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Yang S, Meng X, Zhen Y, Baima Q, Wang Y, Jiang X, Xu Z. Strategies and mechanisms targeting Enterococcus faecalis biofilms associated with endodontic infections: a comprehensive review. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1433313. [PMID: 39091674 PMCID: PMC11291369 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1433313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis is one of the main microorganisms that infects root canals, ranking among the most prevalent microorganisms associated with endodontic treatment failure. Given its pervasive presence in persistent endodontic infections, the successful elimination of Enterococcus faecalis is crucial for effective endodontic treatment and retreatment. Furthermore, Enterococcus faecalis can form biofilms - defense structures that microbes use to fight environmental threats. These biofilms confer resistance against host immune system attacks and antibiotic interventions. Consequently, the presence of biofilms poses a significant challenge in the complete eradication of Enterococcus faecalis and its associated disease. In response, numerous scholars have discovered promising outcomes in addressing Enterococcus faecalis biofilms within root canals and undertaken endeavors to explore more efficacious approaches in combating these biofilms. This study provides a comprehensive review of strategies and mechanisms for the removal of Enterococcus faecalis biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shipeng Yang
- Department of Endodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiuping Meng
- Department of Endodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuqi Zhen
- Department of Endodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Quzhen Baima
- Department of Endodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Dental Implantology, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xinmiao Jiang
- Department of Endodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhibo Xu
- Department of Endodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Ali TW, Gul H, Fareed MA, Tabassum S, Mir SR, Afzaal A, Muhammad N, Kaleem M. Biochemical properties of novel Carbon nanodot-stabilized silver nanoparticles enriched calcium hydroxide endodontic sealer. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0303808. [PMID: 38959277 PMCID: PMC11221646 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0303808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Calcium Hydroxide-based endodontic sealer loaded with antimicrobial agents have been commonly employed in conventional root canal treatment. These sealers are not effective against E. faecalis due to the persistent nature of this bacterium and its ability to evade the antibacterial action of calcium hydroxide. Therefore, endodontic sealer containing Carbon nanodots stabilized silver nanoparticles (CD-AgNPs) was proposed to combat E. faecalis. The therapeutic effect of CD-AgNPs was investigated and a new cytocompatible Calcium Hydroxide-based endodontic sealer enriched with CD-AgNPs was synthesized that exhibited a steady release of Ag+ ions and lower water solubility at 24 hours, and enhanced antibacterial potential against E. faecalis. CD-AgNPs was synthesized and characterized morphologically and compositionally by Scanning Electron Microscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and UV-Vis Spectroscopy, followed by optimization via minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination against E. faecalis by broth microdilution technique and Cytotoxicity analysis against NIH3T3 cell lines via Alamar Blue assay. Calcium hydroxide in distilled water was taken as control (C), Calcium hydroxide with to CD-AgNPs (5mg/ml and 10mg/ml) yielded novel endodontic sealers (E1 and E2). Morphological and chemical analysis of the novel sealers were done by SEM and FTIR; followed by in vitro assessment for antibacterial potential against E. faecalis via agar disc diffusion method, release of Ag+ ions for 21 days by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry and water solubility by weight change for 21 days. CD-AgNPs were 15-20 nm spherical-shaped particles in uniformly distributed clusters and revealed presence of constituent elements in nano-assembly. FTIR spectra revealed absorption peaks that correspond to various functional groups. UV-Vis absorption spectra showed prominent peaks that correspond to Carbon nanodots and Silver nanoparticles. CD-AgNPs exhibited MIC value of 5mg/ml and cytocompatibility of 84.47% with NIH3T3 cell lines. Novel endodontic sealer cut-discs revealed irregular, hexagonal particles (100-120 nm) with aggregation and rough structure with the presence of constituent elements. FTIR spectra of novel endodontic sealers revealed absorption peaks that correspond to various functional groups. Novel endodontic sealers exhibited enhanced antibacterial potential where E-2 showed greatest inhibition zone against E. faecalis (6.3±2 mm), a steady but highest release of Ag+ ions was exhibited by E-1 (0.043±0.0001 mg/mL) and showed water solubility of <3% at 24 hours where E-2 showed minimal weight loss at all time intervals. Novel endodontic sealers were cytocompatible and showed enhanced antibacterial potential against E. faecalis, however, E2 outperformed in this study in all aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayyaba Waqar Ali
- Department of Dental Materials, Army Medical College, National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS), Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Hashmat Gul
- Department of Dental Materials, Army Medical College, National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS), Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Amber Fareed
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Dentistry, Ajman University, Ajman, UAE
- Center of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, UAE
| | - Sobia Tabassum
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials (IRCBM), COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sana Rubab Mir
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Aqsa Afzaal
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Nawshad Muhammad
- Department of Dental Materials, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Kaleem
- Department of Dental Materials, Army Medical College, National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS), Rawalpindi, Pakistan
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Lee MY, Yoon HW, Kim KM, Kwon JS. Antibacterial efficacy and osteogenic potential of mineral trioxide aggregate-based retrograde filling material incorporated with silver nanoparticle and calcium fluoride. J Dent Sci 2024; 19:1783-1791. [PMID: 39035315 PMCID: PMC11259738 DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2023.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Background/purpose The retrograde filling material, particularly mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) employed in apicoectomy, should possess high antibacterial efficacy and osteogenic potential. We evaluated the antibacterial efficacy, biocompatibility, and osteogenic potential following the addition of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and calcium fluoride (CaF2) in retrograde filling material of MTA. Materials and methods MTA was mixed with four different solvents. Group 1 (G1): distilled water, Group 2 (G2): 50 ppm AgNPs, Group 3 (G3): 1 wt% CaF2, and Group 4 (G4): 50 ppm AgNPs and 1 wt% CaF2. The pH variation of each group was monitored, while the surface roughness was measured. The antibacterial efficacy against Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) and the viability of murine pre-osteoblast (MC3T3) were evaluated for each group using colorimetric assays. The gene expression levels of osteogenic potential marker (OCN, ALPL, and RUNX2) in MC3T3 cells for each group were quantified using real-time-qPCR. Statistical analysis was performed at α = 0.05 level of significance. Results When comparing the levels of antibacterial efficacy, the order of effectiveness was G4>G2>G3>G1 (P < 0.05). In the cell viability test, owing to MTA-eluted growth medium having a positive effect on MC3T3 cell proliferation, G1-4 exhibited a statistically increased cell viability compared to the control (P < 0.05). However, G2-4 did not result in a statistically significant difference when compared to G1 (P < 0.05). Moreover, G4 exhibited the highest gene expression among the four groups (P < 0.05). Conclusion The addition of AgNPs and CaF2 to MTA could be a promising option for use as a new retrograde filling material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Yong Lee
- Department and Research Institute of Dental Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hi-Won Yoon
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kwang-Mahn Kim
- Department and Research Institute of Dental Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae-Sung Kwon
- Department and Research Institute of Dental Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, South Korea
- BK21 FOUR Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, South Korea
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Chandran N, Ramesh S, Shanmugam R, S J. A Comparative Evaluation of Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Efficacy of Biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles and Chemically Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles Against Enterococcus faecalis: An In Vitro Study. Cureus 2024; 16:e58428. [PMID: 38765427 PMCID: PMC11099505 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.58428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Effective root canal cleaning and sealing are essential for a successful endodontic procedure. For the purpose of disinfecting root canals, both herbal and non-herbal medications are recommended. This study aimed to analyze the antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized from Azadirachta indica/neem and chemically synthesized AgNPs from trisodium citrate (TSC) against oral pathogens to be further used as an irrigant in endodontic treatment. Materials and methods To synthesize A. indica AgNPs, powdered fresh A. indica leaves were weighed, added to double distilled water, heated for 30 minutes, and then combined with silver nitrate solution. TSC was also used to create TSC AgNPs. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), ocular observation, and the ultraviolet-visible light (UV-vis) spectrum were used to characterize the AgNPs. Studies were conducted on the extract's characteristics, including its cytotoxicity and antibacterial activity. Results The hue shift and peak on the UV-vis spectrophotometer were signs that AgNPs were forming. The XRD pattern showed that the sample included crystalline AgNPs, mostly spherical ones. By using SEM, the presence of AgNPs was also verified. AgNPs that were synthesized showed antimicrobial efficacy against Enterococcus faecalis. Compared to chemically synthesized AgNPs, A. indica AgNPs showed lower minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values, a bigger zone of inhibition (ZOI), and less cytotoxic action. Conclusion This study demonstrates the minimal cytotoxicity and antibacterial activity of A. indica AgNPs against E. faecalis. This suggests that they might also be employed as root canal cleaners. Before experimenting with animals or cell lines in clinical trials for endodontic treatment, further research should be done.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neena Chandran
- Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, IND
| | - Sindhu Ramesh
- Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, IND
| | - Rajeshkumar Shanmugam
- Nanobiomedicine, Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, IND
| | - Jayalakshmi S
- Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, IND
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Berrio ME, Jerez-Olate C, Ramírez JA, Saireddy S, González-Rocha G, Ponce A, Meléndrez-Castro M, Sánchez-Sanhueza G. Novel Antibacterial and Biocompatible Nanostructured Gels Based on One-step Synthesis as a Potential Disinfectant for Endodontic Infection Control. J Endod 2024; 50:74-84. [PMID: 37863353 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2023.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
AIM The objective of this study was to develop nanostructured gels as biocompatible intracanal disinfectants by one-step microwave radiation-assisted synthesis. METHODS Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) were used as a support network, and polyethylene glycol (PEG) was used as a reducing agent. The gels were characterized by measuring the swelling ratio (SR) and rheological properties and by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The antibacterial effects of each gel were evaluated against the endodontic clinical strain Enterococcus faecalis. Then, the viability of the 21-day mature multispecies bacterial biofilm was assessed using confocal microscopy in an ex vivo model, where the biofilm was exposed to the mix of nanogels. The cell proliferation, viability, and morphology of human periodontal ligament (HPDL) cells were quantified using a real-time IncuCyte® S3 Live-Cell System. Viability was measured by confocal microscopy using an ex vivo model exposing a 21-day mature multispecies bacterial biofilm to the mix of nanogels. RESULTS The antibacterial activity of the gels coincided with the superficial characterization and the solubility of the gel in the growth medium. Gels with higher viscosity (327.85-980.58 Pa s), higher dissolution (42-70%SR), and lower porosity (no porosity and 611.63 nm) showed excellent antibacterial activity against E. faecalis. Despite their physicochemical characteristics, CuNPs gels showed greater effectiveness against E. faecalis.These nanostructured gels with high PVA concentrations promote HPDL cells proliferation while still exerting antibacterial properties. Mix of nanogels showed an increase non-viable cells biomass from at of application. CONCLUSIONS The use of biocompatible polymers influences the physicochemical, bactericidal, and cytotoxic response, making these materials potential disinfectant agents against resistant bacteria with good biocompatibility and improved HPDL cells proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Elizabeth Berrio
- Department of Materials Engineering (DIMAT), Faculty of Engineering, Research Group in Advanced Nanocomposites (GINA), Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Christian Jerez-Olate
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Research Laboratory Antibacterial Agents (LIAA), Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Facultad de Odontología y Ciencias de la Rehabilitación, Universidad San Sebastián, Lientur, Concepción, Chile
| | - Jesús Alfredo Ramírez
- Department of Materials Engineering (DIMAT), Faculty of Engineering, Research Group in Advanced Nanocomposites (GINA), Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Shiva Saireddy
- Department of Materials Engineering (DIMAT), Faculty of Engineering, Research Group in Advanced Nanocomposites (GINA), Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Gerardo González-Rocha
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Research Laboratory Antibacterial Agents (LIAA), Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Arturo Ponce
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Manuel Meléndrez-Castro
- Department of Materials Engineering (DIMAT), Faculty of Engineering, Research Group in Advanced Nanocomposites (GINA), Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Unidad de Desarrollo Tecnológico, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.
