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Al-Badr AA. Danazol. PROFILES OF DRUG SUBSTANCES, EXCIPIENTS, AND RELATED METHODOLOGY 2022; 47:149-326. [PMID: 35396014 DOI: 10.1016/bs.podrm.2021.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive profile of danazol describing the nomenclatures, formulae, elemental composition, appearance, uses and applications is presented. The profile contains the method which was utilized for the preparation of the drug substance and its respective scheme is outlined. The physical characteristics of the drug including the solubility, X-ray powder diffraction pattern, differential scanning calorimetry, thermal behavior and spectroscopic studies are described. The methods which were used for the analysis of the drug substance in bulk drug and/or in pharmaceutical formulations including the compendial, spectrophotometric, electrochemical and the chromatographic methods are reported. The stability, toxicity, pharmacokinetics, bioavailability, drug evaluation and monitoring, comparisons, pharmacology, in addition to several compiled reviews on the drug substance which were involved. Finally, two hundred and seventy-nine references are listed at the end of this profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah A Al-Badr
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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2
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Preparation and Pharmacokinetic Characterization of an Anti-Virulence Compound Nanosuspensions. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13101586. [PMID: 34683879 PMCID: PMC8540953 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance has become a worldwide public health threat due to the rapid evolution and spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. CCG-211790 is a novel anti-virulence compound that does not kill bacteria but could ameliorate human diseases by inhibiting expression of virulence factors, thereby applying less selection pressure for antibiotic resistance. However, its potential clinical use is restricted because of its poor aqueous solubility, resulting in formulation challenges. Nanosuspension technology is an effective way to circumvent this problem. Nanosuspensions of CCG-211790 with two different particle sizes, NanoA (315 ± 6 nm) and NanoB (915 ± 24 nm), were prepared using an antisolvent precipitation-ultrasonication method with Tween 80 as the stabilizer. Particle and pharmacokinetics (PK) of CCG-211790 nanosuspensions were characterized. Both NanoA and NanoB demonstrated remarkable increases in dissolution rate compared with the bulk compound. The PK parameters of NanoA were comparable to those of CCG-211790 solution formulation in intravenous or oral administration, suggesting that CCG-211790 nanosuspensions with smaller particle size improved oral bioavailability and drug exposure compared to traditional formulations of drug candidates.
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Sun Y, Chen D, Zhao Y, Zhou K, Zhang B, Wang H, Xie S. Exploitation of nanocrystal suspension as an effective oral formulation for oxfendazole. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2021; 12:1219-1229. [PMID: 34148210 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-021-01012-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
An oxfendazole (OFZ) nanocrystal suspension was prepared by acid-base neutralization and crystallization combined with ultrasonic dispersion to overcome the challenge of its poor oral bioavailability. The nanosuspensions were screened and optimized by single-factor experiments and an orthogonal design using size and appearance as indices. The morphology (differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD)) properties and pharmacokinetics of the best formulation were further developed. The results showed that the best cosolvent and stabilizer were malic acid and hydrogenated castor oil polyoxyethylene ether (HEL-40), respectively. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated that the oxfendazole nanocrystals are irregular sheets with relative uniformity. The prepared nanocrystals have an average particle diameter of 431 ± 18 nm, a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.376 ± 0.128, a zeta potential of 2.30 ± 0.44 mV, and a sedimentation coefficient of 0.993. The equilibrium solubility of nanocrystals in different solvents was significantly improved by 2.02-109.99-fold compared to OFZ crude. In 0.5% SDS-PBS (pH 2) and 0.5% SDS-PBS (pH 8) solution, oxfendazole nanocrystals were completely released within 5 min, while the OFZ crude only released 60.26% and 28.31%, respectively. The pharmacokinetics showed that the Cmax, Tmax, and AUC0-∞ of OFZ nanosuspension and OFZ granules in rats after oral dosage at 50 mg/kg were 4.23 and 13.63 μg/mL, 2.04 and 1.67 h, and 111.36 and 295.80 μg*h/mL, respectively. The relative bioavailability of the oxfendazole nanosuspension was 265.61% compared to the OFZ granules. These results showed that the nanosuspension might be a promising oral formulation for the hardly soluble OFZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhu Sun
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Dongmei Chen
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.,MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Kaixiang Zhou
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Bao Zhang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Haiting Wang
- Qilu Animal Health Products Co. Ltd. No, 243 Gongye North Road, Shandong, 250100, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuyu Xie
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.
