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Mohammadzadeh A, Gol A, Kheirandish R. Effects of garlic (Allium sativum L) and Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad individually and in combination on male reproductive damage due to diabetes: suppression of the AGEs/RAGE/Nox-4 signaling pathway. BMC Complement Med Ther 2024; 24:149. [PMID: 38581015 PMCID: PMC10996167 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-024-04402-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes Mellitus is associated with disturbances in male reproductive function and fertility. Studies have shown that oxidative stress with the subsequent inflammation and apoptosis cause these complications in diabetes. Garlic (G) (Allium sativum L) and Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad (C) both have antidiabetic and antioxidant properties. Recently, we demonstrated their synergistic effects in alleviating reproductive complications when administered concomitantly. However, as even medicinal plants in long term usage may lead to some unwanted side effects of their own, we examined whether with half the original doses of these two medicinal plants we could achieve the desired results. METHODS Thirty-five male Wistar rats were divided into five groups (n = 7/group): Control, Diabetic, Diabetic + G (0.5 ml/100 g BW), Diabetic + C (5 mg/kg BW) and Diabetic + GC (0.5 ml/100 g BW of garlic and 5 mg/kg BW of C. colocynthis) groups. The experimental period was 30 days. RESULTS Oxidative stress, advanced glycation end products (AGEs), immunoexpression of caspase-3, and expression of mRNAs for receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), NADPH oxidase-4 (NOX-4) and nuclear factor kappa B increased in testis of diabetic rats. Treatment with garlic and C. colocynthis alone showed some beneficial effects, but in the combination form the effectiveness was more profound. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that the combination therapy of diabetic rats with lower doses is still as efficient as higher doses; therefore, the way forward for reducing complications in long term consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aghileh Mohammadzadeh
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ali Gol
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Reza Kheirandish
- Department of Pathobiology, Veterinary Faculty, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
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Shahzad N, Alzahrani AR, Aziz Ibrahim IA, Shahid I, Alanazi IM, Falemban AH, Imam MT, Mohsin N, Azlina MFN, Arulselvan P. Therapeutic strategy of biological macromolecules based natural bioactive compounds of diabetes mellitus and future perspectives: A systematic review. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24207. [PMID: 38298622 PMCID: PMC10828662 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
High blood glucose levels are a hallmark of the metabolic syndrome known as diabetes mellitus. More than 600 million people will have diabetes by 2045 as the global prevalence of the disease continues to rise. Contemporary antidiabetic drugs reduce hyperglycemia and its consequences. However, these drugs come with undesirable side effects, so it's encouraging that research into plant extracts and bioactive substances with antidiabetic characteristics is on the rise. Natural remedies are preferable to conventional anti-diabetic drugs since they are safer for the body, more affordable and have fewer potential adverse effects. Biological macromolecules such as liposomes, niosomes, polymeric nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanoemulsions and metallic nanoparticles are explored in this review. Current drug restrictions have been addressed, and the effectiveness of plant-based antidiabetic therapies has enhanced the merits of these methods. Plant extracts' loading capacity and the carriers' stability are the primary obstacles in developing plant-based nanocarriers. Hydrophilic, hydrophobic, and amphiphilic drugs are covered, and a brief overview of the amphipathic features of liposomes, phospholipids, and lipid nanocarriers is provided. Metallic nanoparticles' benefits and attendant risks are highlighted to emphasize their efficiency in treating hyperglycemia. Researchers interested in the potential of nanoparticles loaded with plant extracts as antidiabetic therapeutics may find the current helpful review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiyer Shahzad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah R. Alzahrani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim Abdel Aziz Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Imran Shahid
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim M. Alanazi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alaa Hisham Falemban
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Tarique Imam
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nehal Mohsin
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Palanisamy Arulselvan
- Department of Chemistry, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 602 105, India