| | - Gabriela Sánchez-Sanhueza
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Research Laboratory Antibacterial Agents (LIAA), Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Department of Restorative Dentistry, Discipline of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.
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Capuano N, Amato A, Dell’Annunziata F, Giordano F, Folliero V, Di Spirito F, More PR, De Filippis A, Martina S, Amato M, Galdiero M, Iandolo A, Franci G. Nanoparticles and Their Antibacterial Application in Endodontics. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1690. [PMID: 38136724 PMCID: PMC10740835 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12121690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Root canal treatment represents a significant challenge as current cleaning and disinfection methodologies fail to remove persistent bacterial biofilms within the intricate anatomical structures. Recently, the field of nanotechnology has emerged as a promising frontier with numerous biomedical applications. Among the most notable contributions of nanotechnology are nanoparticles, which possess antimicrobial, antifungal, and antiviral properties. Nanoparticles cause the destructuring of bacterial walls, increasing the permeability of the cell membrane, stimulating the generation of reactive oxygen species, and interrupting the replication of deoxyribonucleic acid through the controlled release of ions. Thus, they could revolutionize endodontics, obtaining superior results and guaranteeing a promising short- and long-term prognosis. Therefore, chitosan, silver, graphene, poly(lactic) co-glycolic acid, bioactive glass, mesoporous calcium silicate, hydroxyapatite, zirconia, glucose oxidase magnetic, copper, and zinc oxide nanoparticles in endodontic therapy have been investigated in the present review. The diversified antimicrobial mechanisms of action, the numerous applications, and the high degree of clinical safety could encourage the scientific community to adopt nanoparticles as potential drugs for the treatment of endodontic diseases, overcoming the limitations related to antibiotic resistance and eradication of the biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta Capuano
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (N.C.); (F.D.); (F.G.); (V.F.); (F.D.S.); (S.M.); (M.A.)
| | - Alessandra Amato
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Dentistry, University of Naples Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy;
| | - Federica Dell’Annunziata
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (N.C.); (F.D.); (F.G.); (V.F.); (F.D.S.); (S.M.); (M.A.)
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (P.R.M.); (A.D.F.); (M.G.)
| | - Francesco Giordano
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (N.C.); (F.D.); (F.G.); (V.F.); (F.D.S.); (S.M.); (M.A.)
| | - Veronica Folliero
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (N.C.); (F.D.); (F.G.); (V.F.); (F.D.S.); (S.M.); (M.A.)
| | - Federica Di Spirito
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (N.C.); (F.D.); (F.G.); (V.F.); (F.D.S.); (S.M.); (M.A.)
| | - Pragati Rajendra More
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (P.R.M.); (A.D.F.); (M.G.)
| | - Anna De Filippis
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (P.R.M.); (A.D.F.); (M.G.)
| | - Stefano Martina
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (N.C.); (F.D.); (F.G.); (V.F.); (F.D.S.); (S.M.); (M.A.)
| | - Massimo Amato
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (N.C.); (F.D.); (F.G.); (V.F.); (F.D.S.); (S.M.); (M.A.)
| | - Massimiliano Galdiero
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (P.R.M.); (A.D.F.); (M.G.)
- Complex Operative Unity of Virology and Microbiology, University Hospital of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Alfredo Iandolo
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (N.C.); (F.D.); (F.G.); (V.F.); (F.D.S.); (S.M.); (M.A.)
| | - Gianluigi Franci
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (N.C.); (F.D.); (F.G.); (V.F.); (F.D.S.); (S.M.); (M.A.)
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Dutt Y, Pandey RP, Dutt M, Gupta A, Vibhuti A, Vidic J, Raj VS, Chang CM, Priyadarshini A. Therapeutic applications of nanobiotechnology. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:148. [PMID: 37149615 PMCID: PMC10163736 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-01909-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanobiotechnology, as a novel and more specialized branch of science, has provided a number of nanostructures such as nanoparticles, by utilizing the methods, techniques, and protocols of other branches of science. Due to the unique features and physiobiological characteristics, these nanostructures or nanocarriers have provided vast methods and therapeutic techniques, against microbial infections and cancers and for tissue regeneration, tissue engineering, and immunotherapies, and for gene therapies, through drug delivery systems. However, reduced carrying capacity, abrupt and non-targeted delivery, and solubility of therapeutic agents, can affect the therapeutic applications of these biotechnological products. In this article, we explored and discussed the prominent nanobiotechnological methods and products such as nanocarriers, highlighted the features and challenges associated with these products, and attempted to conclude if available nanostructures offer any scope of improvement or enhancement. We aimed to identify and emphasize the nanobiotechnological methods and products, with greater prospect and capacity for therapeutic improvements and enhancements. We found that novel nanocarriers and nanostructures, such as nanocomposites, micelles, hydrogels, microneedles, and artificial cells, can address the associated challenges and inherited drawbacks, with help of conjugations, sustained and stimuli-responsive release, ligand binding, and targeted delivery. We recommend that nanobiotechnology, despite having few challenges and drawbacks, offers immense opportunities that can be harnessed in delivering quality therapeutics with precision and prediction. We also recommend that, by exploring the branched domains more rigorously, bottlenecks and obstacles can also be addressed and resolved in return.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh Dutt
- Department of Microbiology, SRM University, 39, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, Post Office P.S. Rai, Sonepat, Haryana, 131029, India
| | - Ramendra Pati Pandey
- Department of Microbiology, SRM University, 39, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, Post Office P.S. Rai, Sonepat, Haryana, 131029, India.
- Department of Biotechnology, SRM University, 39, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, Post Office P.S. Rai, Sonepat, Haryana, 131029, India.
| | - Mamta Dutt
- Mamta Dental Clinic, Opposite Sector 29, Main Badkhal Road, Faridabad, Haryana, 121002, India
| | - Archana Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, SRM University, 39, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, Post Office P.S. Rai, Sonepat, Haryana, 131029, India
| | - Arpana Vibhuti
- Department of Biotechnology, SRM University, 39, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, Post Office P.S. Rai, Sonepat, Haryana, 131029, India
| | - Jasmina Vidic
- Université Paris-Saclay, Micalis Institute, INRAE, AgroParisTech, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - V Samuel Raj
- Department of Microbiology, SRM University, 39, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, Post Office P.S. Rai, Sonepat, Haryana, 131029, India
| | - Chung-Ming Chang
- Master & Ph.D Program in Biotechnology Industry, Chang Gung University, No.259, Wenhua 1st Rd., Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City, 33302, Taiwan (ROC).
| | - Anjali Priyadarshini
- Department of Microbiology, SRM University, 39, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, Post Office P.S. Rai, Sonepat, Haryana, 131029, India.
- Department of Biotechnology, SRM University, 39, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, Post Office P.S. Rai, Sonepat, Haryana, 131029, India.
