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Garaz R, Stenzl A, Singer S, Mattern S, Bedke J, Amend B. Female Hyperplastic PSA-Positive Prostate Tissue in the Bladder Neck. Urol Int 2023; 108:163-167. [PMID: 38056438 PMCID: PMC10994589 DOI: 10.1159/000535605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We report a rare case of Skene's gland hyperplasia where the serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level was measurable. CASE PRESENTATION The patient was a 91-year-old woman with a suspected bladder mass at the bladder trigone. Cystoscopy revealed a suspected lesion and an obstructed anterior bladder neck with a large mass located from a "7 o'clock" to "11 o'clock" area. The photodynamic diagnosis was negative. Transurethral subtotal resection of the mass was performed. The serum PSA level at the third postoperative day was 0.08 ng/mL. Postoperative cystography showed no contrast media extravasation. Thus, histopathology revealed massive adenomyomatous hyperplasia of the Skene's gland, as well as nondysplastic urothelium and glandular and squamous epithelium. Immunohistochemistry showed strong PSA and NKX3.1 positivity, confirming the diagnosis of "female prostate." FISH analysis showed only green signals that confirm an XX karyotype. In follow-up to 17 months, there was no disease recurrence or need for a urinary catheter. CONCLUSION Effective therapeutic strategies for these lesions are unknown due to the absence of reported cases. Given the patient's age, we assumed that bladder neck resection by transurethral resection with a controlled level of serum PSA would be a suitable therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radion Garaz
- Department of Urology, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Arnulf Stenzl
- Department of Urology, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Stephan Singer
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Sven Mattern
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Jens Bedke
- Department of Urology and Transplant Surgery, Katharinen Hospital, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Bastian Amend
- Department of Urology, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
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Zanatelli M, Colleta SJ, Guerra LHA, Santos FCA, Góes RM, Vilamaior PSL, Taboga SR. Prolactin promotes a partial recovery from the atrophy of both male and female gerbil prostates caused by castration. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2021; 19:94. [PMID: 34158080 PMCID: PMC8218528 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-021-00777-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The male and female prostates are controlled by steroid hormones, suffering important morphological and physiological changes after castration. Prolactin is involved in the regulation of the male prostate, having already been identified in the tissue, acting through its receptor PRLR. In the Mongolian gerbil, in addition to the male prostate, the female prostate is also well developed and active in its secretion processes. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of exposure to exogenous prolactin in the prostate of both intact and castrated male and female gerbils in order to establish if prolactin administration can sustain prostate cell activity in conditions of sexual hormone deprivation. METHODS The morphological analyses were performed by biometric analysis, lesion histological analysis and morphometric-stereological aspects. In addition, immune-cytochemical tests were performed for prolactin and its receptor, as well as for the receptors of androgen and oestrogen and serum prolactin dosage. All data were submitted to ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis tests for comparison between groups. P < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. RESULTS The results showed a strong influence of prolactin on the morphology of the prostate, with the development of important epithelial alterations, after only 3 days of administration, and an expressive epithelial cell discard process after 30 days of administration. Prolactin acts in synergy with testosterone in males and mainly with oestrogens in females, establishing different steroid hormonal receptor immunoreactivity according to sex. It was also demonstrated that prolactin can assist in the recovery from some atrophic effects caused in the gland after castration, without causing additional tissue damage. CONCLUSIONS The prolactin and its receptor are involved in the maintenance of the homeostasis of male and female gerbils, and also cause distinct histological alterations after exogenous exposure for 3 and 30 days. The effects of prolactin are related to its joint action on androgens and oestrogens and it can also assist in the recovery from the atrophic effects of castration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Zanatelli
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas - UNICAMP, SP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Simone Jacovaci Colleta
- Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, Department of Biology, São Paulo State University - UNESP/IBILCE, Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, Jardim Nazareth, SP, 15054-000, São José do Rio Preto, Brasil
| | - Luiz Henrique Alves Guerra
- Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, Department of Biology, São Paulo State University - UNESP/IBILCE, Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, Jardim Nazareth, SP, 15054-000, São José do Rio Preto, Brasil
| | | | - Rejane Maira Góes
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas - UNICAMP, SP, Campinas, Brazil
- Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, Department of Biology, São Paulo State University - UNESP/IBILCE, Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, Jardim Nazareth, SP, 15054-000, São José do Rio Preto, Brasil
| | - Patricia Simone Leite Vilamaior
- Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, Department of Biology, São Paulo State University - UNESP/IBILCE, Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, Jardim Nazareth, SP, 15054-000, São José do Rio Preto, Brasil
| | - Sebastião Roberto Taboga
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas - UNICAMP, SP, Campinas, Brazil.
- Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, Department of Biology, São Paulo State University - UNESP/IBILCE, Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, Jardim Nazareth, SP, 15054-000, São José do Rio Preto, Brasil.
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de Jesus Gomes L, Rodrigues GA, Medeiros BCM, Manso LA, Ramos JG, de Azevedo Brito PV, Taboga SR, de Carvalho HF, Dos Santos FCA, Biancardi MF. The Influence of Pregnancy on Female Prostate Morphophysiology in Gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus). Reprod Sci 2021; 28:2468-79. [PMID: 33591562 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-021-00475-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Morphophysiological changes of the female prostate during pregnancy are still little known. Considering that this gland is highly influenced by steroid hormones, the aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of the pregnancy on female prostate morphophysiology in gerbils. Pregnant females were timed, and the prostates were analyzed at pregnancy days 6 (P6), 12 (P12), 18 (P18), and 24 (P24). Virgin females were used as the control group (C). We observed a profound change in the hormonal profile during gestation, which was marked by a high oscillation of the progesterone (P4) hormone. P4 serum levels increased, peaking at the middle of gestation, and decreased to the end of the pregnancy. The morphology of the gland in pregnant females also changed, being marked by an increase of acini lumen, and a decrease in stroma. Indeed, the acinar changes during pregnancy were followed by a significant reduction of the epithelial height, besides a change of the smooth muscle cells' morphology that became more relaxed. The number of progesterone receptor (PR) and androgen receptor (AR)-positives cells decreased with the increase of progesterone serum levels, showing an inverse relationship. Finally, we observed a reduction of epithelial proliferation and a significant increase of gland PAS-positive secretion at the end of pregnancy. Altogether, these results showed, for the first time, that the female prostate morphophysioloy is profoundly influenced by the gestational period, suggesting that the fluctuation of the P4 serum levels is the main factor influencing the gland during this period.
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Cunha GR, Cao M, Franco O, Baskin LS. A comparison of prostatic development in xenografts of human fetal prostate and human female fetal proximal urethra grown in dihydrotestosterone-treated hosts. Differentiation 2020; 115:37-52. [PMID: 32861072 PMCID: PMC7768987 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2020.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this paper is to explore the ability of the human female urogenital sinus immediately below the bladder (proximal urethra) to undergo prostatic development in response to dihydrotestosterone (DHT). To establish this idea, xenografts of human fetal female proximal urethra were grown in castrated nude mouse hosts receiving a subcutaneous DHT pellet. To verify the prostatic nature of the resultant glands, DHT-treated human fetal female urethral xenografts were compared with human fetal prostatic xenografts (derived from male specimens) grown in untreated and DHT-treated castrated mouse hosts and human fetal female proximal urethral xenografts grown in untreated castrated hosts. The resultant glands observed in DHT-treated human fetal female proximal urethral xenografts expressed 3 prostate-specific markers, NKX3.1, prostate specific antigen and prostatic acid phosphatase as well as the androgen receptor. Glands induced by DHT exhibited a protein expression profile of additional immunohistochemical markers (seven keratins, RUNX1, ESR2, TP63 and FOXA1) consistent with the unique spatial pattern of these proteins in prostatic ducts. Xenografts of human fetal female proximal urethra grown in DHT-treated hosts also expressed one of the salient features of prostatic development, namely androgen responsiveness. The experimental induction of prostatic differentiation from human fetal female proximal urethra makes possible future in-depth analysis of the molecular pathways directly involved in initiation of human prostatic development and subsequent epithelial differentiation, and more important whether the molecular pathways involved in human prostatic development are similar/identical versus different from that in murine prostatic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald R Cunha
- Department of Urology, University of California, 400 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