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Brahma S, Goyal AK, Dhamodhar P, Kumari MR, Jayashree S, Usha T, Middha SK. Can Polyherbal Medicine be used for the Treatment of Diabetes? - A Review of Historical Classics, Research Evidence and Current Prevention Programs. Curr Diabetes Rev 2024; 20:e140323214600. [PMID: 36918778 DOI: 10.2174/1573399819666230314093721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM), a chronic medical condition, has attained a global pandemic status over the last few decades affecting millions of people. Despite a variety of synthetic drugs available in the market, the use of herbal medicines for managing diabetes is gaining importance because of being comparatively safer. This article reviews the result of a substantial literature search on polyherbal formulations (PHFs) developed and evaluated with potential for DM. The accumulated data in the literature allowed us to enlist 76PHFs consisting of different parts of 147 plant species belonging to 58 botanical families. The documented plant species are laden with bioactive components with anti-diabetic properties and thus draw attention. The most favoured ingredient for PHFs was leaves of Gymnema sylvestre and seeds of Trigonella foenum-graecum used in 27 and 22 formulations, respectively. Apart from herbs, shilajit (exudates from high mountain rocks) formed an important component of 9 PHFs, whereas calcined Mytilus margaritiferus and goat pancreas were used in Dolabi, the most commonly used tablet form of PHF in Indian markets. The healing properties of PHFs against diabetes have been examined in both pre-clinical studies and clinical trials. However, the mechanism(s) of action of PHFs are still unclear and considered the pitfalls inherent in understanding the benefits of PHFs. From the information available based on experimental systems, it could be concluded that plant-derived medicines will have a considerable role to play in the control of diabetes provided the challenges related to their bioavailability, bioefficacy, optimal dose, lack of characterization, ambiguous mechanism of action, and clinical efficiency are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudem Brahma
- Department of Biotechnology, Bodoland University, Kokrajhar-783370, BTR, Assam, India
| | - Arvind Kumar Goyal
- Department of Biotechnology, Bodoland University, Kokrajhar-783370, BTR, Assam, India
| | - Prakash Dhamodhar
- Department of Biotechnology, M.S. Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangaluru-560054, Karnataka, India
| | - Mani Reema Kumari
- Department of Botany, Maharani Lakshmi Ammanni College for Women, Bengaluru-560012, Karnataka, India
| | - S Jayashree
- School of Allied Health Sciences, REVA University, Bengaluru-560064, Karnataka, India
| | - Talambedu Usha
- Department of Biochemistry, Maharani Lakshmi Ammanni College for Women, Bengaluru-560012, Karnataka, India
| | - Sushil Kumar Middha
- Department of Biochemistry, Maharani Lakshmi Ammanni College for Women, Bengaluru-560012, Karnataka, India
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Thakral S, Yadav A, Singh V, Kumar M, Kumar P, Narang R, Sudhakar K, Verma A, Khalilullah H, Jaremko M, Emwas AH. Alzheimer's disease: Molecular aspects and treatment opportunities using herbal drugs. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 88:101960. [PMID: 37224884 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.101960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), also called senile dementia, is the most common neurological disorder. Around 50 million people, mostly of advanced age, are suffering from dementia worldwide and this is expected to reach 100-130 million between 2040 and 2050. AD is characterized by impaired glutamatergic and cholinergic neurotransmission, which is associated with clinical and pathological symptoms. AD is characterized clinically by loss of cognition and memory impairment and pathologically by senile plaques formed by Amyloid β deposits or neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) consisting of aggregated tau proteins. Amyloid β deposits are responsible for glutamatergic dysfunction that develops NMDA dependent Ca2+ influx into postsynaptic neurons generating slow excitotoxicity process leading to oxidative stress and finally impaired cognition and neuronal loss. Amyloid decreases acetylcholine release, synthesis and neuronal transport. The decreased levels of neurotransmitter acetylcholine, neuronal loss, tau aggregation, amyloid β plaques, increased oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, bio-metal dyshomeostasis, autophagy, cell cycle dysregulation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and endoplasmic reticulum dysfunction are the factors responsible for the pathogenesis of AD. Acetylcholinesterase, NMDA, Glutamate, BACE1, 5HT6, and RAGE (Receptors for Advanced Glycation End products) are receptors targeted in treatment of AD. The FDA approved acetylcholinesterase inhibitors Donepezil, Galantamine and Rivastigmine and N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist Memantine provide symptomatic relief. Different therapies such as amyloid β therapies, tau-based therapies, neurotransmitter-based therapies, autophagy-based therapies, multi-target therapeutic strategies, and gene therapy modify the natural course of the disease. Herbal and food intake is also important as preventive strategy and recently focus has also been placed on herbal drugs for treatment. This review focuses on the molecular aspects, pathogenesis and recent studies that signifies the potential of medicinal plants and their extracts or chemical constituents for the treatment of degenerative symptoms related to AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samridhi Thakral
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar 125001, Haryana, India
| | - Alka Yadav
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar 125001, Haryana, India
| | - Vikramjeet Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar 125001, Haryana, India.