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Silver Nanoparticles Phytofabricated through Azadirachta indica: Anticancer, Apoptotic, and Wound-Healing Properties. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12010121. [PMID: 36671322 PMCID: PMC9855199 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12010121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have unlocked numerous novel disciplines in nanobiotechnological protocols due to their larger surface area-to-volume ratios, which are attributed to the marked reactivity of nanosilver, and due to their extremely small size, which enables AgNPs to enter cells, interact with organelles, and yield distinct biological effects. AgNPs are capable of bypassing immune cells, staying in the system for longer periods and with a higher distribution, reaching target tissues at higher concentrations, avoiding diffusion to adjacent tissues, releasing therapeutic agents or drugs for specific stimuli to achieve a longer duration at a specific rate, and yielding desired effects. The phytofabrication of AgNPs is a cost-effective, one-step, environmentally friendly, and easy method that harnesses sustainable resources and naturally available components of plant extracts (PEs). In addition, it processes various catalytic activities for the degradation of various organic pollutants. For the phytofabrication of AgNPs, plant products can be used in a multifunctional manner as a reducing agent, a stabilizing agent, and a functionalizing agent. In addition, they can be used to curtail the requirements for any additional stabilizing agents and to help the reaction stages subside. Azadirachta indica, a very common and prominent medicinal plant grown throughout the Indian subcontinent, possesses free radical scavenging and other pharmaceutical properties via the regulation of proinflammatory enzymes, such as COX and TOX. It also demonstrates anticancer activities through cell-signaling pathways, modulating tumor-suppressing genes such as p53 and pTEN, transcriptional factors, angiogenesis, and apoptosis via bcl2 and bax. In addition, it possesses antibacterial activities. Phytofabricated AgNPs have been applied in the areas of drug delivery, bioimaging, biosensing, cancer treatment, cosmetics, and cell biology. Such pharmaceutical and biological activities of phytofabricated AgNPs are attributed to more than 300 phytochemicals found in Azadirachta indica, and are especially abundant in flavonoids, polyphenols, diterpenoids, triterpenoids, limonoids, tannins, coumarin, nimbolide, azadirachtin, azadirone, azadiradione, and gedunin. Parts of Azadirachta indica, including the leaves in various forms, have been used for wound healing or as a repellent. This study was aimed at examining previously biosynthesized (from Azadirachta indica) AgNPs for anticancer, wound-healing, and antimicrobial actions (through MTT reduction assay, scratch assay, and microbroth dilution methods, respectively). Additionally, apoptosis in cancer cells and the antibiofilm capabilities of AgNPs were examined through caspase-3 expression, dentine block, and crystal violet methods. We found that biogenic silver nanoparticles are capable of inducing cytotoxicity in HCT-116 colon carcinoma cells (IC50 of 744.23 µg/mL, R2: 0.94), but are ineffective against MCF-7 breast cancer cells (IC50 >> 1000 µg/mL, R2: 0.86). AgNPs (IC50 value) induced a significant increase in caspase-3 expression (a 1.5-fold increase) in HCT-116, as compared with control cells. FITC-MFI was 1936 in HCT-116-treated cells, as compared to being 4551 in cisplatin and 1297 in untreated cells. AgNPs (6.26 µg/mL and 62.5 µg/mL) induced the cellular migration (40.2% and 33.23%, respectively) of V79 Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts; however, the improvement in wound healing was not significant as it was for the controls. AgNPs (MIC of 10 µg/mL) were very effective against MDR Enterococcus faecalis in the planktonic mode as well as in the biofilm mode. AgNPs (10 µg/mL and 320 µg/mL) reduced the E. faecalis biofilm by >50% and >80%, respectively. Natural products, such as Syzygium aromaticum (clove) oil (MIC of 312.5 µg/mL) and eugenol (MIC of 625 µg/mL), showed significant antimicrobial effects against A. indica. Our findings indicate that A. indica-functionalized AgNPs are effective against cancer cells and can induce apoptosis in HCT-116 colon carcinoma cells; however, the anticancer properties of AgNPs can also be upgraded through active targeting (functionalized with enzymes, antibiotics, photosensitizers, or antibodies) in immunotherapy, photothermal therapy, and photodynamic therapy. Our findings also suggest that functionalized AgNPs could be pivotal in the development of a novel, non-cytotoxic, biocompatible therapeutic agent for infected chronic wounds, ulcers, and skin lesions involving MDR pathogens via their incorporation into scaffolds, composites, patches, microgels, or formulations for microneedles, dressings, bandages, gels, or other drug-delivery systems.
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Yousef A, Abu-Elghait M, Barghoth MG, Elazzazy AM, Desouky SE. Fighting multidrug-resistant Enterococcus faecalis via interfering with virulence factors using green synthesized nanoparticles. Microb Pathog 2022; 173:105842. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Dutt Y, Pandey RP, Dutt M, Gupta A, Vibhuti A, Samuel Raj V, Chang CM, Priyadarshini A. Synthesis and Biological Characterization of Phyto-Fabricated Silver Nanoparticles from Azadirachta indica. J Biomed Nanotechnol 2022. [DOI: 10.1166/jbn.2022.3402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) have garnered a lot of interest in sectors like medicine, cosmetics, food, and pharmaceuticals for antibacterial catalytic properties, reduced toxicity, and easy production. Biological synthesis of silver nanoparticle (AgNPs) is considered as green, eco-friendly,
and cost-effective approach; therefore, Azadirachta indica extracts were utilized for a dual role of fabrication and functionalization of AgNPs. Optical and physical characterizations were achieved for confirming the biosynthesized AgNPs. SEM images detected quasi-spherical AgNPs of
44.04 to 66.50 nm. Some of potent phytochemicals like flavonoids and proteins from Azadirachta indica formed a strong coating or capping on the AgNPs without affecting their secondary structure by interacting with Ag+ and NPs for the formation of AgNPs. AgNPs exhibited strong
antibacterial activity (MIC 10 μg/ml) against multidrug-resistant bacteria Enterococcus faecalis; at different concentrations, no IC50 values were recorded for AgNPs as well as Azadirachta indica signifying low cytotoxicity in the exposed concentration range. The DNA
degradation activity of AgNPs through the TUNEL assay revealed no significant increase in the overall FITC mean fluorescence intensity as well as a DNA fragmentation index with 5.45% DNA damage (10 μg/ml AgNPs). Drug uptake of AgNPs was also investigated through a permeability assay
via Caco-2 cell lines at test concentrations where apparent permeability was detected as moderate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh Dutt
- Department of Microbiology, SRM University, 39, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, Post Office P.S. Rai, Sonepat, Haryana 131029, India
| | - Ramendra Pati Pandey
- Department of Microbiology, SRM University, 39, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, Post Office P.S. Rai, Sonepat, Haryana 131029, India
| | - Mamta Dutt
- Mamta Dental Clinic, Opposite Sector 29, Main Badkhal Road, Faridabad, Haryana 121002, India
| | - Archana Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, SRM University, 39, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, Post Office P.S. Rai, Sonepat, Haryana 131029, India
| | - Arpana Vibhuti
- Department of Biotechnology, SRM University, 39, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, Post Office P.S. Rai, Sonepat, Haryana 131029, India
| | - V. Samuel Raj
- Department of Microbiology, SRM University, 39, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, Post Office P.S. Rai, Sonepat, Haryana 131029, India
| | - Chung-Ming Chang
- Master & Ph.D. Program in Biotechnology Industry, Chang Gung University, No. 259, Wenhua 1st Rd., Guishan Dist. Taoyuan City, 33302, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Anjali Priyadarshini
- Department of Microbiology, SRM University, 39, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, Post Office P.S. Rai, Sonepat, Haryana 131029, India
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Gligorijević N, Mihajlov-Krstev T, Kostić M, Nikolić L, Stanković N, Nikolić V, Dinić A, Igić M, Bernstein N. Antimicrobial Properties of Silver-Modified Denture Base Resins. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12142453. [PMID: 35889677 PMCID: PMC9317501 DOI: 10.3390/nano12142453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The surface quality of denture base resins allows for easy colonization by microorganisms including Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus, which cause major diseases of the oral cavity such as denture stomatitis. The widespread use of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in various fields of medicine has led to research of their possible application in dentistry, mostly in the prevention of bacterial adhesion, proliferation, and biofilm formation. The aim of the study was to synthesize cold and heat-curing denture base resins modified with AgNPs and AgCl, and evaluate the potential of the modified resins to reduce the growth of C. albicans and S.aureus. The produced material was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The antimicrobial potential of the modified material was demonstrated by the disc-diffusion method, microdilution method, and a modified microdilution method (i.e., disk-diffusion method in broth with viable counting). Spectroscopy confirmed the incorporation of biocidal materials into the structure of the denture base resins. The AgCl and AgNPs modified resins showed an antimicrobial effect. The significance of the study is in the potential therapeutic effects of the modified materials for prevention and threating staphylococci and candida in elderly patients, who are in most cases denture wearers and have a greater susceptibility to develop opportunistic infections. Modified denture base resins can significantly reduce the presence of infection at the point of contact between the denture and the mucous membrane of the prosthetic restoration. Biological tests of modified denture base resins will follow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Gligorijević
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, 18000 Niš, Serbia; (M.K.); (M.I.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +381-65-3366646
| | | | - Milena Kostić
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, 18000 Niš, Serbia; (M.K.); (M.I.)
| | - Ljubiša Nikolić
- Faculty of Technology, University of Niš, 16000 Leskovac, Serbia; (L.N.); (V.N.); (A.D.)
| | | | - Vesna Nikolić
- Faculty of Technology, University of Niš, 16000 Leskovac, Serbia; (L.N.); (V.N.); (A.D.)