| | - Mei Cao
- Department of Urology, University of California, 400 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Omar Franco
- Department of Surgery, North Shore University Health System, 1001 University Place, Evanston, IL, 60201, USA
| | - Laurence S Baskin
- Department of Urology, University of California, 400 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
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da Silva Lima D, da Silva Gomes L, de Sousa Figueredo E, de Godoi MM, Silva EM, da Silva Neri HF, Taboga SR, Biancardi MF, Ghedini PC, Dos Santos FCA. Aluminum exposure promotes histopathological and pro-oxidant damage to the prostate and gonads of male and female adult gerbils. Exp Mol Pathol 2020; 116:104486. [PMID: 32585149 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2020.104486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Since the industrial revolution, all living beings have become susceptible to numerous sources of aluminum (Al) exposure. In addition to causing proven toxicity in many organs and systems, Al can also have estrogenic activity when absorbed by the body. The reproductive organs are commonly affected by environmental pollutants with estrogenic activity, but little is known about the effects of Al on the prostate and gonads. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of subchronic Al exposure on the prostate and gonads of male and female adult gerbils. After 30 days of oral exposure to aluminum chloride (10 mg/kg/day), the animals were euthanized and the organs processed for cytochemical, ultrastructural, and biochemical assays. Ventral male prostates exposed to Al became hyperplastic and showed signs of cell aging. In addition, the male prostate showed decreased catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. The female prostate was structurally more affected than the ventral male prostate, since it presented hyperplasia and punctual foci of inflammation and prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. However, CAT and SOD activities did not change in this gland. In the testis, Al promoted immature germ cell detachment and degeneration, as well as reduced CAT activity. In the ovaries, Al caused reduction in folliculogenesis and decreased SOD activity. Together, these results indicate that Al is toxic to the prostate and gonads of adult gerbils and that continuous exposure to this metal can impair the fertility of individuals of both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo da Silva Lima
- Department of Histology, Embryology and Cell Biology, Laboratory of Microscopy Applied to Reproduction, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás 74001970, Brazil
| | - Liana da Silva Gomes
- Department of Histology, Embryology and Cell Biology, Laboratory of Microscopy Applied to Reproduction, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás 74001970, Brazil
| | - Esther de Sousa Figueredo
- Department of Histology, Embryology and Cell Biology, Laboratory of Microscopy Applied to Reproduction, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás 74001970, Brazil
| | - Murion Monteiro de Godoi
- Department of Histology, Embryology and Cell Biology, Laboratory of Microscopy Applied to Reproduction, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás 74001970, Brazil
| | - Edvaldo Mendes Silva
- Department of Histology, Embryology and Cell Biology, Laboratory of Microscopy Applied to Reproduction, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás 74001970, Brazil
| | - Hiasmin Franciely da Silva Neri
- Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Molecular and Biochemistry Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás 74001970, Brazil
| | - Sebastião Roberto Taboga
- Department of Biology, Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, State University of São Paulo - UNESP, Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo 15054000, Brazil
| | - Manoel Francisco Biancardi
- Department of Histology, Embryology and Cell Biology, Laboratory of Microscopy Applied to Reproduction, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás 74001970, Brazil
| | - Paulo César Ghedini
- Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Molecular and Biochemistry Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás 74001970, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Cristina Alcantara Dos Santos
- Department of Histology, Embryology and Cell Biology, Laboratory of Microscopy Applied to Reproduction, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás 74001970, Brazil.