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar 125001, Haryana, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Rakesh Narang
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra 136119, Haryana, India
| | - Kalvatala Sudhakar
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
| | - Amita Verma
- Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj 211007, India.
| | - Habibullah Khalilullah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Unayzah 51911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mariusz Jaremko
- Smart-Health Initiative (SHI) and Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul-Hamid Emwas
- Core Labs, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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Shabil M, Bushi G, Bodige PK, Maradi PS, Patra BP, Padhi BK, Khubchandani J. Effect of Fenugreek on Hyperglycemia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:medicina59020248. [PMID: 36837450 PMCID: PMC9962665 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59020248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Fenugreek is used for medicinal purposes in various traditions. Some studies have demonstrated that the seeds of this plant may have an anti-diabetic effect by lowering fasting blood sugar levels and improving glucose tolerance. We conducted a systematic review of the hypoglycemic effects of fenugreek. An electronic literature search was carried out in the PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Cochrane Library databases through 18 November 2022 to find trials that assessed fasting blood glucose, postprandial blood glucose, and HbA1c changes in participants treated with fenugreek and in the control group. The mean difference with 95% confidence intervals (CI) was calculated to represent the analysis. Fourteen trials, consisting of 894 participants, were included in the meta-analysis. The results showed a reduction in fasting blood glucose levels (MD: 3.70, 95% CI of -27.02, 19.62; p = 0.76), postprandial blood glucose (MD: -10.61, 95% CI of -68.48, 47.26; p = 0.72), and HbA1c (MD: -0.88, 95% CI -1.49, -0.27; p = 0.00) with fenugreek consumption. While this review and included trials that found beneficial effects of fenugreek consumption on glycemic control, the quality and heterogeneity of studies remain a concern. Given the wider availability and lower cost of fenugreek, rigorous double-blinded randomized controlled trials should be conducted with fenugreek to understand its true potential as a diabetes control herbal agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Shabil
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Hajipur, Hajipur 844102, India
| | - Ganesh Bushi
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Hajipur, Hajipur 844102, India
| | - Pavan Kalyan Bodige
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Hajipur, Hajipur 844102, India
| | - Pavan Sagar Maradi
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Hajipur, Hajipur 844102, India
| | - Bibhu Prasad Patra
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Hajipur, Hajipur 844102, India
| | - Bijaya K. Padhi
- Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
- Correspondence: (B.K.P.); (J.K.)
| | - Jagdish Khubchandani
- Department of Public Health, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA
- Correspondence: (B.K.P.); (J.K.)
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Kambale EK, Quetin-Leclercq J, Memvanga PB, Beloqui A. An Overview of Herbal-Based Antidiabetic Drug Delivery Systems: Focus on Lipid- and Inorganic-Based Nanoformulations. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:2135. [PMID: 36297570 PMCID: PMC9610297 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14102135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a metabolic pathology with chronic high blood glucose levels that occurs when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or the body does not properly use the insulin it produces. Diabetes management is a puzzle and focuses on a healthy lifestyle, physical exercise, and medication. Thus far, the condition remains incurable; management just helps to control it. Its medical treatment is expensive and is to be followed for the long term, which is why people, especially from low-income countries, resort to herbal medicines. However, many active compounds isolated from plants (phytocompounds) are poorly bioavailable due to their low solubility, low permeability, or rapid elimination. To overcome these impediments and to alleviate the cost burden on disadvantaged populations, plant nanomedicines are being studied. Nanoparticulate formulations containing antidiabetic plant extracts or phytocompounds have shown promising results. We herein aimed to provide an overview of the use of lipid- and inorganic-based nanoparticulate delivery systems with plant extracts or phytocompounds for the treatment of diabetes while highlighting their advantages and limitations for clinical application. The findings from the reviewed works showed that these nanoparticulate formulations resulted in high antidiabetic activity at low doses compared to the corresponding plant extracts or phytocompounds alone. Moreover, it was shown that nanoparticulate systems address the poor bioavailability of herbal medicines, but the lack of enough preclinical and clinical pharmacokinetic and/or pharmacodynamic trials still delays their use in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Espoir K. Kambale
- Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain, Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Mounier 73, B1.73.12, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutics and Phytopharmaceutical Drug Development, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kinshasa, B.P. 212, Kinshasa 012, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Joëlle Quetin-Leclercq