| | - Ana Dinić
- Faculty of Technology, University of Niš, 16000 Leskovac, Serbia; (L.N.); (V.N.); (A.D.)
| | - Marko Igić
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, 18000 Niš, Serbia; (M.K.); (M.I.)
| | - Nirit Bernstein
- Institute of Soil Water and Environmental Sciences, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 7505001, Israel;
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Ordinola-Zapata R, Noblett C, Perez-Ron A, Ye Z, Vera J. Present status and future directions of intracanal medicaments. Int Endod J 2022; 55 Suppl 3:613-636. [PMID: 35322427 PMCID: PMC9321724 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Two fundamental goals of endodontic treatment are to prevent or treat apical periodontitis. From a predictive perspective, several variables can affect the outcome of root canal treatment. Some of these variables depend on intraoperative factors, which include irrigation technique, size of the apical preparation, use of intracanal medicaments or the number of appointments necessary to complete the treatment. However, the outcome may also be affected by host and microbial factors. The intensity of periradicular bone loss or tissue damage, the presence of preoperative pain and associated conditions such as mechanical allodynia and central sensitization, the anatomical complexity of the apical portion of the canal, and the virulence and longevity of the bacterial infection can all have a profound influence on the outcome. Furthermore, numerous medical conditions have been reported to decrease the capability of the immune system to heal the periapical tissues. It is the clinician's responsibility to analyse these variables and incorporate them into the disinfection strategy to maximize the chances of healing. This narrative review will focus on the present status of intracanal medicaments, the clinical indications for their use and future directions for research.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ordinola-Zapata
- Division of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - C Noblett
- Division of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - Z Ye
- Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R, China.,Minnesota Dental Research Center for Biomaterials and Biomechanics (MDRCBB), School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - J Vera
- Division of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri, Kansas City, MO, USA
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Bogas AC, Henrique Rodrigues S, Gonçalves MO, De Assis M, Longo E, Paiva De Sousa C. Endophytic Microorganisms From the Tropics as Biofactories for the Synthesis of Metal-Based Nanoparticles: Healthcare Applications. FRONTIERS IN NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fnano.2022.823236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) have gained great attention in recent years due to their extensive and innovative applications in the field of medicine. However, conventional physicochemical approaches for the synthesis of NPs may be limited and costly, and the reaction by-products are potentially toxic for human health and the environment. Bio-mediated synthesis of NPs exploiting microorganisms as nanofactories has emerged as an alternative to traditional methods, as it provides economic and environmental benefits. Tropical ecosystems harbor a high diversity of endophytes, which have a diverse array of metabolic pathways that confer habitat adaptation and survival and that can be used to produce novel bioactive compounds with a variety of biological properties. Endophytic bacteria and fungi cultivated under optimum conditions have potential for use in biogenic synthesis of NPs with different characteristics and desired activities for medical applications, such as antimicrobial, antitumoral, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The bio-mediated synthesis of metal-based NPs can be favored because endophytic microorganisms may tolerate and/or adsorb metals and produce enzymes used as reducing agents. To our knowledge, this is the first review that brings together exclusively current research highlighting on the potential of endophytic bacteria and fungi isolated from native plants or adapted to tropical ecosystems and tropical macroalgae as nanofactories for the synthesis of NPs of silver, gold, copper, iron, zinc and other most studied metals, in addition to showing their potential use in human health.
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Naganthran A, Verasoundarapandian G, Khalid FE, Masarudin MJ, Zulkharnain A, Nawawi NM, Karim M, Che Abdullah CA, Ahmad SA. Synthesis, Characterization and Biomedical Application of Silver Nanoparticles. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:427. [PMID: 35057145 PMCID: PMC8779869 DOI: 10.3390/ma15020427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been employed in various fields of biotechnology due to their proven properties as an antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal agent. AgNPs are generally synthesized through chemical, physical and biological approaches involving a myriad of methods. As each approach confers unique advantages and challenges, a trends analysis of literature for the AgNPs synthesis using different types of synthesis were also reviewed through a bibliometric approach. A sum of 10,278 publications were analyzed on the annual numbers of publication relating to AgNPs and biological, chemical or physical synthesis from 2010 to 2020 using Microsoft Excel applied to the Scopus publication database. Furthermore, another bibliometric clustering and mapping software were used to study the occurrences of author keywords on the biomedical applications of biosynthesized AgNPs and a total collection of 224 documents were found, sourced from articles, reviews, book chapters, conference papers and reviews. AgNPs provides an excellent, dependable, and effective solution for seven major concerns: as antibacterial, antiviral, anticancer, bone healing, bone cement, dental applications and wound healing. In recent years, AgNPs have been employed in biomedical sector due to their antibacterial, antiviral and anticancer properties. This review discussed on the types of synthesis, how AgNPs are characterized and their applications in biomedical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwini Naganthran
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (A.N.); (G.V.); (F.E.K.)
| | - Gayathiri Verasoundarapandian
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (A.N.); (G.V.); (F.E.K.)
| | - Farah Eryssa Khalid
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (A.N.); (G.V.); (F.E.K.)
| | - Mas Jaffri Masarudin
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Azham Zulkharnain
- Department of Bioscience and Engineering, Shibaura Institute of Technology, College of Systems Engineering and Science, 307 Fukasaku, Saitama 337-8570, Japan;
| | - Norazah Mohammad Nawawi
- Institute of Bio-IT Selangor, Universiti Selangor, Jalan Zirkon A7/A, Seksyen 7, Shah Alam 40000, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Centre for Foundation and General Studies, Universiti Selangor, Jalan Timur Tambahan, Bestari Jaya 45600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Murni Karim
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Laboratory of Sustainable Aquaculture, International Institute of Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Port Dickson 71050, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
| | - Che Azurahanim Che Abdullah
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Material Synthesis and Characterization Laboratory, Institute of Advanced Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Siti Aqlima Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (A.N.); (G.V.); (F.E.K.)
- Laboratory of Bioresource Management, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
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Sharifi-Rad J, Quispe C, Ayatollahi SA, Kobarfard F, Staniak M, Stępień A, Czopek K, Sen S, Acharya K, Matthews KR, Sener B, Devkota HP, Kırkın C, Özçelik B, Victoriano M, Martorell M, Rasul Suleria HA, Alshehri MM, Chandran D, Kumar M, Cruz-Martins N, Cho WC. Chemical Composition, Biological Activity, and Health-Promoting Effects of Withania somnifera for Pharma-Food Industry Applications. J FOOD QUALITY 2021; 2021:1-14. [DOI: 10.1155/2021/8985179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The Withania genus comes from the Solanaceae family and includes around 23 species, spread over some areas of the Mediterranean, Asia, and East Africa. Widely used in traditional medicine for thousands of years, these plants are rich in secondary metabolites, with special emphasis on steroidal lactones, named withanolides which are used as ingredients in numerous formulations for a plethora of diseases, such as asthma, diabetes, arthritis, impotence, amnesia, hypertension, anxiety, stress, cancer, neurodegenerative, and cardiovascular diseases, and many others. Among them, Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal is the most widely addressed species from a pharmacological and agroindustrial point of view. In this sense, this review provides an overview of the folk uses, phytochemical composition, and biological activity, such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic activity of W. somnifera, although more recently other species have also been increasingly investigated. In addition, their health-promoting effects, i.e., antistress, anxiolytic, adaptogenic, antirheumatoid arthritis, chemoprotective, and cardiorespiratory-enhancing abilities, along with safety and adverse effects are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Sharifi-Rad
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Cristina Quispe
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Arturo Prat, Avda. Arturo Prat 2120, Iquique 1110939, Chile
| | - Seyed Abdulmajid Ayatollahi
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzad Kobarfard
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mariola Staniak
- Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation–State Research Institute, Czartoryskich 8, Puławy 24-100, Poland
| | - Anna Stępień
- Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation–State Research Institute, Czartoryskich 8, Puławy 24-100, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Czopek
- Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation–State Research Institute, Czartoryskich 8, Puławy 24-100, Poland
| | - Surjit Sen
- Molecular and Applied Mycology and Plant Pathology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, Kolkata 700019, India
- Department of Botany, Fakir Chand College, Diamond Harbour, West Bengal 743331, India
| | - Krishnendu Acharya
- Molecular and Applied Mycology and Plant Pathology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, Kolkata 700019, India
| | - Karl R. Matthews
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Bilge Sener
- Gazi University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, Ankara 06330, Turkey
| | - Hari Prasad Devkota
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Celale Kırkın
- Department Food Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul 34469, Turkey
| | - Beraat Özçelik
- Department Food Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul 34469, Turkey
- Bioactive Research & Innovation Food Manufacturing Industry Trade Ltd. Co., Maslak, Istanbul 34469, Turkey
| | - Montserrat Victoriano
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Concepción, Concepción 4070386, Chile
| | - Miquel Martorell
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Concepción, Concepción 4070386, Chile
- Centre for Healthy Living, University of Concepción, Concepción 4070386, Chile
| | | | - Mohammed M. Alshehri
- Pharmaceutical Care Department, Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Deepak Chandran
- Department of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Amrita School of Agricultural Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University, Coimbatore 642109, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Chemical and Biochemical Processing Division, ICAR–Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology, Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Natália Cruz-Martins
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies (CESPU), Rua Central de Gandra, 1317, Gandra 4585-116, Portugal
- TOXRUN–Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences, CESPU, CRL, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
| | - William C. Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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Ciprofloxacin-Loaded Gold Nanoparticles against Antimicrobial Resistance: An In Vivo Assessment. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11113152. [PMID: 34835916 PMCID: PMC8620493 DOI: 10.3390/nano11113152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Metallic nanoparticles, such as gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), have been extensively studied as drug delivery systems for various therapeutic applications. However, drug-loaded-AuNPs have been rarely explored in vivo for their effect on bacteria residing inside tissues. Ciprofloxacin (CIP) is a second-generation fluoroquinolone with a broad-spectrum of antibiotic properties devoid of developing bacteria resistance. This research is focused on the synthesis and physical characterization of Ciprofloxacin-loaded gold nanoparticles (CIP-AuNPs) and their effect on the colonization of Enterococcus faecalis in the liver and kidneys of mice. The successfully prepared CIP-AuNPs were stable and exerted enhanced in vitro antibacterial activity against E. faecalis compared with free CIP. The optimized CIP-AuNPs were administered (500 µg/Kg) once a day via tail vein to infected mice for eight days and were found to be effective in eradicating E. faecalis from the host tissues. Moreover, unlike CIP, CIP-AuNPs were non-hemolytic. In summary, this study demonstrated that CIP-AuNPs are promising and biocompatible alternative therapeutics for E.-faecalis-induced infections resistant to conventional drugs (e.g., beta-lactams and vancomycin) and should be further investigated.