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Abou Assi R, Abdulbaqi IM, Siok Yee C. The Evaluation of Drug Delivery Nanocarrier Development and Pharmacological Briefing for Metabolic-Associated Fatty Liver Disease (MAFLD): An Update. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:215. [PMID: 33806527 PMCID: PMC8001129 DOI: 10.3390/ph14030215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Current research indicates that the next silent epidemic will be linked to chronic liver diseases, specifically non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which was renamed as metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) in 2020. Globally, MAFLD mortality is on the rise. The etiology of MAFLD is multifactorial and still incompletely understood, but includes the accumulation of intrahepatic lipids, alterations in energy metabolism, insulin resistance, and inflammatory processes. The available MAFLD treatment, therefore, relies on improving the patient's lifestyle and multidisciplinary pharmacotherapeutic options, whereas the option of surgery is useless without managing the comorbidities of the MAFLD. Nanotechnology is an emerging approach addressing MAFLD, where nanoformulations are suggested to improve the safety and physicochemical properties of conventional drugs/herbal medicines, physical, chemical, and physiological stability, and liver-targeting properties. A wide variety of liver nanosystems were constructed and delivered to the liver, only those that addressed the MAFLD were discussed in this review in terms of the nanocarrier classes, particle size, shape, zeta potential and offered dissolution rate(s), the suitable preparation method(s), excipients (with synergistic effects), and the suitable drug/compound for loading. The advantages and challenges of each nanocarrier and the focus on potential promising perspectives in the production of MAFLD nanomedicine were also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem Abou Assi
- Thoughts Formulation Laboratory, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University Sains Malaysia, Minden 11800, Penang, Malaysia;
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Technology, College of Pharmacy, Al-Kitab University, Altun-Kupri, Kirkuk 36001, Iraq;
| | - Ibrahim M. Abdulbaqi
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Technology, College of Pharmacy, Al-Kitab University, Altun-Kupri, Kirkuk 36001, Iraq;
- Pharmaceutical Design and Simulation (PhDS) Lab, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University Sains Malaysia, Minden 11800, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Chan Siok Yee
- Thoughts Formulation Laboratory, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University Sains Malaysia, Minden 11800, Penang, Malaysia;
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Araya-Sibaja AM, Fandaruff C, Wilhelm K, Vega-Baudrit JR, Guillén-Girón T, Navarro-Hoyos M. Crystal Engineering to Design of Solids: From Single to Multicomponent Organic Materials. MINI-REV ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1570193x16666190430153231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Primarily composed of organic molecules, pharmaceutical materials, including drugs and
excipients, frequently exhibit physicochemical properties that can affect the formulation, manufacturing
and packing processes as well as product performance and safety. In recent years, researchers
have intensively developed Crystal Engineering (CE) in an effort to reinvent bioactive molecules
with well-known, approved pharmacological effects. In general, CE aims to improve the physicochemical
properties without affecting their intrinsic characteristics or compromising their stability.