- Pharmacognosy Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain, Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Mounier 72, B1.72.03, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Patrick B. Memvanga
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutics and Phytopharmaceutical Drug Development, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kinshasa, B.P. 212, Kinshasa 012, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Centre de Recherche et d’Innovation Technologique en Environnement et en Sciences de la Santé (CRITESS), University of Kinshasa, B.P. 212, Kinshasa 012, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Ana Beloqui
- Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain, Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Mounier 73, B1.73.12, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
- Walloon Excellence in Life Science and Biotechnology (WELBIO), Avenue Pasteur 6, 1300 Wavre, Belgium
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Essola NN, Takuissu GRN, Fonkoua M, Youovop Fotso JA, Mandob D, Ngondi JL, Gouado I. Effectiveness of 3 Polyherbal Formulations (EcXaPu, EcXa, and EcPu) on the Management of Oxidative Stress and Hyperglycemia. Nutr Metab Insights 2022; 15:11786388221118875. [PMID: 36003153 PMCID: PMC9393582 DOI: 10.1177/11786388221118875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress and hyperglycemia are major disorders involved in the occurrence and severity not only of chronic non-communicable diseases but also of infectious pathologies. This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant and antihyperglycemic properties of EcXaPu, EcXa, and EcPu. The antioxidant properties were evaluated using 3 mechanisms: radical scavenging; reducing property, and metal chelating. Finally, the antihyperglycemic properties were evaluated by 2 mechanisms: glucose adsorption and cellular glucose capture. The different formulations showed their ability to scavenge DPPH, ABTS, and NO radicals with SC50 ranging from 2.75 to 3.51 mg/ml, from 2.6 to 2.76 mg/ml, and from 2.59 to 3.3 mg/ml, respectively. All the formulations also reduced MoO4 2+ and Fe3+ and chelated Cu2+ and Fe2+. The different formulations adsorbed the glucose with glucose adsorption rates ranging from 72.83% to 87.01%. The different formulations also stimulated cellular glucose uptake, with uptake rates ranging from 31.9% to 50.71% in yeast cells and from 21.81% to 39.45% in muscle cells. These formulations could be potential agents to prevent and/or protect against biological disorders associated with oxidative stress and hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Ndoe Essola
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde 1, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Guy Roussel Nguemto Takuissu
- Centre for Food, Food Security and Nutrition Research (CRASAN), Institute for Medical Research and Medicinal Plant Studies (IMPM), Ministry of Scientific Research and Innovation, Cameroon
| | - Martin Fonkoua
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde 1, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | | | - Damaris Mandob
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde 1, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Judith Laure Ngondi
- Centre for Food, Food Security and Nutrition Research (CRASAN), Institute for Medical Research and Medicinal Plant Studies (IMPM), Ministry of Scientific Research and Innovation, Cameroon
| | - Innocent Gouado
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon
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A Review on the Delivery of Plant-Based Antidiabetic Agents Using Nanocarriers: Current Status and Their Role in Combatting Hyperglycaemia. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14152991. [PMID: 35893954 PMCID: PMC9330056 DOI: 10.3390/polym14152991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a prevalent metabolic syndrome that is associated with high blood glucose levels. The number of diabetic patients is increasing every year and the total number of cases is expected to reach more than 600 million worldwide by 2045. Modern antidiabetic drugs alleviate hyperglycaemia and complications that are caused by high blood glucose levels. However, due to the side effects of these drugs, plant extracts and bioactive compounds with antidiabetic properties have been gaining attention as alternative treatments for diabetes. Natural products are biocompatible, cheaper and expected to cause fewer side effects than the current antidiabetic drugs. In this review, various nanocarrier systems are discussed, such as liposomes, niosomes, polymeric nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, solid lipid nanoparticles and metallic nanoparticles. These systems have been applied to overcome the limitations of the current drugs and simultaneously improve the efficacy of plant-based antidiabetic drugs. The main challenges in the formulation of plant-based nanocarriers are the loading capacity of the plant extracts and the stability of the carriers. A brief review of lipid nanocarriers and the amphipathic properties of phospholipids and liposomes that encapsulate hydrophilic, hydrophobic and amphiphilic drugs is also described. A special emphasis is placed on metallic nanoparticles, with their advantages and associated complications being reported to highlight their effectiveness for treating hyperglycaemia. The present review could be an interesting paper for researchers who are working in the field of using plant extract-loaded nanoparticles as antidiabetic therapies.