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Oncu A, Huang Y, Amasya G, Sevimay FS, Orhan K, Celikten B. Silver nanoparticles in endodontics: recent developments and applications. Restor Dent Endod 2021; 46:e38. [PMID: 34513644 PMCID: PMC8411004 DOI: 10.5395/rde.2021.46.e38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The elimination of endodontic biofilms and the maintenance of a leak-proof canal filling are key aspects of successful root canal treatment. Several materials have been introduced to treat endodontic disease, although treatment success is limited by the features of the biomaterials used. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been increasingly considered in dental applications, especially endodontics, due to their high antimicrobial activity. For the present study, an electronic search was conducted using MEDLINE (PubMed), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Google Scholar, and EMBASE. This review provides insights into the unique characteristics of AgNPs, including their chemical, physical, and antimicrobial properties; limitations; and potential uses. Various studies involving different application methods of AgNPs were carefully examined. Based on previous clinical studies, the synthesis, means of obtaining, usage conditions, and potential cytotoxicity of AgNPs were evaluated. The findings indicate that AgNPs are effective antimicrobial agents for the elimination of endodontic biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysenur Oncu
- Department of Endodontics, Ankara University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yan Huang
- Department of Dental Hygiene Research & Development in Health & Care, Artevelde University of Applied Sciences, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Gulin Amasya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ankara University Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Fatma Semra Sevimay
- Department of Endodontics, Ankara University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Kaan Orhan
- Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Ankara University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Berkan Celikten
- Department of Endodontics, Ankara University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey
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Nanoparticles in Dentistry: A Comprehensive Review. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14080752. [PMID: 34451849 PMCID: PMC8398506 DOI: 10.3390/ph14080752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, nanoparticles (NPs) have been receiving more attention in dentistry. Their advantageous physicochemical and biological properties can improve the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of numerous oral diseases, including dental caries, periodontal diseases, pulp and periapical lesions, oral candidiasis, denture stomatitis, hyposalivation, and head, neck, and oral cancer. NPs can also enhance the mechanical and microbiological properties of dental prostheses and implants and can be used to improve drug delivery through the oral mucosa. This paper reviewed studies from 2015 to 2020 and summarized the potential applications of different types of NPs in the many fields of dentistry.
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Miglani S, Tani-Ishii N. Biosynthesized selenium nanoparticles: characterization, antimicrobial, and antibiofilm activity against Enterococcus faecalis. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11653. [PMID: 34249505 PMCID: PMC8254471 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Control over microbial growth is a crucial factor in determining the success of endodontic therapy. Enterococcus faecalis is the most resistant biofilm-forming species leading to endodontic failure. Hence, the current researches are directed towards discovering materials with superior disinfection properties and lesser cytotoxicity. This study aimed to synthesize and characterize biogenically produced Selenium Nanoparticles, and to evaluate the antimicrobial and antibiofilm efficacy, against Enterococcus Faecalis, for the following test groups: Group I: Distilled water (control), Group II: SeNPs (1 mg/ml), Group III: Calcium hydroxide (1 mg/ml), Group IV: 2% Chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX), Group V: 5.25% Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). Materials and Methods Selenium nanoparticles were derived using fresh guava leaves (Psidium guajava) and were characterized. The antibacterial efficacy against E. faecalis was evaluated by agar well diffusion method. The antibiofilm efficacy of the test groups was observed by viable cell count, antibiofilm assay, and Anthrone and Bradford’s tests. The morphology of the biofilms was analysed using the Scanning Electron Microscope and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy. Results Antibacterial and antibiofilm efficacy of all tested solutions showed superior antibacterial and antibiofilm efficacy when compared to the control group. Overall, SeNPs (Group II) was the most effective against E. faecalis biofilm, followed by NaOCl (Group V), CHX (Group IV), and Ca(OH)2 (Group III). Conclusion Biogenically produced SeNPs emerged as a novel antibacterial and antibiofilm agent against E. faecalis. This nano-formulation demonstrates the potential to be developed as a root canal disinfectant combating bacterial biofilm in endodontics after the results have been clinically extrapolated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Miglani
- Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Jamia Millia Islamia University, Delhi, India
| | - Nobuyuki Tani-Ishii
- Department of Pulp Biology and Endodontics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental College, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan
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20
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Bian N, Yang X, Zhang X, Zhang F, Hou Q, Pei J. A complex of oxidised chitosan and silver ions grafted to cotton fibres with bacteriostatic properties. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 262:117714. [PMID: 33838789 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The laccase/TEMPO system was employed to oxidise the C6 primary hydroxyl group on the chitosan (CS) to form a carboxyl group to obtain oxidised chitosan (C-COS). The silver-oxidised chitosan complex(C-COS-Ag) was prepared by reacting C-COS with silver nitrate, then C-COS-Ag and cotton fibres were subjected to a reaction to prepare bacteriostatic fibres. FT-IR and XPS analysis showed that: Ag+ and C-COS were combined in these forms: Ag, [Ag(NH3)2] OH, -COOAg, and Ag2O. C-COS-Ag was combined with cotton fibres by way of ester bonds. The inhibition zone of bacteriostatic fibres was all greater than 11 mm. After 50 washing tests, the bacteriostatic effect of bacteriostatic fibres remained at above 99 %. The amount of silver ions that had migrated from the bacteriostatic fibre was 3.336 mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nengyuan Bian
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No. 29, 13th Street, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Xiaoli Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No. 29, 13th Street, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Xinli Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No. 29, 13th Street, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Fangdong Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No. 29, 13th Street, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, PR China.
| | - Qingxi Hou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No. 29, 13th Street, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Jicheng Pei
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No. 29, 13th Street, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, PR China.
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21
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Liu T, Aman A, Ainiwaer M, Ding L, Zhang F, Hu Q, Song Y, Ni Y, Tang X. Evaluation of the anti-biofilm effect of poloxamer-based thermoreversible gel of silver nanoparticles as a potential medication for root canal therapy. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12577. [PMID: 34131273 PMCID: PMC8206346 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92081-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to design silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) poloxamer thermoreversible gel (AgNPs-PL) and investigate whether this gel could provide sustained antibacterial activity against Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) in the root canal. The gels fabricated were characterized in terms of gelatin temperature, particle size, in-vitro Ag+ release, and elemental content. Cytotoxicity of AgNPs-PL on primary human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (HPDLFs) was examined by CCK-8 assay. Characterization of AgNPs-PL gel revealed that it contained particles existing as large clumps/fused aggregates of different shapes, with a mean diameter of 21.624 ± 14.689 nm, exhibited sustained release of Ag+ for 9 days, and non-toxic to HPDLFs at a low dose (4–32 μg/mL) through 24, 48, and 72 h exposures. The antibacterial effect of 16 and 32 μg/mL concentrations of AgNPs-PL was compared with blank poloxamer gel (PL) and calcium hydroxide (CH) using three methods: (I) agar counting plate, (II) scanning electron microscope (SEM) observations, and (III) confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) analysis. AgNPs-PL at the two doses above was more effective than PL and CH in removing E. faecalis biofilm at 1, 3, 9 days. Thus, AgNPs-PL exhibits strong activity against E. faecalis and is easy to produce, with a continuous release profile of Ag+. AgNPs-PL gel may be a candidate for a new root canal disinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Liu
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Central Laboratory of Stomatology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Aerdake Aman
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Central Laboratory of Stomatology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Muniremu Ainiwaer
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Central Laboratory of Stomatology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Ding
- Central Laboratory of Stomatology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Zhang
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Central Laboratory of Stomatology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingang Hu
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Central Laboratory of Stomatology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxian Song
- Central Laboratory of Stomatology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanhong Ni
- Central Laboratory of Stomatology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuna Tang
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China. .,Central Laboratory of Stomatology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Endodontology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, No. 30 Zhongyang Road, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
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Keskin NB, Aydın ZU, Uslu G, Özyürek T, Erdönmez D, Gündoğar M. Antibacterial efficacy of copper-added chitosan nanoparticles: a confocal laser scanning microscopy analysis. Odontology 2021; 109:868-873. [PMID: 33988772 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-021-00613-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of copper added chitosan nanoparticles (CU-CNPs) as an irrigation solution with different irrigants in terms of eliminating Enterococcus Faecalis (E. faecalis) from the root canals. Fifty mandibular premolar teeth were prepared and infected with E. faecalis for 21 days. After the incubation period, samples were randomly divided into a control group irrigated with distilled water and 4 experimental groups (n = 10) irrigated with as follows, %6 NaOCl, %6 NaOCl + %9 editronate (HEBP), Chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs), and CU-CNPs. To calculate the proportion of dead E. faecalis cell volume, stained using LIVE/DEAD BacLight Bacterial Viability Kit and were scanned using confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). All the irrigation solutions significantly (P < .05) killed the bacteria in the canal, except for the control group. CU-CNPs solution killed the highest (P < .05) number of bacteria compared with the other experimental groups. No significant difference was found between CNPs, NaOCl + HEBP, and NaOCl in terms of antibacterial activity. CU-CNPs solution was exhibited higher antibacterial efficacy against E. faecalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- N B Keskin
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Z U Aydın
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
| | - G Uslu
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey.
