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Guerroumi M, Aquil A, El Kherchi O, Ait Bouighoulidne S, Belhaj Haddou M, Elgot A. Evaluation of the relationship between restless legs syndrome, mental status, and sleep disorders among Moroccan women during their third trimester of pregnancy. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2024; 86:2626-2632. [PMID: 38694400 PMCID: PMC11060302 DOI: 10.1097/ms9.0000000000001987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a motor disorder encountered during pregnancy and leads to psychological and sleep impairments. The latter seems to be non-restorative and its occurrence alters the quality of life of pregnant women. The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of RLS and its relationship with both anxio-depressive symptoms and sleep disorders among a population of Moroccan pregnant women during their third trimester of pregnancy. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in a population of pregnant women in their third trimester (n=178) admitted to two health facilities in the city of Marrakech: Youssef Ibn Tachafine and Oasis. The face-to-face questionnaire was used to collect data including demographic and clinical characteristics, the four diagnostic criteria of RLS, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Patients were divided into two groups RLS+ (women with RLS) and RLS- (women without RLS). Results The prevalence of RLS was 59.5%; this syndrome was more common in the ninth month (74.15%) compared with the seventh and eighth months. Sleep impairment, including sleep efficiency, was significantly higher in RLS+ than RLS- (P-value 0.05). Anxiety but not depression is significantly increased in RLS+ compared to RLS- (48.11% versus 38.8%, P = 0.000). There were no significant differences between RLS+ and RLS- in terms of socio-demographic and other clinical characteristics. Conclusion RLS is encountered during the prenatal period, with a higher prevalence in the last trimester. During this stage of pregnancy, women suffering from RLS were vulnerable to anxiety and sleep disorders. Prevention and early diagnosis of RLS could be a proactive healthcare management leading to better health outcomes and better conditions of pregnancy, which precedes childbirth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maroua Guerroumi
- Hassan First University of Settat, Higher Institute of Health Sciences, Laboratory of Sciences and Health Technologies, Epidemiology and Biomedical Unit
| | - Amina Aquil
- Hassan First University of Settat, Higher Institute of Health Sciences, Laboratory of Sciences and Health Technologies, Epidemiology and Biomedical Unit
| | - Ouassil El Kherchi
- Hassan First University of Settat, Higher Institute of Health Sciences, Laboratory of Sciences and Health Technologies, Epidemiology and Biomedical Unit
| | - Salma Ait Bouighoulidne
- Hassan First University of Settat, Higher Institute of Health Sciences, Laboratory of Sciences and Health Technologies, Epidemiology and Biomedical Unit
| | - Meryam Belhaj Haddou
- Hassan First University of Settat, Higher Institute of Health Sciences, Laboratory of Sciences and Health Technologies, Epidemiology and Biomedical Unit
- University Teaching Hospital Mohammed VI, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Abdeljalil Elgot
- Hassan First University of Settat, Higher Institute of Health Sciences, Laboratory of Sciences and Health Technologies, Epidemiology and Biomedical Unit
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Alnaaim S, Alghirash F, Alenzi A, Owaidh Abu Zahirah M, Tashari T, Hakami F, Alsharif R. The Prevalence of Restless Legs Syndrome Among Pregnant Women in Saudi Arabia. Cureus 2023; 15:e42883. [PMID: 37664361 PMCID: PMC10474523 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.42883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pregnancy has been associated with restless legs syndrome (RLS). RLS is underdiagnosed in most countries. The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of RLS among Saudi pregnant women. METHODS This cross-sectional study included 459 pregnant women from all Saudi provinces between December 2022 and March 2023. A structured online questionnaire assessing demographic and pregnancy characteristics, medical conditions, sleep quality, and RLS symptoms was conducted. RESULTS The prevalence of RLS was 26.6% among the participants. Calcium deficiency was significantly associated with RLS (adjusted odds ratio (OR)=2.16, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.2-3.9, p=0.01), but there was no significant association between RLS and vitamin D and iron deficiencies (p>0.05), according to multivariate binary logistic regression analysis. Moreover, RLS increased the risk of insomnia and frequent waking up (adjusted OR=4.95, 95% CI=2.50-9.83, p<0.001, and adjusted OR=2.87, 95% CI=1.55-5.32, p=0.001, respectively). CONCLUSION RLS is common among pregnant women in Saudi Arabia. The study indicates that RLS during pregnancy is linked to calcium deficiency and negatively affects sleep quality.