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Bioactive Luteolin Entrapped Chitosan-PLGA Nanoparticles: Formulation Optimization to In-Vivo Preclinical Evaluation. J CLUST SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10876-022-02232-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Paul S, Chakraborty S, Anand U, Dey S, Nandy S, Ghorai M, Saha SC, Patil MT, Kandimalla R, Proćków J, Dey A. Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 143:112175. [PMID: 34649336 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Solanaceae) has been used as a traditional Rasayana herb for a long time. Traditional uses of this plant indicate its ameliorative properties against a plethora of human medical conditions, viz. hypertension, stress, diabetes, asthma, cancer etc. This review presents a comprehensive summary of the geographical distribution, traditional use, phytochemistry, and pharmacological activities of W. somnifera and its active constituents. In addition, it presents a detailed account of its presence as an active constituent in many commercial preparations with curative properties and health benefits. Clinical studies and toxicological considerations of its extracts and constituents are also elucidated. Comparative analysis of relevant in-vitro, in-vivo, and clinical investigations indicated potent bioactivity of W. somnifera extracts and phytochemicals as anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, apoptotic, immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, anti-diabetic, hepatoprotective, hypoglycaemic, hypolipidemic, cardio-protective and spermatogenic agents. W. somnifera was found to be especially active against many neurological and psychological conditions like Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, ischemic stroke, sleep deprivation, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, bipolar disorder, anxiety, depression, schizophrenia and obsessive-compulsive disorder. The probable mechanism of action that imparts the pharmacological potential has also been explored. However, in-depth studies are needed on the clinical use of W. somnifera against human diseases. Besides, detailed toxicological analysis is also to be performed for its safe and efficacious use in preclinical and clinical studies and as a health-promoting herb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhabrata Paul
- School of Biotechnology, Presidency University (2nd Campus), Kolkata 700156, West Bengal, India
| | - Shreya Chakraborty
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, 86/1 College Street, Kolkata 700073, West Bengal, India
| | - Uttpal Anand
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Swarnali Dey
- Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, Kolkata 700019, West Bengal, India
| | - Samapika Nandy
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, 86/1 College Street, Kolkata 700073, West Bengal, India
| | - Mimosa Ghorai
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, 86/1 College Street, Kolkata 700073, West Bengal, India
| | - Suchismita Chatterjee Saha
- Department of Zoology, Nabadwip Vidyasagar College (Affiliated to the University of Kalyani), Nabadwip 741302, West Bengal, India
| | - Manoj Tukaram Patil
- Post Graduate Department of Botany, SNJB's KKHA Arts, SMGL Commerce and SPHJ Science College (Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University), Chandwad, Nashik 423101, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ramesh Kandimalla
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, Telangana, India; Department of Biochemistry, Kakatiya Medical College, Warangal-506007, Telangana, India
| | - Jarosław Proćków
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Kożuchowska 5b, 51-631 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Abhijit Dey
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, 86/1 College Street, Kolkata 700073, West Bengal, India.
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Reverse pharmacology of phytoconstituents of food and plant in the management of diabetes: Current status and perspectives. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Ab Rahman NS, Abdul Majid FA, Abd Wahid ME, Ismail HF, Tap FM, Zainudin AN, Zainol SN, Mohammad MA. Molecular docking analysis and anti-hyperglycaemic activity of Synacinn™ in streptozotocin-induced rats. RSC Adv 2020; 10:34581-34594. [PMID: 35514405 PMCID: PMC9058594 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra04664g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Synacinn™ is a standardized polyherbal supplement formulated from Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume, Curcuma zanthorrhiza Roxb., Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp., Orthosiphon stamineus Benth. and Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees. It is designed for the synergistic treatment of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Although the beneficial effects are yet to be verified scientifically, it is traditionally used to improve general health in patients with diabetes. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-hyperglycemic effects of Synacinn™ in a streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetes rat model. Initially, Synacinn™ was used for in vivo acute oral toxicity tests and 14 day repeated dose toxicity tests to determine the toxicity levels. An efficacy study of Synacinn™ was carried out via the oral administration of 10, 50, 100, 250, and 250 (b.i.d.) mg kg-1 doses to streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. After 28 days, blood serum was collected to measure the fasting blood glucose, triglyceride, cholesterol, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, creatinine, and uric acid levels. The liver, kidney, and pancreas structures were histopathologically analyzed. In silico binding interaction studies of five phytochemicals in Synacinn™ identified via HPLC with glucokinase were performed using molecular docking analysis. The results showed that although no mortality was observed during the acute oral toxicity tests, notable damage to the liver and kidney occurred during the 14 day repeated dose testing at Synacinn™ levels of 600 mg kg-1 and 2000 mg kg-1. Treatment with 250 mg kg-1 (b.i.d.) Synacinn™ of the streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetic rats significantly (p < 0.05) improved the fasting blood glucose (59%), triglyceride (58%), cholesterol (47%), alanine aminotransferase (60%), alkaline phosphatase (90%), and creatinine (32%) levels. Synacinn™ also improved the relative weights of liver (35%), kidney (36%), and pancreatic (36%) tissue. Histological analysis showed improvements in the conditions of the central vein of the liver, the kidney Bowman's capsule and glomerulus, and the pancreatic islets of Langerhans. HPLC analysis of a standardized extract identified five active phytochemicals: andrographolide (17.36 mg g-1), gallic acid (11.5 mg g-1), curcumin (2.75 mg g-1), catechin (3.9 mg g-1), and rosmarinic acid (5.54 mg g-1). Molecular docking studies with glucokinase showed that andrographolide yields the highest binding energy (-12.1 kcal mol-1), followed by catechin (-10.2 kcal mol-1), rosmarinic acid (-8.6 kcal mol-1), curcumin (-7.8 kcal mol-1), and gallic acid (-5.6 kcal mol-1). These current findings suggest that Synacinn™ at a dose of 250 mg kg-1 was non-toxic to rats. A twice-daily 250 mg kg-1 dose of Synacinn™ is an effective anti-hyperglycemic agent, lowering blood glucose, triglyceride, and cholesterol levels, and assisting the recovery of organ impairment caused by streptozotocin in type 1 diabetic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Syukriah Ab Rahman