| | - T Özyürek
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - D Erdönmez
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Science, Aksaray University, Aksaray, Turkey
| | - M Gündoğar
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Antibacterial Effects of Erbium Chromium Laser along with/without Silver Nanoparticles in Root Canals Infected by Enterococcus faecalis. Int J Dent 2021; 2021:6659146. [PMID: 33927764 PMCID: PMC8049813 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6659146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the antibacterial effects of erbium chromium laser at 2780 nm, silver nanoparticles, and erbium chromium along with silver nanoparticles on Enterococcus faecalis in comparison with sodium hypochlorite. In the present study, 90 extracted human single-rooted teeth were selected and standardized to a length of 15 mm. The canals were prepared by V-taper Gold rotary files and then incubated with E. faecalis for 21 days. The samples were divided into four experimental groups including hypochlorite sodium, silver nanoparticle, erbium chromium laser, and erbium chromium laser along with silver nanoparticle groups. Results showed that there was a significant reduction in colony count for all groups after interventions. Moreover, there was a significant reduction in the colony count for sodium hypochlorite group in comparison with another groups, and this group showed the highest reduction of colony count. There was a significant difference between silver nanoparticles and erbium chromium laser groups in colony count. According to the results, the silver nanoparticles offered strong antibacterial effects on E. faecalis and therefore can decrease bacterial colonies, while the use of the laser, despite the reduction of the bacterial colony, could not be sufficiently used for disinfection of root canal system.
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Wong J, Zou T, Lee AHC, Zhang C. The Potential Translational Applications of Nanoparticles in Endodontics. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:2087-2106. [PMID: 33727815 PMCID: PMC7955783 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s293518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology has substantially progressed in the past decades, giving rise to numerous possible applications in different biomedical fields. In particular, the use of nanoparticles in endodontics has generated significant interest due to their unique characteristics. As a result of their nanoscale dimensions, nanoparticles possess several properties that may enhance the treatment of endodontic infections, such as heightened antibacterial activity, increased reactivity and the capacity to be functionalized with other reactive compounds. Effective disinfection and sealing of the root canal system are the hallmarks for successful endodontic treatment. However, the presence of bacterial biofilms and resistance to endodontic disinfectants pose a significant challenge to this goal. This has encouraged the investigation of antibacterial nanoparticle-based irrigants and intracanal medicaments, which may improve the elimination of endodontic infections. In addition, photosynthesizer-functionalized nanoparticles could also serve as a worthy adjunct to root canal disinfection strategies. Furthermore, despite the myriad of commercially available options for endodontic obturation, the "ideal" material has yet to be conceived. This has led to the development of various experimental nanoparticle-incorporated obturation materials and sealers that exhibit a range of favourable physicochemical properties including enhanced antibacterial efficacy and bioactivity. Nanoparticle applications also show promise in the field of regenerative endodontics, such as supporting the release of bioactive molecules and enhancing the biophysical properties of scaffolds. Given the constantly growing body of research in this field, this article aims to present an overview of the current evidence pertaining to the potential translational applications of nanoparticles in endodontics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Wong
- Restorative Dental Sciences (Endodontics), Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Ting Zou
- Restorative Dental Sciences (Endodontics), Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Angeline Hui Cheng Lee
- Restorative Dental Sciences (Endodontics), Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Chengfei Zhang
- Restorative Dental Sciences (Endodontics), Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
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25
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Best served small: nano battles in the war against wound biofilm infections. Emerg Top Life Sci 2020; 4:567-580. [PMID: 33269803 DOI: 10.1042/etls20200155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The global challenge of antimicrobial resistance is of increasing concern, and alternatives to currently used antibiotics or methods to improve their stewardship are sought worldwide. Microbial biofilms, complex 3D communities of bacteria and/or fungi, are difficult to treat with antibiotics for several reasons. These include their protective coats of extracellular matrix proteins which are difficult for antibiotics to penetrate. Nanoparticles (NP) are one way to rise to this challenge; whilst they exist in many forms naturally there has been a profusion in synthesis of these small (<100 nm) particles for biomedical applications. Their small size allows them to penetrate the biofilm matrix, and as well as some NP being inherently antimicrobial, they also can be modified by doping with antimicrobial payloads or coated to increase their effectiveness. This mini-review examines the current role of NP in treating wound biofilms and the rise in multifunctionality of NP.
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Arafa MG, Mousa HA, Afifi NN. Preparation of PLGA-chitosan based nanocarriers for enhancing antibacterial effect of ciprofloxacin in root canal infection. Drug Deliv 2020; 27:26-39. [PMID: 31833443 PMCID: PMC6968620 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2019.1701140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to prepare and evaluate the antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of ciprofloxacin (CIP) loaded PLGA nanoparticles (F2) and CIP-PLGA nanoparticles coated with chitosan (F3) versus ciprofloxacin solution (Fl) as a control on Enterococcus faecalis. F2 was prepared using double emulsion evaporation technique then coated with chitosan (F3). The prepared F2 and F3 were evaluated for size, surface charge, encapsulation efficiency, morphology and in vitro release. F1, F2, F3, and Chitosan (CS) were assessed in vitro using agar diffusion technique and biofilm inhibition assay. Finally, biofilm inhibition on teeth using Colony Forming Unit (CFU) was implemented with different concentrations of the three formulae. The results revealed that F2 is 202.9 nm with a negative charge -0.0254 mv, while F3 is 339.6 nm with a positive charge +28.5 mv. The encapsulation efficiency of F2, and F3 was 64% and 78% respectively. The amount released was 92.62% and 78.3% for F2 and F3, respectively, after 72 h, while F1 showed 100% released in the first hour. CS, F1, F2, and F3, showed antibacterial effect with inhibition zone of 12 mm, 22 mm, 20 mm, and 32 mm respectively. Biofilm inhibition of F1, F2, and F3 were 60%, 74%, and 91.8%, respectively. F3 colony count was less than F2, and F1 in all concentrations. It can be concluded that F3 had proven to exhibit potential antibacterial and antibiofilm activity in a controlled release pattern consequently, they can be used as an intra-canal medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona G. Arafa
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt (BUE), El Sherouk City, Egypt
- Chemotherapeutic Unit, Mansoura University Hospitals, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Hadeel A. Mousa
- Department of Medical Science, Faculty of Dentistry, The British University in Egypt (BUE), El Sherouk City, Egypt
| | - Nagia N. Afifi
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, October 6th University, Cairo, Egypt
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Gherasim O, Puiu RA, Bîrcă AC, Burdușel AC, Grumezescu AM. An Updated Review on Silver Nanoparticles in Biomedicine. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E2318. [PMID: 33238486 PMCID: PMC7700255 DOI: 10.3390/nano10112318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) represent one of the most explored categories of nanomaterials for new and improved biomaterials and biotechnologies, with impressive use in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry, anti-infective therapy and wound care, food and the textile industry. Their extensive and versatile applicability relies on the genuine and easy-tunable properties of nanosilver, including remarkable physicochemical behavior, exceptional antimicrobial efficiency, anti-inflammatory action and antitumor activity. Besides commercially available and clinically safe AgNPs-based products, a substantial number of recent studies assessed the applicability of nanosilver as therapeutic agents in augmented and alternative strategies for cancer therapy, sensing and diagnosis platforms, restorative and regenerative biomaterials. Given the beneficial interactions of AgNPs with living structures and their nontoxic effects on healthy human cells, they represent an accurate candidate for various biomedical products. In the present review, the most important and recent applications of AgNPs in biomedical products and biomedicine are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oana Gherasim
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Gheorghe Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (O.G.); (R.A.P.); (A.C.B.); (A.-C.B.)
- Lasers Department, National Institute for Lasers, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 409 Atomistilor Street, 077125 Magurele, Romania
| | - Rebecca Alexandra Puiu
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Gheorghe Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (O.G.); (R.A.P.); (A.C.B.); (A.-C.B.)
| | - Alexandra Cătălina Bîrcă
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Gheorghe Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (O.G.); (R.A.P.); (A.C.B.); (A.-C.B.)
| | - Alexandra-Cristina Burdușel
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Gheorghe Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (O.G.); (R.A.P.); (A.C.B.); (A.-C.B.)
| | - Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Gheorghe Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (O.G.); (R.A.P.); (A.C.B.); (A.-C.B.)
