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Manzar MD, Alghadir AH, Khan M, Salahuddin M, Hassen HY, Almansour AM, Nureye D, Tekalign E, Shah SA, Pandi-Perumal SR, Bahammam AS. Poor Sleep in Community-Dwelling Polysubstance Users: Association With Khat Dependence, Metacognition, and Socio-Demographic Factors. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:792460. [PMID: 35619616 PMCID: PMC9127297 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.792460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Poor sleep and cognitive deficits are often associated with increased drug use. However, no study has addressed the relationship between poor sleep, substance dependence, and metacognitive deficit in polysubstance users. Methods This was a cross-sectional study with a simple random sampling involving community-dwelling polysubstance users (n = 326, age = 18-43 years) in Mizan, Ethiopia. Participants completed a brief sleep questionnaire, severity of dependence on khat (SDS-Khat), a brief meta-cognition questionnaire, and a socio-demographic survey. Results Majority (56.4%) of the polysubstance users had sleep disturbance. Chronic health conditions [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 2.52, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.31-4.85], chronic conditions in the family (AOR = 2.69, 95% CI 1.40-5.20), illiterate-primary level of educational status (AOR = 2.40, 95% CI 1.30-4.04), higher SDS-Khat score (AOR = 1.39, 95% CI 1.13-1.72), and lower meta-cognition score (AOR = 0.90, 95% CI 0.84-0.97) predicted poor sleep in the polysubstance users. Moreover, low metacognition score and high SDS score also predicted additional sleep disturbances like chronic sleep insufficiency, lethargy and restlessness after nighttime sleep, socio-occupational dysfunctions, and daytime disturbances in polysubstance users. Conclusion Poor sleep, severe khat dependence, and metacognitive deficits are common in community polysubstance users. Moreover, poor sleep is associated with higher khat dependence, lower metacognitive ability, lower educational status, and the presence of chronic conditions in polysubstance users or their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Dilshad Manzar
- Department of Nursing, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad H. Alghadir
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Masood Khan
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Salahuddin
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mizan-Tepi University (Mizan), Mizan-Aman, Ethiopia
- Pharmacology Division, Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, United States
| | - Hamid Yimam Hassen
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan-Aman, Ethiopia
| | - Ahmed M. Almansour
- Department of Nursing, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dejen Nureye
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mizan-Tepi University (Mizan), Mizan-Aman, Ethiopia
| | - Eyob Tekalign
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan-Aman, Ethiopia
| | - Showkat Ahmad Shah
- Department of Economics, College of Business and Economics, Mizan-Tepi University (Mizan), Mizan-Aman, Ethiopia
| | - Seithikurippu R. Pandi-Perumal
- Somnogen Canada Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada
- Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - Ahmed S. Bahammam
- The University Sleep Disorders Center, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- National Plan for Science and Technology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Manzar MD, Salahuddin M, Alghadir A, Anwer S, Peter S, Bahammam AS, Pandi-Perumal SR. Psychometric properties of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 Scale in Ethiopian university students. Bull Menninger Clin 2021; 85:405-427. [PMID: 34851681 DOI: 10.1521/bumc.2021.85.4.405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of anxiety and its associated factors in Ethiopians necessitates availability of a valid questionnaire tool to screen for this disorder. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the factor structure, its stability, and psychometric measures of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 Scale GAD-7) in Ethiopian university students. A cross-sectional study with random sampling was carried out in students (n = 354, age = 21.79 ± 4.49) attending Mizan-Tepi University, Ethiopia. The GAD-7, the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), and a sociodemographic questionnaire were completed by participants. The unidimensional model of the GAD-7 showed configural, metric, scalar, and strict invariance among gender groups. The Cronbach's alpha (0.77), item-total score correlations (r = .51-.72, p < .01), and inter-item correlations (all significant, p < .05) indicated adequate internal consistency. GAD-7 scale scores correlated significantly with the PSS, suggesting desired convergent validity. The GAD-7 has good psychometric validity with Ethiopian university students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Dilshad Manzar
- Assistant Professor, Department of Nursing, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Salahuddin
- Lecturer, Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Mizan-Tepi University (Mizan Campus), Mizan-Aman, Ethiopia
| | - Ahmad Alghadir
- Professor and Chairman, Rehabilitation Research Chair, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shahnawaz Anwer
- Professor and Chairman, Rehabilitation Research Chair, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Doctoral researcher in the Department of Building and Real Estate, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Sony Peter
- Lecturer, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Mizan-Tepi University (Mizan Campus), Mizan-Aman, Ethiopia
| | - Ahmed S Bahammam
- Professor, University Sleep Disorders Center, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,National Plan for Science and Technology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Seithikurippu R Pandi-Perumal
- Distinguished Professor of Research, Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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