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AlShareef SM. The prevalence of and risk factors for restless legs syndrome: A nationwide study. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:987689. [PMID: 36660463 PMCID: PMC9842666 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.987689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a neglected diagnosis, and most individuals with RLS do not access effective therapies. There has yet to be a nationwide study of the prevalence of and associated risk factors for RLS in Saudi Arabia. MATERIALS AND METHODS A population-wide survey was administered to Saudi Arabian adults to assess RLS prevalence and its association with other clinical and demographic variables. RLS was defined according to 2012 IRLSSG Diagnostic Criteria. Persistent RLS was defined as symptoms occurring more than a few nights each week, and RLS causing significant daytime impairment was defined as symptoms causing "severe" excessive daytime sleepiness measured by the Epworth Sleepiness Scale. Associations were evaluated using univariate analyses and binary logistic regression. RESULTS 10,106 individuals completed the survey. Persistent RLS was reported in 11.9% of participants, which caused significant daytime impairment in 1.2% of participants. In multivariable analysis, younger age (OR 0.96, 95% CI 0.95-0.97; p < 0.001), tobacco smoking (OR 1.28, 95% CI 1.07-1.53; p = 0.008), anxiety (OR 1.34-1.42; p < 0.05), and moderate to severe depressive symptoms (OR 1.52-2.40; p < 0.01) were associated with persistent RLS. Younger age (OR 0.96, 95% CI 0.93-0.99; p = 0.015), female gender (OR 2.28, 95% CI 1.32-3.94; p = 0.003), and moderately severe to severe depressive symptoms (OR 13.59 and 26.7, respectively; p < 0.001) were independently associated with RLS causing significant daytime impairment. CONCLUSION RLS is common in adults in Saudi Arabia and is often co-morbid with moderate to severe depressive symptoms. Both RLS and depression represent a silent epidemic in Saudi Arabia requiring active inquiry by all healthcare workers to reduce their burden and impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saad Mohammed AlShareef
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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AlHarbi OR, Bahammam A, Olaish AH, Azzam NA, Aljebreen AA, Almadi MA, Alsaleh SA. Prevalence, severity and associated factors of restless leg syndrome in inflammatory bowel disease patients. Saudi J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:348-354. [PMID: 34596594 PMCID: PMC8656329 DOI: 10.4103/sjg.sjg_642_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between restless leg syndrome (RLS) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has often been an under-investigated and clinically misdiagnosed entity. An emphasis should be made on the severity and associated factors, as the prevalence of both entities is on the rise globally. In this study we aimed to investigate the prevalence, severity and associated risk factors of RLS in patients with IBD. METHODS A multi-center, prospective cross-sectional study was conducted with age and gender matched controls in the ratio of 1:3. Cases of IBD were confirmed according to European Crohns and Colitis Organization guidelines. The study recruited 377 cases and 1131 age and gender-matched controls. RLS severity and prevalence was determined using a validated International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group questionnaire. The anthropometric and blood biochemical measurements were retrieved from the patient's medical records. Associated factors were analyzed by regression analysis. RESULTS The prevalence of RLS in patients with IBD and non-IBD control groups was 21.5% and 9.7%, respectively (P = 0.001). The severity index of RLS symptoms in all the three categories of mild, moderate and severe RLS was higher in the IBD group (P = 0.001). Obesity (BMI >30 Kg/m2) was more prevalent in patients with IBD with RLS than without RLS (21.9%: 10.3%, P = 0.009). Ages between 46 and 59 years (OR = 18.7 [2.6-29.4], P = 0.008), obesity (OR = 22 [2.6-29.4], P = 0.005), higher TSH levels (OR = 1.7 [1.0-3.0], P = 0.033), and lower hemoglobin levels (P = 0.028) showed a greater risk associated with RLS. CONCLUSION Prevalence and severity of RLS was higher in patients with IBD. The risk factors for RLS in IBD include increasing age, obesity, higher TSH, and lower hemoglobin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Othman R. AlHarbi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University Hospital, King Saud University Medical City, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia,Address for correspondence: Dr. Othman R. AlHarbi, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, King Khalid University Hospital, King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh - 12372, Saudi Arabia. E-mail:
| | - Ahmad Bahammam
- The University Sleep Disorders Center, College of Medicine, King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Awad H. Olaish
- The University Sleep Disorders Center, College of Medicine, King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nahla A. Azzam
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University Hospital, King Saud University Medical City, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman A. Aljebreen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University Hospital, King Saud University Medical City, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majid A. Almadi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University Hospital, King Saud University Medical City, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia,Division of Gastroenterology, the McGill University Health Center, Montréal General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Suhail A. Alsaleh
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Canada
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Tuna Oran N, Yuksel E, Ruzgar S. Prevalence of restless leg syndrome and effects on quality of life during pregnancy. Sleep Breath 2021; 25:2127-2134. [PMID: 33566234 DOI: 10.1007/s11325-021-02311-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Restless leg syndrome (RLS) is a movement disorder which constitutes the most common and major risk group during pregnancy. The purpose of this study was to determine prevalence and severity of RLS during pregnancy and to investigate the effect of RLS on quality of life in pregnant women. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted in antenatal clinics of four different public hospitals. Data collected were pregnancy assessment form, RLS diagnostic criteria form, RLS severity scale, and SF-12 quality of life scale. RESULTS Among 718 pregnant women, mean age was 28.3±5.9 years (range 19 to 45). According to the diagnostic criteria of RLS, RLS prevalence was 22% (n=159). Of the 159 women with RLS, 41% had moderate severity and 40% had severe RLS. Prevalence of RLS in pregnant women increased with gestational week, working time during pregnancy, weight before pregnancy, total weight gain during pregnancy, and pre-pregnancy body mass index. Physical health scores, physical functioning scores, pain scores, emotional role difficulty scores, and social function scores were significantly lower in the pregnant women with RLS than without RLS (p <0.05). CONCLUSIONS Approximately one-fifth of the pregnant women had RLS, mostly in the third trimester, and the severity of RLS was predominantly moderate and severe. Pregnant women with RLS had poorer quality of life than pregnant women without RLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazan Tuna Oran