CE involves the molecular recognition of non-covalent interactions, in which organic materials are
responsible for the regular arrangement of molecules into crystal lattices. Modern CE, encompasses
all manipulations that result in the alteration of crystal packing as well as methods that disrupt crystal
lattices or reduce the size of crystals, or a combination of them. Nowadays, cocrystallisation has been
the most explored strategy to improve solubility, dissolution rate and bioavailability of Active Pharmaceutical
Ingredients (API). However, its combinatorial nature involving two or more small organic
molecules, and the use of diverse crystallisation processes increase the possible outcomes. As a result,
numerous organic materials can be obtained as well as several physicochemical and mechanical
properties can be improved. Therefore, this review will focus on novel organic solids obtained when
CE is applied including crystalline and amorphous, single and multicomponent as well as nanosized
ones, that have contributed to improving not only solubility, dissolution rate, bioavailability permeability
but also, chemical and physical stability and mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Krissia Wilhelm
- Escuela de Quimica, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Jose 11501-2060, Costa Rica
| | | | - Teodolito Guillén-Girón
- Escuela de Ciencia e Ingenieria de los Materiales, Tecnologico de Costa Rica, Cartago 159-7050, Costa Rica
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Mohammady M, Mohammadi Y, Yousefi G. Freeze-Drying of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Nanoparticles: The Effects of Formulation and Technique Parameters on Nanoparticles Characteristics. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:3235-3247. [PMID: 32702373 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) are of the most interesting novel vehicles for effective drug delivery to humans. Freeze drying is known as an engaging process to improve the long lasting stability of NPs formulations. This study aims to elucidate the importance of various parameters involving in freeze-drying of the most common pharmaceutical/nutraceutical NPs including nanosuspensions, nanocrystals (NCs), cocrystals/nanococrystals, nanoemulsions (NEs), nanocapsules (NCPs) and nanospheres (NSPs). Regarding this, the therapeutic goals of NPs and specifications of drug must be considered. According to our survey, the most influential factors for achieving optimum results include type and concentration of cryoprotectant/lyoprotectant, stabilizer structure and concentration, the NPs concentration in solution, freezing, annealing, and drying rate, the interaction between protectants and stabilizer, solvent type and antisolvent to solvent ratio. The study shows that for each class of NPs, specific variables are of highest significance and should be optimized. For instance, about NCs, freezing rate and antisolvent/solvent ratio should be particularly considered and for emulsified NPs, the best results have been obtained by 5-20% of saccharides as cryoprotectants. These findings suggest that to obtain a product with the lowest aggregation and particle size (PS), optimization of the effective factors in formulation and lyophilization process are essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Mohammady
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 71345-1583, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Yasaman Mohammadi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 71345-1583, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Gholamhossein Yousefi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 71345-1583, Shiraz, Iran; Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Mohammad IS, Hu H, Yin L, He W. Drug nanocrystals: Fabrication methods and promising therapeutic applications. Int J Pharm 2019; 562:187-202. [PMID: 30851386 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The drug nanocrystals (NCs) with unique physicochemical properties are now considered as a promising drug delivery system for poorly water-soluble drugs. So far >20 formulations of NCs have been approved in the market. In this review, we summarized recent advances of NCs with emphasis on their therapeutic applications based on administration route and disease states. At the end, we present a brief description of the future perspectives of NCs and their potential role as a promising drug delivery system. As a strategy for solubilization and bioavailability enhancement, the NCs have gained significant success. Besides this, the function of NCs is still far from developed. The emerging NC-based drug delivery approach would widen the applications of NCs in drug delivery and bio-medical field. Their in vitro and in vivo fate is extremely unclear; and the development of hybrid NCs with environment-sensitive fluorophores may assist to extend the scope of bio-imaging and provide better insight to their intracellular uptake kinetics, in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Shair Mohammad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, PR China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Haiyan Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Lifang Yin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, PR China.
| | - Wei He
- Shanghai Dermatology Hospital, Shanghai 200443, PR China; Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, PR China.