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu 21030 Malaysia
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Mara Bukit Besi 23200 Dungun Terengganu Malaysia
| | | | | | - Hassan Fahmi Ismail
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu 21030 Malaysia
| | - Fatahiya Mohamed Tap
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Mara Bukit Besi 23200 Dungun Terengganu Malaysia
| | - Ain Nabihah Zainudin
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu 21030 Malaysia
- Proliv Life Sciences Sdn Bhd D-1-16, Residensi Bistaria, Jalan Ulu Kelang, Taman Ukay Bistari 68000 Ampang Selangor Malaysia
| | - Siti Nurazwa Zainol
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu 21030 Malaysia
- Proliv Life Sciences Sdn Bhd D-1-16, Residensi Bistaria, Jalan Ulu Kelang, Taman Ukay Bistari 68000 Ampang Selangor Malaysia
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Virk JK, Kalia AN, Gauttam VK, Mukhija M, Rath G. Development and characterization of spheroidal antidiabetic polyherbal formulation from fresh vegetable juice: A novel approach. J Food Biochem 2020; 45:e13290. [PMID: 32632972 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Polyherbal Formulations (PHF) were developed by combining fruit juices of Momordica charantia, Cucumis sativus, and Solanum lycopersicum in different ratios and optimized through Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) model. PHF-C pretreated rats showed the highest reduction of Serum Glucose Levels (SGL) after 60 min of glucose administration. PHF-C was incorporated into spheroids using fresh juice (FJS) and lyophilized powder (LPS) of selected plants. In OGTT study, LPS showed a significant reduction of SGL. LPS was characterized as almost spherical, having disintegration time 8 min, adequate friability, and good flow properties. In STZ-induced diabetic rats on 7th, 14th, and 21st days, LPS was reduced SGL by 9.01%, 20.9%, 38.9% (250 mg/kg dose); 20.5%, 33.9%, and 50.7% (500 mg/kg dose), respectively. LPS showed a significant improvement in abnormal body weight, biochemical, and oxidative parameters in comparison to PHF-C and metformin. Novel formulation LPS (500 mg/kg) was found more effective (p < .05) in reversing STZ-induced hyperglycemia as compared to PHF-C (1,000 mg/kg) and at par with metformin (500 mg/kg). PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Fresh vegetable juice contains large quantities of vitamins and minerals. Cooking and processing of fruits may destroy their nutritional value. However, FJS also has some limitations, including seasonal specificity, patient compliance, less stability, loss of vitamins and fibers, abnormal sugar level, weak immunity, and difficult to carry by patients. Lyophilization is a well-known method to improve the physical state, shelf life, and stability of phytoconstituents. Poor absorption and less bioavailability also impede the acceptance of PHF. To overcome these limitations, a suitable novel drug delivery system is required which has high therapeutic efficacy and enhanced bioavailability. The patented spheroids of herbal extracts which are in use for the treatment of the number of diseases encouraged the present work. Spheroid protects the constituents of herbal drugs from gastric destruction and gut bacteria. The outcome of present research supports the concept of enhanced stability and bioavailability of phytoconstituents present in FJS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaswinder Kaur Virk
- Department of Pharmacognosy, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, India.,Adarsh Vijendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shobhit University, Gangoh, India
| | - Ajudhia Nath Kalia
- Department of Pharmacognosy, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, India.,Department of Pharmacognosy, Sri Sai College of Pharmacy, Pathankot, India
| | - Vinod Kumar Gauttam
- Department of Pharmacognosy, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, India.,Department of Pharmacognosy, IES Institute of Pharmacy, Bhopal, India
| | - Minky Mukhija
- Department of Pharmacognosy, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, India.,Department of Pharmacognosy, Ch. Devi Lal College of Pharmacy, Yamuna Nagar, India
| | - Gautam Rath
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, India.,Department of Pharmaceutics, Siksha O Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, India
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Mandlik Ingawale DS, Namdeo AG. Pharmacological evaluation of Ashwagandha highlighting its healthcare claims, safety, and toxicity aspects. J Diet Suppl 2020; 18:183-226. [PMID: 32242751 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2020.1741484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Withania somnifera, commonly known as "Ashwagandha" or "Indian ginseng" is an essential therapeutic plant of Indian subcontinent regions. It is regularly used, alone or in combination with other plants for the treatment of various illnesses in Indian Systems of Medicine over the period of 3,000 years. Ashwagandha (W. somnifera) belongs to the genus Withania and family Solanaceae. It comprises a broad spectrum of phytochemicals having wide range of biological effects. W. somnifera has demonstrated various biological actions such as anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-microbial, anti-arthritic, anti-stress/adaptogenic, neuro-protective, cardio-protective, hepato-protective, immunomodulatory properties. Furthermore, W. somnifera has revealed the capability to decrease reactive oxygen species and inflammation, modulation of mitochondrial function, apoptosis regulation and improve endothelial function. Withaferin-A is an important phytoconstituents of W. somnifera belonging to the category of withanolides been used in the traditional system of medicine for the treatment of various disorders. In this review, we have summarized the active phytoconstituents, pharmacologic activities (preclinical and clinical), mechanisms of action, potential beneficial applications, marketed formulations and safety and toxicity profile of W. somnifera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa S Mandlik Ingawale