- Department of Midwifery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ege University, Bornova, 35100, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Esma Yuksel
- Department of Midwifery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ege University, Bornova, 35100, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Sebnem Ruzgar
- Department of Midwifery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
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Darvishi N, Daneshkhah A, Khaledi-Paveh B, Vaisi-Raygani A, Mohammadi M, Salari N, Darvishi F, Abdi A, Jalali R. The prevalence of Restless Legs Syndrome/Willis-ekbom disease (RLS/WED) in the third trimester of pregnancy: a systematic review. BMC Neurol 2020; 20:132. [PMID: 32284042 PMCID: PMC7153235 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-020-01709-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background RLS is known as one of the most common movement disorders during pregnancy, which is most aggravated in the third trimester of pregnancy and can affect up to one-third of pregnant women. This study intends to determine the total prevalence of RLS in the third trimester of pregnancy through a systematic review. Methods The present study was conducted via meta-analysis method up to 2019. The papers related to the subject of interest were obtained through searching in SID, MagIran, IranDoc, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science (ISI), PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar databases. Heterogeneity of the studies was examined via I2 index, and the data were analyzed in Comprehensive meta-analysis software. Results In investigating 10 papers capturing 2431 subjects within the age range of 25–39 years, the total prevalence of RLS in the third trimester of pregnancy based on meta-analysis was obtained as 22.9% (95% CI: 14.7–33.8%). Further, as the sample size increased, the RLS prevalence diminished, while with increase in years, this prevalence increased, where this difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion Prevalence of RLS in the third trimester of pregnancy is high, healthcare policymakers should organize educational classes to improve the life dimensions among this group of pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niloofar Darvishi
- Department of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Alireza Daneshkhah
- School of Computing, Electronics and Maths, Coventry University, London, UK
| | - Behnam Khaledi-Paveh
- Sleep Disorders Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Aliakbar Vaisi-Raygani
- Department of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Masoud Mohammadi
- Department of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Nader Salari
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Fateme Darvishi
- School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Alireza Abdi
- Department of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Rostam Jalali
- Department of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
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Almeneessie AS, Alyousefi N, Alzahrani M, Alsafi A, Alotaibi R, Olaish AH, Sabr Y, Bahammam AS. Prevalence of restless legs syndrome among pregnant women: A case-control study. Ann Thorac Med 2020; 15:9-14. [PMID: 32002041 PMCID: PMC6967142 DOI: 10.4103/atm.atm_206_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: This cross-sectional case–control study aimed to assess the prevalence of restless legs syndrome (RLS) and its correlates and severity among Arab (Saudi) pregnant women attending antenatal care clinics. METHODS: We interviewed 742 consecutive pregnant women attending antenatal clinics face-to-face using the International RLS Study Group (IRLSSG) criteria. We assessed the severity of RLS using the IRLSSG severity scale for RLS (IRLS). A similar number of age-matched nonpregnant women were enrolled in a control group. RESULTS: Among the cases, 104 (14%) were in the first trimester, 232 (31.3%) in the second trimester, and 406 (54.7%) in the third trimester. The RLS prevalence in cases and controls was 30% and 26.5%, respectively, (P = 0.134). Among cases, severe/very severe RLS was diagnosed in 25% and mild/moderate in 75%, compared with 15% of controls having severe/very severe RLS and 85% having mild/moderate RLS (P < 0.001). Multivariate binary logistic regression analysis identified the following parameters as independent predictors of RLS: parity (odds ratio [OR] 1.113 [confidence intervals [CI] 1.012–1.223], P = 0.027), anemia (OR 1.452 [1.033–2.042], P = 0.03), diabetes mellitus (OR 1.734 [CI 1.084–2.774], P = 0.022), Vitamin D deficiency (OR 2.376 [CI 1.488–3.794],P < 0.001), and smoking (OR 3.839 [CI 1.463–10.074], P = 0.006). None of the cases had been diagnosed or treated for RLS in the antenatal clinics. CONCLUSION: RLS is common, but underdiagnosed, among Saudi pregnant women and nonpregnant women of childbearing age. The study revealed that RLS during pregnancy is linked to parity, anemia, diabetes mellitus, Vitamin D deficiency, and smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aljohara S Almeneessie
- Department of Medicine, The University Sleep Disorders Center, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nada Alyousefi
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha Alzahrani
- Department of Medicine, The University Sleep Disorders Center, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aisha Alsafi
- Department of Medicine, The University Sleep Disorders Center, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raneem Alotaibi
- Department of Medicine, The University Sleep Disorders Center, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Awad H Olaish
- Department of Medicine, The University Sleep Disorders Center, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yasser Sabr
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed S Bahammam
- Department of Medicine, The University Sleep Disorders Center, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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