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A comparison of two biorelevant in vitro drug release methods for nanotherapeutics based on advanced physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modelling. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2018; 127:462-470. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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9
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Nothnagel L, Wacker MG. How to measure release from nanosized carriers? Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 120:199-211. [PMID: 29751101 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Novel drug delivery systems exhibit great potential in the formulation of poorly soluble compounds but have also been applied to reduce side effects of highly active drug molecules. Despite all efforts, there are only few technologies available to investigate the in vitro release of next-generation nanotherapeutics. In the following, different approaches for testing the drug release from nanoparticles in the fields of formulation development and quality control will be discussed. A variety of methods is available, starting from dialysis-based equipment, in situ measurements, flow-through devices and sample and separate setups. If possible, these methods should enable a more rapid formulation development and quality control of nanosized carriers as well as improve the prediction of in vivo performance and clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Nothnagel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Nanosciences, Fraunhofer-Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Matthias G Wacker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Nanosciences, Fraunhofer-Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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Kojo Y, Suzuki H, Kato K, Kaneko Y, Yuminoki K, Hashimoto N, Sato H, Seto Y, Onoue S. Enhanced biopharmaceutical effects of tranilast on experimental colitis model with use of self-micellizing solid dispersion technology. Int J Pharm 2018; 545:19-26. [PMID: 29702241 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to clarify the applicability of a self-micellizing solid dispersion of tranilast (SMSD/TL) to the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) using an experimental colitis model. SMSD/TL with several loading amounts ranging from 10 to 50% was prepared using a wet-milling system. The physicochemical properties of SMSD/TL were evaluated in terms of the dissolution behavior, morphology, and particle size distribution. Animal studies were conducted to evaluate oral bioavailability in rats and anti-inflammatory effects in a rat model of chemically induced colitis. SMSD/TL with drug loading of 15% (SMSD/TL15) showed enhanced dissolution behavior at pH 1.2, compared with other tested other formulations. After the dispersion of SMSD/TL15 in deionized water, fine micelles formed with an average diameter of 137 nm. SMSD/TL15 (10 mg-TL/kg) exhibited about 147- and 34-fold greater value for Cmax and the area under the curve of plasma concentration vs. time than crystalline TL, respectively. Although the anti-inflammatory effect on the colitis model was very limited in the crystalline TL (2 mg/kg) group, inflammatory events, such as myeloperoxidase activity and thickening of the submucosa in colon tissues, were significantly suppressed in the SMSD/TL15 (2 mg-TL/kg) group. Based on these findings, SMSD/TL might be a more efficacious dosage option for improved IBD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Kojo
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Hiroki Suzuki
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Kouki Kato
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Yuuki Kaneko
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Kayo Yuminoki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Physicochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan
| | - Naofumi Hashimoto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Physicochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Sato
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Seto
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Satomi Onoue
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
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Trivedi MK, Sethi KK, Panda P, Jana S. A comprehensive physicochemical, thermal, and spectroscopic characterization of zinc (II) chloride using X-ray diffraction, particle size distribution, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis/differential thermogravimetric analysis, ultraviolet-visible, and Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy. Int J Pharm Investig 2017; 7:33-40. [PMID: 28405577 PMCID: PMC5370347 DOI: 10.4103/jphi.jphi_2_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Zinc chloride is an important inorganic compound used as a source of zinc and has other numerous industrial applications. Unfortunately, it lacks reliable and accurate physicochemical, thermal, and spectral characterization information altogether. Hence, the authors tried to explore in-depth characterization of zinc chloride using the modern analytical technique. MATERIALS AND METHODS The analysis of zinc chloride was performed using powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), particle size distribution, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis/differential thermogravimetric analysis (TGA/DTG), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis), and Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) analytical techniques. RESULTS The PXRD patterns showed well-defined, narrow, sharp, and the significant peaks. The crystallite size was found in the range of 14.70-55.40 nm and showed average crystallite size of 41.34 nm. The average particle size was found to be of 1.123 (d10), 3.025 (d50), and 6.712 (d90) μm and average surface area of 2.71 m2/g. The span and relative span values were 5.849 μm and 1.93, respectively. The DSC thermogram showed a small endothermic inflation at 308.10°C with the latent heat (ΔH) of fusion 28.52 J/g. An exothermic reaction was observed at 449.32°C with the ΔH of decomposition 66.10 J/g. The TGA revealed two steps of the thermal degradation and lost 8.207 and 89.72% of weight in the first and second step of degradation, respectively. Similarly, the DTG analysis disclosed Tmax at 508.21°C. The UV-vis spectrum showed absorbance maxima at 197.60 nm (λmax), and FT-IR spectrum showed a peak at 511/cm might be due to the Zn-Cl stretching. CONCLUSIONS These in-depth, comprehensive data would be very much useful in all stages of nutraceuticals/pharmaceuticals formulation research and development and other industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kalyan Kumar Sethi
- Trivedi Science Research Laboratory Pvt. Ltd., Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Parthasarathi Panda
- Trivedi Science Research Laboratory Pvt. Ltd., Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Snehasis Jana
- Trivedi Science Research Laboratory Pvt. Ltd., Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
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