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Liu N, Luo X, Li P, Xiong W. The Triglycerides and Glucose Index is not superior to HOMA-IR in predicting testosterone deficiency among adult males. Andrology 2023; 11:215-224. [PMID: 35713293 DOI: 10.1111/andr.13207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Testosterone decline and deficiency in males have aroused increased attention in male health management, which might have a close relationship with insulin resistance (IR). OBJECTIVES We utilized a novel and practical IR indicator, the triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index, to investigate the association between the TyG index and serum testosterone in US adult males. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a cross-sectional study based on data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2013-2014 and 2015-2016. The TyG index was calculated from fasting plasma glucose and serum triglyceride, and serum testosterone was measured by isotope dilution liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry in NHANES. RESULTS A total of 2186 male participants aged more than 20 years old were included, and the mean TyG index was 8.72 ± 0.71. Participants with a higher TyG index showed a lower level of total testosterone (β = -45.83, 95% CI: -58.50, -33.15, p < 0.0001) and a higher risk of testosterone deficiency (OR = 1.80, 95% CI: 1.46, 2.21, p < 0.0001) after we adjusted for all potential cofounders. Males in TyG index tertile 3 had a 113% (95% CI: 1.50, 3.02, p < 0.0001) higher risk of testosterone deficiency than those in tertile 1. Subgroup analysis stratified by diabetes condition indicated that the TyG index might be a good predictor of testosterone decline or deficiency in either people with or without diabetes. However, ROC cure analysis indicated that a larger area under the curve was found in the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (0.71, 95% CI: 0.68,0.74) than in the TyG index (0.67, 95% CI: 0.64, 0.70). CONCLUSIONS Males with a higher TyG index tended to have a higher risk of testosterone decline or even testosterone deficiency. However, the predictability of the TyG index for testosterone deficiency was not better than that of HOMA-IR. More well-designed studies are still needed to validate this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuozhou Liu
- West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinyao Luo
- West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Peiyao Li
- West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
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2
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Muehlenbein MP, Gassen J, Shattuck EC, Sparks CS. Lower testosterone levels are associated with higher risk of death in men. Evol Med Public Health 2023; 11:30-40. [PMID: 36820240 PMCID: PMC9938530 DOI: 10.1093/emph/eoac044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives Testosterone plays an important role in regulating male development, reproduction and health. Declining levels across the lifespan may reflect, or even contribute to, chronic disease and mortality in men. Methodology Relationships between testosterone levels and male mortality were analyzed using data from multiple samples of the cross-sectional National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (n = 10 225). Target outcomes included known deaths from heart disease, malignant neoplasms, chronic lower respiratory diseases, cerebrovascular diseases, Alzheimer's disease, diabetes mellitus, influenza and pneumonia, kidney diseases, and accidents or unintentional injuries. Results Results of discrete-time hazard models revealed that lower levels of testosterone were related to higher mortality for the majority of disease categories in either an age-dependent or age-independent fashion. Analysis of all-cause mortality-which included deaths from any known disease-also revealed greater general risk for those with lower testosterone levels. For most disease categories, the hazard associated with low testosterone was especially evident at older ages when mortality from that particular ailment was already elevated. Notably, testosterone levels were not related to mortality risk for deaths unrelated to chronic disease (i.e. accidents and injuries). Conclusions and Implications While the causal direction of relationships between testosterone and mortality risk remains unclear, these results may reflect the decline in testosterone that accompanies many disease states. Accordingly, the relationship between testosterone and male mortality may be indirect; ill individuals are expected to have both lower testosterone and higher mortality risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eric C Shattuck
- Institute for Health Disparities Research, University of Texas at San Antonio, TX, USA.,Department of Public Health, University of Texas at San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Corey S Sparks
- Department of Demography, University of Texas at San Antonio, TX, USA
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Abstract
Compared to women, increasing male age is not accompanied by such marked changes in reproductive function but changes certainly do happen. These include alterations to the hypothalamo-pituitary-testicular axis, with resultant implications for testosterone production and bioavailability as well as spermatogenesis. There is a decline in sexual function as men age, with a dramatic increase in the prevalence of erectile dysfunction after the age of 40, which is a marker for both clinically evident as well as covert coronary artery disease. Despite a quantitative decline in spermatogenesis and reduced fecundability, the male potential for fertility persists throughout adult life, however there are also increasingly recognised alterations in sperm quality and function with significant implications for offspring health. These changes are relevant to both natural and medically assisted conception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Martins da Silva
- Reproductive Medicine Research Group, School of Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, DD1 9SY, Dundee, UK
| | - Richard A Anderson
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, EH16 4TJ, Edinburgh, UK.
