cancer & Molecular Medicine, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - B Stubbs
- School of Health and Social Care, University of Greenwich, Greenwich, UK
| | - P Neven
- Multidisciplinary Breast Center, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - H Wildiers
- Multidisciplinary Breast Center, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of General Medical Oncology, Leuven Cancer Institute, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - J Detraux
- Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven University Psychiatric Centre, Kortenberg, Belgium
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22
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de Arellano AR, Lopez-Pulido EI, Martínez-Neri PA, Chávez CE, Lucano RG, Fafutis-Morris M, Aguilar-Lemarroy A, Muñoz-Valle JF, Pereira-Suárez AL. STAT3 activation is required for the antiapoptotic effects of prolactin in cervical cancer cells. Cancer Cell Int 2015; 15:83. [PMID: 26346346 PMCID: PMC4559880 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-015-0234-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prolactin (PRL) has been implicated in the development of different types of cancer. However, signaling pathways might be activated depending on various forms of prolactin receptor (PRLR). JAK/STAT is an important pathway associated with PRL effects. The activation of JAK/STAT pathway might activate antiapoptotic genes that could importantly lead to progression of tumorigenesis. Recently, we have reported that PRL is associated with cell survival by inhibition of apoptosis and the precise activated signaling pathways for this process are still questioned. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the activation of different signaling pathways in response to PRL as well as to identify the induction of antiapoptotic genes. METHODS Cervical cancer cell lines HeLa, SiHa and C-33 A were stimulated with PRL (200 ng/mL) for 30 and 60 min and non stimulated cells were used to measure basal protein expression. Inhibition assays were performed by using Jak2 specific inhibitor AG490, either alone or in combination with PRL for 48 h. Western blot were carried out to evaluate protein induction of the different signaling pathways and antiapoptotic proteins. Significant effects were determined by using ANOVA test. RESULTS STAT3 was significantly activated in cervical cancer lines in comparison with non-tumorigenic keratinocytes HaCaT. No significant differences were found when analyzing MAPK and PI3K signaling pathways. An increase of antiapoptotic genes Bcl-xl, Bcl-2, survivin and Mcl-1 was observed after stimulus with PRL; however, after inhibition with AG490, the induction of antiapoptotic genes was decreased. CONCLUSION Our data suggests that STAT3 is an important signaling pathway activated by PRL in cervical cancer cells and it modulates the induction of antiapoptotic genes. Blocking STAT3 could represent a possible therapeutic strategy in cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Ramírez de Arellano
- />Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco Mexico
- />Laboratorio de Inmunología, Departamento de Fisiología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada # 950, Colonia Independencia, 44340 Guadalajara, Jalisco Mexico
| | - Edgar I. Lopez-Pulido
- />Departamento de Clínicas, Centro Universitario de Los Altos, Tepatitlán de Morelos, Jalisco Mexico
| | - Priscila A. Martínez-Neri
- />Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco Mexico
- />Laboratorio de Inmunología, Departamento de Fisiología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada # 950, Colonia Independencia, 44340 Guadalajara, Jalisco Mexico
| | - Ciro Estrada Chávez
- />Unidad de Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco A.C., 44270 Guadalajara, Jalisco Mexico
| | - Renee González Lucano
- />Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, Campus Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jalisco Mexico
| | - Mary Fafutis-Morris
- />Laboratorio de Inmunología, Departamento de Fisiología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada # 950, Colonia Independencia, 44340 Guadalajara, Jalisco Mexico
| | - A. Aguilar-Lemarroy
- />Centro Médico Nacional de Occidente (CMNO), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Guadalajara, Jalisco Mexico
| | - José. F. Muñoz-Valle
- />Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco Mexico
| | - Ana Laura Pereira-Suárez
- />Laboratorio de Inmunología, Departamento de Fisiología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada # 950, Colonia Independencia, 44340 Guadalajara, Jalisco Mexico
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23
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Queiroga FL, Pérez-Alenza MD, González Gil A, Silvan G, Peña L, Illera JC. Clinical and prognostic implications of serum and tissue prolactin levels in canine mammary tumours. Vet Rec 2014; 175:403. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.102263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. L. Queiroga
- Department of Veterinary Sciences; Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro; Quinta dos Prados; UTAD; Vila Real 5001-801 Portugal
- Center for the Study of Animal Sciences, CECA-ICETA, University of Porto; Portugal
- Center for Research and Technology of Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences (CITAB); University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro; Vila Real 5001-801 Portugal
| | - M. D. Pérez-Alenza
- Department of Animal Medicine; Surgery and Pathology; Facultad de Veterinaria; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; Ciudad Universitaria s/n Madrid 28040 Spain
| | - A. González Gil
- Department of Animal Physiology; Facultad de Veterinaria; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; Ciudad Universitaria s/n Madrid 28040 Spain
| | - G. Silvan
- Department of Animal Physiology; Facultad de Veterinaria; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; Ciudad Universitaria s/n Madrid 28040 Spain
| | - L. Peña
- Department of Animal Medicine; Surgery and Pathology; Facultad de Veterinaria; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; Ciudad Universitaria s/n Madrid 28040 Spain
| | - J. C. Illera
- Department of Animal Physiology; Facultad de Veterinaria; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; Ciudad Universitaria s/n Madrid 28040 Spain