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Pastor Z, Chmel R. Differential diagnostics of female "sexual" fluids: a narrative review. Int Urogynecol J 2018; 29:621-9. [PMID: 29285596 DOI: 10.1007/s00192-017-3527-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS Women expel various kinds of fluids during sexual activities. These are manifestations of sexual arousal and orgasm or coital incontinence. This study is aimed at suggesting a diagnostic scheme to differentiate among these phenomena. METHODS Web of Science and Ovid (MEDLINE) databases were systematically searched from 1950 to 2017 for articles on various fluid expulsion phenomena in women during sexual activities, which contain relevant information on sources and composition of the expelled fluids. RESULTS An ultra-filtrate of blood plasma of variable quantity, which is composed of transvaginal transudate at sexual stimulation, enables vaginal lubrication. Female ejaculation (FE) is the secretion of a few milliliters of thick, milky fluid by the female prostate (Skene's glands) during orgasm, which contains prostate-specific antigen. Squirting (SQ) is defined as the orgasmic transurethral expulsion of tenths of milliliters of a form of urine containing various concentrations of urea, creatinine, and uric acid. FE and SQ are two phenomena with different mechanisms. Coital incontinence (CI) could be classified into penetration and orgasm forms, which could be associated with stress urinary incontinence or detrusor hyperactivity. CONCLUSION Squirting, FE, and CI are different phenomena with various mechanisms and could be differentiated according to source, quantity, expulsion mechanism, and subjective feelings during sexual activities.
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Rodríguez-Castelán J, Anaya-Hernández A, Méndez-Tepepa M, Martínez-Gómez M, Castelán F, Cuevas-Romero E. Distribution of thyroid hormone and thyrotropin receptors in reproductive tissues of adult female rabbits. Endocr Res 2017; 42:59-70. [PMID: 27268091 DOI: 10.1080/07435800.2016.1182185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Thyroid dysfunctions are related to anovulation, miscarriages, and infertility in women and laboratory animals. Mechanisms associated with these effects are unknown, although indirect or direct actions of thyroid hormones and thyrotropin could be assumed. The present study aimed to identify the distribution of thyroid hormones (TRs) and thyrotropin (TSHR) receptors in reproductive organs of female rabbits. MATERIAL AND METHODS Ovary of virgin and pregnant rabbits, as well as the oviduct, uterus, and vagina of virgin rabbits were excised, histologically processed, and cut. Slices from these organs were used for immunohistochemical studies for TRα1-2, TRß1, and TSHR. RESULTS The presence of TRs and TSHR was found in the primordial, primary, secondary, tertiary, and Graafian follicles of virgin rabbits, as well as in the corpora lutea, corpora albicans, and wall of hemorrhagic cysts of pregnant rabbits. Oviductal regions (fimbria-infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus, and utero-tubal junction), uterus (endometrium and myometrium), and vagina (abdominal, pelvic, and perineal portions) of virgin rabbits showed anti-TRs and anti-TSHR immunoreactivity. Additionally, the distal urethra, paravaginal ganglia, levator ani and iliococcygeus muscles, dorsal nerve and body of the clitoris, perigenital skin, and prostate had TRs and TSHR. CONCLUSIONS The wide presence of TRs and TSHR in female reproductive organs suggests varied effects of thyroid hormones and thyrotropin in reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maribel Méndez-Tepepa
- c Maestría en Ciencias Biológicas , Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala , Tlaxcala , México
| | - Margarita Martínez-Gómez
- d Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , México-DF , México
- e Centro Tlaxcala de Biología de la Conducta , Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala , Tlaxcala , México
| | - Francisco Castelán
- d Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , México-DF , México
- e Centro Tlaxcala de Biología de la Conducta , Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala , Tlaxcala , México
| | - Estela Cuevas-Romero
- e Centro Tlaxcala de Biología de la Conducta , Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala , Tlaxcala , México
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