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4
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Prevalence of anemia and association with mortality in community-dwelling elderly in Thailand. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7084. [PMID: 35490162 PMCID: PMC9056501 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10990-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Anemia is one of the most common health problems in the elderly in low and middle income countries. Evidence from studies in high income countries suggests that the presence of anemia may predict mortality. We aimed to estimate the prevalence of anemia and the determine the relationship of hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mortality in community dwelling Thai elderly. Data from subjects aged ≥ 60 years from the Fourth Thai National Health Examination Survey were analyzed. Comorbidity and hematologic indexes including MCV were obtained. The Cox proportional hazard model was applied to explore associations with mortality. Data from 8,935 subjects were obtained. The mean age of participants was 69.2 years (SD 6.8). 3446 (38.2%) of subjects had anemia; 1931(56%) of these were classified as mild and normocytic. With a total 51,268 person-year of follow up, 753 participants with anemia died, and the cumulative all-cause mortality was 38.5 per 1,000 person-years. The presence of anemia was associated with an increased risk of mortality with HR of 1.66 (95% CI = 1.50-1.84 , p < 0.001). Among subjects with low MCV, hemoglobin level < 10 g/dl in men and < 9 g/dl in women significantly increased the risk of mortality (HR of 2.71, 95% CI = 1.88-3.91 and HR of 3.14, 95%CI = 2.11-4.67, respectively) Persons with anemia and normal MCV, the association with mortality was evident at hemoglobin levels below 11 g/dl for both males and females. (HR of 1.98, 95% CI = 1.67-2.35). Anemia is a moderate to severe public health significant in the population for community dwelling elderly in Thailand. At the same level of Hemoglobin, low MCV population seem to have lower mortality rate than normal MCV. Systematic screening for anemia should be implemented to identify patients at increased risk of mortality. The future research should be focus on causes of anemia and factors contributing to increased mortality in normal to high MCV would be of interest. If this could lead to identifying modifiable causes, it would be beneficial for improving mortality risk among older people.
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Antonio L, Wu FCW, Moors H, Matheï C, Huhtaniemi IT, Rastrelli G, Dejaeger M, O’Neill TW, Pye SR, Forti G, Maggi M, Casanueva FF, Slowikowska-Hilczer J, Punab M, Tournoy J, Vanderschueren D, Forti G, Petrone L, Corona G, Rastrelli G, Maggi (Florence) M, Vanderschueren D, Tournoy J, Borghs H, Antonio (Leuven) L, Kula K, Slowikowska-Hilczer J, Walczak-Jedrzejowska (Łódz) R, Huhtaniemi (London) I, Giwercman (Malmö) A, Wu F, Silman A, O’Neill T, Finn J, Pye (Manchester) S, Casanueva F, Crujeiras (Santiago) AB, Bartfai G, Földesi I, Fejes (Szeged) I, Punab M, Korrovitz (Tartu) P. Erectile dysfunction predicts mortality in middle-aged and older men independent of their sex steroid status. Age Ageing 2022; 51:6568537. [PMID: 35429269 DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afac094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND erectile dysfunction is associated with mortality, whereas the association between low testosterone (T) and higher mortality remains controversial. Sexual dysfunction and low T often coexist, but the relative importance of sexual symptoms versus low T in predicting mortality is not known. We studied the interrelationships between sex steroids and sexual symptoms with all-cause mortality in a large prospective cohort of European men. DESIGN survival status was assessed in 1,788 community-dwelling men, aged 40-79, who participated in the European Male Ageing Study (EMAS). Sexual symptoms were evaluated via a validated questionnaire (EMAS-SFQ). Sex steroids were measured by mass spectrometry. Cox proportional hazard models were used to study the association between hormones, sexual symptoms and mortality. RESULTS about 420 (25.3%) men died during a mean follow-up of 12.6 ± 3.1 years. Total T levels were similar in both groups, but free T was lower in those who died. Men with three sexual symptoms (erectile dysfunction, reduced morning erections and lower libido) had a higher mortality risk compared with men with none of these symptoms (adjusted hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence intervals: 1.75 (1.28-2.40, P = 0.001)). Particularly, erectile dysfunction and poor morning erections, but not lower libido, were associated with increased mortality (HR 1.40 (1.13-1.74, P = 0.002), 1.28 (1.04-1.59, P = 0.023) and 1.12 (0.90-1.39, P = 0.312), respectively). Further adjusting for total T, free T or oestradiol did not influence the observed risk. CONCLUSIONS sexual symptoms, in particular erectile dysfunction, predict all-cause mortality independently of sex steroids and can be an early warning sign of a poor health status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leen Antonio
- Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Endocrinology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frederick C W Wu
- Andrology Research Unit, Centre for Endocrinology & Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Hannes Moors
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Laboratory of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Geriatrics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Cathy Matheï
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Academic Center for General Practice, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ilpo T Huhtaniemi
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Giulia Rastrelli
- Andrology, Women’s Endocrinology and Gender Incongruence Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Marian Dejaeger
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Laboratory of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Geriatrics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Terence W O’Neill
- Centre for Epidemiology Versus Arthritis, The University of Manchester & NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Stephen R Pye
- Centre for Epidemiology Versus Arthritis, The University of Manchester & NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Gianni Forti
- Andrology, Women’s Endocrinology and Gender Incongruence Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Mario Maggi
- Endocrinology Unit, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Felipe F Casanueva
- Department of Medicine, Santiago de Compostela University, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS); CIBER de Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutricion (CB06/03), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | | | - Margus Punab
- Andrology Centre, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jos Tournoy
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Laboratory of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Geriatrics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dirk Vanderschueren
- Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Endocrinology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Abstract
In this issue of Asian Journal of Andrology (AJA), several experts have reviewed the latest data on the potential and known effects of endogenous and exogenous testosterone (T) on cardiovascular risk. In the review by Meyer and Wittert, low endogenous serum T appears to be associated with higher risk of cardiovascular disease and overall mortality in certain populations such as Klinefelter syndrome and older men, but not in men with congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism.1 Whether this association is causal or whether low serum testosterone is a marker of other risk factors for cardiovascular disease such as obesity, diabetes mellitus, or other systemic disease is unknown. In Yeap's review of the relationship between circulating endogenous testosterone and its major metabolites, dihydrotestosterone, and estradiol, he raises the provocative hypotheses that there might be differential effects on cardiovascular and cerebrovascular risk related to endogenous testosterone and dihydrotestosterone concentrations.2 Based on the same epidemiological studies, Yeap postulates that there might be a U-shaped curve for circulating endogenous androgen concentrations such that lower and higher concentrations might confer greater risk of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality than midrange concentrations. Shores demonstrates in a carefully done review of studies of large prescription databases (including >200 000 men) that testosterone therapy is not associated with overall mortality, myocardial infarction, stroke, or deep venous thrombosis events.3
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley D Anawalt
- Division of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Bu B Yeap
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia.,Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Western Australia 6150, Australia
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7
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Yeap BB, Anawalt BD. Why is understanding the relationship of testosterone to cardiovascular risk so important? Asian J Androl 2018; 20:107-108. [PMID: 29405170 PMCID: PMC5858091 DOI: 10.4103/aja.aja_71_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bu B Yeap
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia.,Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - Bradley D Anawalt
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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