- Research Institute of the University of Bucharest—ICUB, University of Bucharest, 90-92 Panduri Road, 050657 Bucharest, Romania
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Assessment of the Antibacterial Effects of Bismuth Nanoparticles against Enterococcus faecalis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:5465439. [PMID: 33150176 PMCID: PMC7603547 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5465439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) is the most important species in dentistry and plays a significant role in the etiology of persistent apical lesions after root canal treatment. Up to date, the intracanal application of 2% chlorhexidine for 7 days is the best way to eliminate E. faecalis. However, due to the ability of this bacterium to persist and survive in harsh environments, many studies have been directed towards finding an alternative strategy for prevention or eradication of it. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of bismuth nanoparticles on E. faecalis, as an etiologic factor in recurrent root canal infections. Methods Forty patients, referred to Endodontic Ward of Shiraz University of Medical Science for endodontic pretreatment, provided root canal samples. First, all samples were transferred in Enterococcosel broth and incubated. Then, samples which showed growth were plated on blood agar plates and incubated for further PCR procedure. Nanoparticle powder was dissolved in high-purity water, and the final concentration of bismuth nanoparticles (BiNPs) was measured by the spectrophotometer. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of BiNPs against E. faecalis was determined by microbroth dilution method according to methods for antimicrobial susceptibility tests. Also, bactericidal assays were conducted in Mueller-Hinton broth medium and reported as the concentration of BiNPs that reduced the viable bacterial count by 99.9%. Results Of all samples, 77.5% revealed the presence of E. faecalis by PCR. Also, E. faecalis growth inhibition was observed at concentrations ranging from 0.625 μg/ml to 20 μg/ml (geometric mean: 2.337 μg/ml), and the MBC values were between 1.25 μg/ml and 40 μg/ml (geometric mean: 4.781 μg/ml), which in comparison with chlorhexidine, these values were about one-eighth of chlorhexidine. Conclusion The experimental data suggest that bismuth nanoparticles could be an interesting alternative to combat E. faecalis, which, in view of the advantages mentioned for bismuth nanoparticle like inhibiting Streptococcus mutans biofilm formation and higher antibacterial activity compared to chlorhexidine, can be suggested to be used in different fields of dentistry.
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Gaurav I, Singh T, Thakur A, Kumar G, Rathee P, Kumari P, Sweta K. Synthesis, In-Vitro and In-Silico Evaluation of Silver Nanoparticles with Root Extract of Withania somnifera for Antibacterial Activity via Binding of Penicillin-Binding Protein-4. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2020; 21:1674-1687. [PMID: 32614743 DOI: 10.2174/1389201021666200702152000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metal Nanoparticles (NPs) have been widely used for various applications in biomedical sciences, including in drug delivery, and as therapeutic agents, but limited owing to their toxicity towards the healthy tissue. This warrants an alternative method, which can achieve the desired activity with much reduced or no toxicity. Being a biological product, Withania somnifera (W. somnifera) is environment friendly, besides being less toxic as compared to metal-based NPs. However, the exact mechanism of action of W. somnifera for its antibacterial activities has not been studied so far. OBJECTIVE To develop "silver nanoparticles with root extract of W. somnifera (AgNPs-REWS)" for antimicrobial and anticancer activities. Furthermore, the analysis of their mechanism of action will be studied. METHODS Using the in-silico approach, the molecular docking study was performed to evaluate the possible antibacterial mechanism of W. somnifera phytochemicals such as Anaferine, Somniferine, Stigmasterol, Withaferin A, Withanolide- A, G, M, and Withanone by the inhibition of Penicillin- Binding Protein 4 (PBP4). Next, we utilized a bottom-up approach for the green synthesis of AgNPs- REWS, performed an in-detail phytochemical analysis, confirmed the AgNPs-REWS by SEM, UVvisible spectroscopy, XRD, FT-IR, and HPLC. Eventually, we examined their antibacterial activity. RESULTS The result of molecular docking suggests that WS phytochemicals (Somniferine, Withaferin A, Withanolide A, Withanolide G, Withanolide M, and Withanone) possess the higher binding affinity toward the active site of PBP4 as compared to the Ampicillin (-6.39 kcal/mol) reference molecule. These phytochemicals predicted as potent inhibitors of PBP4. Next, as a proof-of-concept, AgNPs- REWS showed significant antibacterial effect as compared to crude, and control; against Xanthomonas and Ralstonia species. CONCLUSION The in-silico and molecular docking analysis showed that active constituents of W. somnifera such as Somniferine, Withaferin A, Withanolide A, Withanolide G, Withanolide M, and Withanone possess inhibition potential for PBP4 and are responsible for the anti-bacterial property of W. somnifera extract. This study also establishes that AgNPs via the green synthesis with REWS showed enhanced antibacterial activity towards pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isha Gaurav
- Department of Botany, Magadh University, Bodh Gaya, Bihar, India
| | - Tanuja Singh
- Department of Botany, Thakur Prasad Singh College (Patliputra University), Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Abhimanyu Thakur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - Gaurav Kumar
- School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Parth Rathee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, United States
| | - Puja Kumari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - Kumari Sweta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
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Das Mahapatra A, Patra C, Mondal J, Sinha C, Chandra Sadhukhan P, Chattopadhyay D. Silver Nanoparticles Derived from
Albizia lebbeck
Bark Extract Demonstrate Killing of Multidrug‐Resistant Bacteria by Damaging Cellular Architecture with Antioxidant Activity. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202001074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ananya Das Mahapatra
- Virus Labortory DepartmentICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases CIT Rd. Kolkata 700010 India
| | - Chiranjit Patra
- Virus Labortory DepartmentICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases CIT Rd. Kolkata 700010 India
| | - Joy Mondal
- Virus Labortory DepartmentICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases CIT Rd. Kolkata 700010 India
| | | | - Provash Chandra Sadhukhan
- Virus Labortory DepartmentICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases CIT Rd. Kolkata 700010 India
| | - Debprasad Chattopadhyay
- Virus Labortory DepartmentICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases CIT Rd. Kolkata 700010 India
- ICMR-National Institute of Traditional MedicineNehru Nagar Belagavi 59010 l India
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Evaluation of the Bactericidal Activity of a Hyaluronic Acid-Vehicled Clarithromycin Antibiotic Mixture by Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10080761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) was used to evaluate the antibacterial effect and depth of action of a novel clarithromycin-containing triple antibiotic mixture, which was proposed for root canal disinfection in dental pulp regeneration. A previous study reported that this mixture had no tooth discoloration effects in vitro. After infection with Enterococcus faecalis for 3 weeks, the dentinal tubules in the cylindrical root specimens were exposed to different antibiotic mixtures: ciprofloxacin, metronidazole and minocycline (3-MIX); ciprofloxacin, metronidazole and clarithromycin (3-MIXC) and ciprofloxacin and metronidazole (2-MIX). Each antibiotic formulation was mixed with macrogol (MG) or hyaluronic acid (HA) vehicles. CLSM and viability staining were used to quantitatively analyze the mean depth of the antibacterial effect and the proportions of dead and live bacteria inside the dentinal tubules. The 3-MIX and 3-MIXC demonstrated a similar depth of action. The mean proportion of dead bacteria was similar in the 3-MIX and 3-MIXC groups, and both were statistically higher than that of 2-MIX (p = 0.014). Each antibiotic mixture showed a higher bactericidal efficacy if conveyed with HA, compared to MG (3-MIX, p = 0.019; 3-MIXC, p = 0.013 and 2-MIX, p = 0.0125). The depth of action and the antibacterial efficacy of 3-MIXC seemed comparable with 3-MIX.
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Novel Approaches to Detect and Treat Biofilms within the Root Canals of Teeth: A Review. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9030129. [PMID: 32244927 PMCID: PMC7148501 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9030129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilms located within the root canals of teeth are a unique and pressing concern in dentistry and in medical microbiology. These multispecies biofilms, which include fungi as well as bacteria, form in a protected site with low shear stress and low oxygen tension. Systemic antibiotics are of limited value because of the lack of blood flow of the site, and issues with innate and acquired resistance. Physical disruption using hand or rotary powered instruments does not reach all locations in the root canal system where biofilms are present. Alternative strategies including agitated irrigation fluids, continuous chelation, materials with highly alkaline pH, and antimicrobial nanoparticles are being explored to meet the challenge. Detection and quantification of biofilms using fluorescence-based optical methods could provide an indication of successful biofilm removal and an endpoint for physical and chemical treatments.