- Department of Pharmacology, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed to be University, Poona College of Pharmacy, Erandwane, Pune, India
| | - Ajay G Namdeo
- Department of Pharmacology, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed to be University, Poona College of Pharmacy, Erandwane, Pune, India
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15
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Alnuqaydan AM, Rah B. Tamarix articulata (T. articulata) - An Important Halophytic Medicinal Plant with Potential Pharmacological Properties. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2019; 20:285-292. [PMID: 30887920 DOI: 10.2174/1389201020666190318120103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tamarix Articulata (T. articulata), commonly known as Tamarisk or Athal in Arabic region, belongs to the Tamaricaece species. It is an important halophytic medicinal plant and a good source of polyphenolic phytochemical(s). In traditional medicines, T. articulata extract is commonly used, either singly or in combination with other plant extracts against different ailments since ancient times. METHODS Electronic database survey via Pubmed, Google Scholar, Researchgate, Scopus and Science Direct were used to review the scientific inputs until October 2018, by searching appropriate keywords. Literature related to pharmacological activities of T. articulata, Tamarix species, phytochemical analysis of T. articulata, biological activities of T. articulata extracts. All of these terms were used to search the scientific literature associated with T. articulata; the dosage of extract, route of administration, extract type, and in-vitro and in-vivo model. RESULTS Numerous reports revealed that T. articulata contains a wide spectrum of phytochemical(s), which enables it to have a wide window of biological properties. Owing to the presence of high content of phytochemical compounds like polyphenolics and flavonoids, T. articulata is a potential source of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative properties. In view of these pharmacological properties, T. articulata could be a potential drug candidate to treat various clinical conditions including cancer in the near future. CONCLUSION In this review, the spectrum of phytochemical(s) has been summarized for their pharmacological properties and the mechanisms of action, and the possible potential therapeutic applications of this plant against various diseases discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah M Alnuqaydan
- Medical Biotechnology, Applied Medical Sciences College, Qassim University, Al-Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bilal Rah
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Sher-i-Kasmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, India
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Experimental evaluation of a polyherbal formulation (Tetraherbs): antidiabetic efficacy in rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-018-2755-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Pandey SS, Singh S, Pandey H, Srivastava M, Ray T, Soni S, Pandey A, Shanker K, Babu CSV, Banerjee S, Gupta MM, Kalra A. Endophytes of Withania somnifera modulate in planta content and the site of withanolide biosynthesis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5450. [PMID: 29615668 PMCID: PMC5882813 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23716-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue specific biosynthesis of secondary metabolites is a distinguished feature of medicinal plants. Withania somnifera, source of pharmaceutically important withanolides biosynthesizes withaferin-A in leaves and withanolide-A in roots. To increase the in planta withanolides production, a sustainable approach needs to be explored. Here, we isolated endophytes from different parts of W. somnifera plants and their promising role in in planta withanolide biosynthesis was established in both in-vivo grown as well in in-vitro raised composite W. somnifera plants. Overall, the fungal endophytes improved photosynthesis, plant growth and biomass, and the root-associated bacterial endophytes enhanced the withanolide content in both in-vivo and in-vitro grown plants by modulating the expression of withanolide biosynthesis genes in leaves and roots. Surprisingly, a few indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)-producing and nitrogen-fixing root-associated endophytes could induce the biosynthesis of withaferin-A in roots by inducing in planta IAA-production and upregulating the expression of withanolide biosynthesis genes especially MEP-pathway genes (DXS and DXR) in roots as well. Results indicate the role of endophytes in modulating the synthesis and site of withanolides production and the selected endophytes can be used for enhancing the in planta withanolide production and enriching roots with pharmaceutically important withaferin-A which is generally absent in roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiv S Pandey
- Microbial Technology Department, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Sucheta Singh
- Microbial Technology Department, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Harshita Pandey
- Plant Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Madhumita Srivastava
- Analytical Chemistry Department, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Tania Ray
- Microbial Technology Department, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Sumit Soni
- Microbial Technology Department, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Alok Pandey
- Plant Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Karuna Shanker
- Analytical Chemistry Department, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - C S Vivek Babu
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Research Centre, Allalasandra, GKVK Post, Bangalore, 560065, India
| | - Suchitra Banerjee
- Plant Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - M M Gupta
- Analytical Chemistry Department, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Alok Kalra
- Microbial Technology Department, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, 226015, India.