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Peuskens J, Pani L, Detraux J, De Hert M. The effects of novel and newly approved antipsychotics on serum prolactin levels: a comprehensive review. CNS Drugs 2014; 28:421-53. [PMID: 24677189 PMCID: PMC4022988 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-014-0157-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Since the 1970s, clinicians have increasingly become more familiar with hyperprolactinemia (HPRL) as a common adverse effect of antipsychotic medication, which remains the cornerstone of pharmacological treatment for patients with schizophrenia. Although treatment with second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) as a group is, compared with use of the first-generation antipsychotics, associated with lower prolactin (PRL) plasma levels, the detailed effects on plasma PRL levels for each of these compounds in reports often remain incomplete or inaccurate. Moreover, at this moment, no review has been published about the effect of the newly approved antipsychotics asenapine, iloperidone and lurasidone on PRL levels. The objective of this review is to describe PRL physiology; PRL measurement; diagnosis, causes, consequences and mechanisms of HPRL; incidence figures of (new-onset) HPRL with SGAs and newly approved antipsychotics in adolescent and adult patients; and revisit lingering questions regarding this hormone. A literature search, using the MEDLINE database (1966-December 2013), was conducted to identify relevant publications to report on the state of the art of HPRL and to summarize the available evidence with respect to the propensity of the SGAs and the newly approved antipsychotics to elevate PRL levels. Our review shows that although HPRL usually is defined as a sustained level of PRL above the laboratory upper limit of normal, limit values show some degree of variability in clinical reports, making the interpretation and comparison of data across studies difficult. Moreover, many reports do not provide much or any data detailing the measurement of PRL. Although the highest rates of HPRL are consistently reported in association with amisulpride, risperidone and paliperidone, while aripiprazole and quetiapine have the most favorable profile with respect to this outcome, all SGAs can induce PRL elevations, especially at the beginning of treatment, and have the potential to cause new-onset HPRL. Considering the PRL-elevating propensity of the newly approved antipsychotics, evidence seems to indicate these agents have a PRL profile comparable to that of clozapine (asenapine and iloperidone), ziprasidone and olanzapine (lurasidone). PRL elevations with antipsychotic medication generally are dose dependant. However, antipsychotics having a high potential for PRL elevation (amisulpride, risperidone and paliperidone) can have a profound impact on PRL levels even at relatively low doses, while PRL levels with antipsychotics having a minimal effect on PRL, in most cases, can remain unchanged (quetiapine) or reduce (aripiprazole) over all dosages. Although tolerance and decreases in PRL values after long-term administration of PRL-elevating antipsychotics can occur, the elevations, in most cases, remain above the upper limit of normal. PRL profiles of antipsychotics in children and adolescents seem to be the same as in adults. The hyperprolactinemic effects of antipsychotic medication are mostly correlated with their affinity for dopamine D2 receptors at the level of the anterior pituitary lactotrophs (and probably other neurotransmitter mechanisms) and their blood-brain barrier penetrating capability. Even though antipsychotics are the most common cause of pharmacologically induced HPRL, recent research has shown that HPRL can be pre-existing in a substantial portion of antipsychotic-naïve patients with first-episode psychosis or at-risk mental state.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Peuskens
- Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, University Psychiatric Centre, Catholic University Leuven, Kortenberg, Belgium
| | - L. Pani
- Italian Medicines Agency (AIFA), Rome, Italy
| | - J. Detraux
- Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, University Psychiatric Centre, Catholic University Leuven, Kortenberg, Belgium
| | - M. De Hert
- Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, University Psychiatric Centre, Catholic University Leuven, Kortenberg, Belgium
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Lopez-Pulido EI, Muñoz-Valle JF, Del Toro-Arreola S, Jave-Suárez LF, Bueno-Topete MR, Estrada-Chávez C, Pereira-Suárez AL. High expression of prolactin receptor is associated with cell survival in cervical cancer cells. Cancer Cell Int 2013; 13:103. [PMID: 24148306 PMCID: PMC4016267 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2867-13-103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The altered expression of prolactin (PRL) and its receptor (PRLR) has been implicated in breast and other types of cancer. There are few studies that have focused on the analysis of PRL/PRLR in cervical cancer where the development of neoplastic lesions is influenced by the variation of the hormonal status. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of PRL/PRLR and the effect of PRL treatment on cell proliferation and apoptosis in cervical cancer cell lines. RESULTS High expression of multiple PRLR forms and PRLvariants of 60-80 kDa were observed in cervical cancer cell lines compared with non-tumorigenic keratinocytes evaluated by Western blot, immunofluorecence and real time PCR. Treatment with PRL (200 ng/ml) increased cell proliferation in HeLa cells determined by the MTT assay at day 3 and after 1 day a protective effect against etoposide induced apoptosis in HeLa, SiHa and C-33A cervical cancer cell lines analyzed by the TUNEL assay. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggests that PRL/PRLR signaling could act as an important survival factor for cervical cancer. The use of an effective PRL antagonist may provide a better therapeutic intervention in cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ana Laura Pereira-Suárez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Departamento de Fisiología, Centro Universitario de, Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, México.
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