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Establishment and characterization of silver-resistant Enterococcus faecalis. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2020; 65:721-733. [DOI: 10.1007/s12223-020-00778-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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34
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Loyola-Rodríguez JP, Torres-Méndez F, Espinosa-Cristobal LF, García-Cortes JO, Loyola-Leyva A, González FJ, Soto-Barreras U, Nieto-Aguilar R, Contreras-Palma G. Antimicrobial activity of endodontic sealers and medications containing chitosan and silver nanoparticles against Enterococcus faecalis. J Appl Biomater Funct Mater 2020; 17:2280800019851771. [PMID: 31373255 DOI: 10.1177/2280800019851771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The main microorganism associated with the failure of endodontic treatments is Enterococcus faecalis. Although several endodontic therapeutics have demonstrated antimicrobial activity against E. faecalis, the antimicrobial effectiveness of chitosan (CsNPs) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) included into conventional endodontic sealers for endodontic therapies is still unclear. AIM The objective of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity increment (AAI) of endodontic sealers containing CsNPs and AgNPs as well as some chemical components against E. faecalis by direct contact assays. METHODS CsNPs and AgNPs were synthesized by reduction and ionic gelation methods, respectively. Nanoparticles were characterized by dynamic light scattering and energy dispersive X-ray analysis. The bactericidal activity was tested on monolayers on agar plates and collagen membrane surface assays against E. faecalis. RESULTS The size of CsNPs was 70.6±14.8 nm and zeta potential was 52.0±5.4 mV; the size of AgNPs was 54.2±8.5 nm, and zeta potential was -48.4±6.9 mV. All materials, single or combined, showed an AAI, especially when CsNPs, chlorhexidine (Chx), and the combination of CsNPs-Chx were added. However, the combination of CsNPs-Chx showed the highest (55%) AAI, followed by Chx (35.5%) and CsNPs (11.1%), respectively. There was a significant statistical difference in all comparisons (p < 0.05). Tubliseal (40%) and AH Plus (32%) sealants showed a higher AAI on E. faecalis in the monolayer test and collagen membrane assay analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. CONCLUSIONS Tubliseal and AH plus sealers combined with nanoparticles, especially CsNPs-Chx, could be used for conventional endodontic treatments in the control of E. faecalis bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo Loyola-Rodríguez
- 1 Laboratorio de Bionanomateriales, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Acapulco, México
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Uriel Soto-Barreras
- 4 Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México
| | | | - Guillermo Contreras-Palma
- 1 Laboratorio de Bionanomateriales, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Acapulco, México
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Makvandi P, Gu JT, Zare EN, Ashtari B, Moeini A, Tay FR, Niu LN. Polymeric and inorganic nanoscopical antimicrobial fillers in dentistry. Acta Biomater 2020; 101:69-101. [PMID: 31542502 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Failure of dental treatments is mainly due to the biofilm accumulated on the dental materials. Many investigations have been conducted on the advancements of antimicrobial dental materials. Polymeric and inorganic nanoscopical agents are capable of inhibiting microorganism proliferation. Applying them as fillers in dental materials can achieve enhanced microbicidal ability. The present review provides a broad overview on the state-of-the-art research in the field of antimicrobial fillers which have been adopted for incorporation into dental materials over the last 5 years. The antibacterial agents and applications are described, with the aim of providing information for future investigations. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Microbial infection is the primary cause of dental treatment failure. The present review provides an overview on the state-of-art in the field of antimicrobial nanoscopical or polymeric fillers that have been applied in dental materials. Trends in the biotechnological development of these antimicrobial fillers over the last 5 years are reviewed to provide a backdrop for further advancement in this field of research.
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Cao Y, Naseri M, He Y, Xu C, Walsh LJ, Ziora ZM. Non-antibiotic antimicrobial agents to combat biofilm-forming bacteria. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2019; 21:445-451. [PMID: 31830536 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2019.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilms can be produced by multiple species or by a single strain of bacteria. The biofilm state enhances the resistance of the resident microorganisms to antimicrobial agents by producing extracellular polymeric substances. Typically, antibiotics are used to stop the growth of bacteria, but emerging resistance has limited their effectiveness. Bacteria in biofilms are less susceptible to antibiotics compared with their free-floating state, as biofilms impair antibiotic penetration. To obviate this challenge, non-antibiotic antimicrobial agents are needed. This review describes two classes of these agents, namely antimicrobial nanoparticles and antimicrobial peptides. Applications of these antimicrobials in the food industry and medical applications are discussed, and the directions for future research are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxue Cao
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia; School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Mahdi Naseri
- Bioresource Processing Research Institute of Australia (BioPRIA), Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Yan He
- School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, QLD 4006, Australia; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Chun Xu
- School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Laurence J Walsh
- School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Zyta M Ziora
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia.
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Song W, Ge S. Application of Antimicrobial Nanoparticles in Dentistry. Molecules 2019; 24:E1033. [PMID: 30875929 PMCID: PMC6470852 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24061033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral cavity incessantly encounters a plethora of microorganisms. Plaque biofilm-a major cause of caries, periodontitis and other dental diseases-is a complex community of bacteria or fungi that causes infection by protecting pathogenic microorganisms from external drug agents and escaping the host defense mechanisms. Antimicrobial nanoparticles are promising because of several advantages such as ultra-small sizes, large surface-area-to-mass ratio and special physical and chemical properties. To better summarize explorations of antimicrobial nanoparticles and provide directions for future studies, we present the following critical review. The keywords "nanoparticle," "anti-infective or antibacterial or antimicrobial" and "dentistry" were retrieved from Pubmed, Scopus, Embase and Web of Science databases in the last five years. A total of 172 articles met the requirements were included and discussed in this review. The results show that superior antibacterial properties of nanoparticle biomaterials bring broad prospects in the oral field. This review presents the development, applications and underneath mechanisms of antibacterial nanoparticles in dentistry including restorative dentistry, endodontics, implantology, orthodontics, dental prostheses and periodontal field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Song
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
- Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
| | - Shaohua Ge
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
- Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
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Halkai KR, Mudda JA, Shivanna V, Patil V, Rathod V, Halkai R. Cytotoxicity evaluation of fungal-derived silver nanoparticles on human gingival fibroblast cell line: An in vitro study. J Conserv Dent 2019; 22:160-163. [PMID: 31142986 PMCID: PMC6519193 DOI: 10.4103/jcd.jcd_518_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been proposed as effective antimicrobial agents against endo–perio pathogens. Determination of cytotoxicity is important for effective clinical use. Aim: The aim is to determine the cytotoxicity of fungal-derived AgNPs on human gingival fibroblast (HGF) cell line using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Materials and Methods: HGF cell cultures were trypsinized and adjusted to 5 × 103 cells/ml and 100-μl cell suspension (50,000 cells/well) and were added to 96-well plate. After 24 h, 100 μl of AgNPs (8–512-μg/ml concentrations) was added and incubated at 37°C for 24 h in 5% CO2 atmosphere. Controls were used without AgNPs. MTT (1 mg/ml) was added and incubated for 4 h at 37°C in 5% CO2 atmosphere. Microscopic examination was done, and absorbance was measured using a microplate reader at a wavelength of 540 nm. Percentage growth inhibition was calculated, and the concentration of AgNPs needed to inhibit cell growth by 50% (CTC50) was generated. Results: CTC50 was found at a concentration of 260 μg/ml. AgNPs exerted less cytotoxicity against HGF cell line and increased with increase in the concentration of AgNPs. Conclusion: Fungal-derived AgNPs are safe to healthy cells at a concentration <260 μg/ml. Therefore, they can be effectively used for the treatment of endo–perio lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran R Halkai
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, HKE's SN Institute of Dental Sciences and Research, Kalaburgi, Karnataka, India
| | - Jayashree A Mudda
- Department of Periodontics, HKE's SN Institute of Dental Sciences and Research, Kalaburgi, Karnataka, India
| | - Vasundhara Shivanna
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, College of Dental Sciences, Davanagere, Karnataka, India
| | - Veena Patil
- Department of Periodontics, HKE's SN Institute of Dental Sciences and Research, Kalaburgi, Karnataka, India
| | - Vandana Rathod
- Department of Microbiology, Gulbarga University, Kalaburgi, Karnataka, India
| | - Rahul Halkai
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, College of Dentistry, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
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Halkai KR, Halkai R, Mudda JA, Shivanna V, Rathod V. Antibiofilm efficacy of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles against endodontic-periodontal pathogens: An in vitro study. J Conserv Dent 2018; 21:662-666. [PMID: 30546215 PMCID: PMC6249955 DOI: 10.4103/jcd.jcd_203_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Endodontic-periodontal pathogens exist as biofilms which are difficult to eliminate. Biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) emerged as newer antimicrobial agents with potential benefits. Aim: The aim of this study is to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC); evaluate the antibiofilm efficacy of fungal-derived AgNPs against Porphyromonas gingivalis, Bacillus pumilus, and Enterococcus faecalis. Materials and Methods: MIC of AgNPs against test pathogens was determined using micro broth dilution method. Serial dilutions of AgNPs ranging from 80 to 1 μg/ml concentration were added to wells containing 10 μl of bacterial inoculum in culture media and control group without AgNPs. For biofilm models, 120 dentin blocks were prepared, sterilized, and contaminated for 2 weeks with (n = 40 each). Group 1: B. pumilus, Group 2: E. faecalis, and Group 3: P. gingivalis and each group is divided into four subgroups (n = 10 each) and treated with distilled water, AgNPs, 2% and 0.2% chlorhexidine (CHX). Colonies counted after 24 h of incubation and statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey tests. Results: MIC for B. pumilus was determined as 20 μg/ml and 30 μg/ml for E. faecalis and P. gingivalis. AgNPs were effective as 2% CHX against all biofilms compared to control group. Post hoc Tukey test (P < 0.0001) shows no significant difference between groups. Conclusion: Fungal-derived AgNPs are effective against endo-perio pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran R Halkai
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, HKE's SN Institute of Dental Sciences and Research, Kalaburgi, Karnataka, India
| | - Rahul Halkai
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, College of Dentistry, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jayashree A Mudda
- Department of Periodontics, HKE's SN Institute of Dental Sciences and Research, Kalaburgi, Karnataka, India
| | - Vasundhara Shivanna
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, College of Dental Sciences, Davangere, Karnataka, India
| | - Vandana Rathod
- Department of Microbiology, Gulbarga University, Kalaburgi, Karnataka, India
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