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18
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Dar NJ, Hamid A, Ahmad M. Pharmacologic overview of Withania somnifera, the Indian Ginseng. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:4445-60. [PMID: 26306935 PMCID: PMC11113996 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2012-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Withania somnifera, also called 'Indian ginseng', is an important medicinal plant of the Indian subcontinent. It is widely used, singly or in combination, with other herbs against many ailments in Indian Systems of Medicine since time immemorial. Withania somnifera contains a spectrum of diverse phytochemicals enabling it to have a broad range of biological implications. In preclinical studies, it has shown anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anti-stress, neuroprotective, cardioprotective, and anti-diabetic properties. Additionally, it has demonstrated the ability to reduce reactive oxygen species, modulate mitochondrial function, regulate apoptosis, and reduce inflammation and enhance endothelial function. In view of these pharmacologic properties, W. somnifera is a potential drug candidate to treat various clinical conditions, particularly related to the nervous system. In this review, we summarize the pharmacologic characteristics and discuss the mechanisms of action and potential therapeutic applications of the plant and its active constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawab John Dar
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine-CSIR, Sanat Nagar, Srinagar, 190005, India
- Cancer Pharmacology Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine-CSIR, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine-CSIR, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Abid Hamid
- Cancer Pharmacology Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine-CSIR, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine-CSIR, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Muzamil Ahmad
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine-CSIR, Sanat Nagar, Srinagar, 190005, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine-CSIR, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
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Dhar N, Razdan S, Rana S, Bhat WW, Vishwakarma R, Lattoo SK. A Decade of Molecular Understanding of Withanolide Biosynthesis and In vitro Studies in Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal: Prospects and Perspectives for Pathway Engineering. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:1031. [PMID: 26640469 PMCID: PMC4661287 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Withania somnifera, a multipurpose medicinal plant is a rich reservoir of pharmaceutically active triterpenoids that are steroidal lactones known as withanolides. Though the plant has been well-characterized in terms of phytochemical profiles as well as pharmaceutical activities, limited attempts have been made to decipher the biosynthetic route and identification of key regulatory genes involved in withanolide biosynthesis. This scenario limits biotechnological interventions for enhanced production of bioactive compounds. Nevertheless, recent emergent trends vis-à-vis, the exploration of genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, metabolomics, and in vitro studies have opened new vistas regarding pathway engineering of withanolide production. During recent years, various strategic pathway genes have been characterized with significant amount of regulatory studies which allude toward development of molecular circuitries for production of key intermediates or end products in heterologous hosts. Another pivotal aspect covering redirection of metabolic flux for channelizing the precursor pool toward enhanced withanolide production has also been attained by deciphering decisive branch point(s) as robust targets for pathway modulation. With these perspectives, the current review provides a detailed overview of various studies undertaken by the authors and collated literature related to molecular and in vitro approaches employed in W. somnifera for understanding various molecular network interactions in entirety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niha Dhar
- Plant Biotechnology, CSIR - Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine Jammu Tawi, India
| | - Sumeer Razdan
- Plant Biotechnology, CSIR - Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine Jammu Tawi, India
| | - Satiander Rana
- Plant Biotechnology, CSIR - Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine Jammu Tawi, India
| | - Wajid W Bhat
- Plant Biotechnology, CSIR - Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine Jammu Tawi, India
| | - Ram Vishwakarma
- Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR - Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine Jammu Tawi, India
| | - Surrinder K Lattoo
- Plant Biotechnology, CSIR - Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine Jammu Tawi, India
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Ghorbani A. Clinical and experimental studies on polyherbal formulations for diabetes: current status and future prospective. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE-JIM 2014; 12:336-45. [DOI: 10.1016/s2095-4964(14)60031-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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