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Kovalik ME, Dacanay MA, Crowley SD, Hall G. Swollen Feet: Considering the Paradoxical Roles of Interleukins in Nephrotic Syndrome. Biomedicines 2024; 12:738. [PMID: 38672094 PMCID: PMC11048099 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12040738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Interleukins are a family of 40 bioactive peptides that act through cell surface receptors to induce a variety of intracellular responses. While interleukins are most commonly associated with destructive, pro-inflammatory signaling in cells, some also play a role in promoting cellular resilience and survival. This review will highlight recent evidence of the cytoprotective actions of the interleukin 1 receptor (IL-1R)- and common gamma chain receptor (IL-Rγc)-signaling cytokines in nephrotic syndrome (NS). NS results from the injury or loss of glomerular visceral epithelial cells (i.e., podocytes). Although the causes of podocyte dysfunction vary, it is clear that pro-inflammatory cytokines play a significant role in regulating the propagation, duration and severity of disease. Pro-inflammatory cytokines signaling through IL-1R and IL-Rγc have been shown to exert anti-apoptotic effects in podocytes through the phosphoinositol-3-kinase (PI-3K)/AKT pathway, highlighting the potential utility of IL-1R- and IL-Rγc-signaling interleukins for the treatment of podocytopathy in NS. The paradoxical role of interleukins as drivers and mitigators of podocyte injury is complex and ill-defined. Emerging evidence of the cytoprotective role of some interleukins in NS highlights the urgent need for a nuanced understanding of their pro-survival benefits and reveals their potential as podocyte-sparing therapeutics for NS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E. Kovalik
- Division of Nephrology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27701, USA; (M.E.K.)
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Monique A. Dacanay
- Division of Nephrology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27701, USA; (M.E.K.)
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Steven D. Crowley
- Division of Nephrology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27701, USA; (M.E.K.)
| | - Gentzon Hall
- Division of Nephrology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27701, USA; (M.E.K.)
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Ko HJ, Patnaik BB, Park KB, Kim CE, Baliarsingh S, Jang HA, Lee YS, Han YS, Jo YH. TmIKKε Is Required to Confer Protection Against Gram-Negative Bacteria, E. coli by the Regulation of Antimicrobial Peptide Production in the Tenebrio molitor Fat Body. Front Physiol 2022; 12:758862. [PMID: 35069235 PMCID: PMC8777057 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.758862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The inhibitor of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) kinase (IKK) is the core regulator of the NF-κB pathway against pathogenic invasion in vertebrates or invertebrates. IKKβ, -ε and -γ have pivotal roles in the Toll and immune deficiency (IMD) pathways. In this study, a homolog of IKKε (TmIKKε) was identified from Tenebrio molitor RNA sequence database and functionally characterized for its role in regulating immune signaling pathways in insects. The TmIKKε gene is characterized by two exons and one intron comprising an open reading frame (ORF) of 2,196 bp that putatively encodes a polypeptide of 731 amino acid residues. TmIKKε contains a serine/threonine protein kinases catalytic domain. Phylogenetic analysis established the close homology of TmIKKε to Tribolium castaneum IKKε (TcIKKε) and its proximity with other IKK-related kinases. The expression of TmIKKε mRNA was elevated in the gut, integument, and hemocytes of the last-instar larva and the fat body, Malpighian tubules, and testis of 5-day-old adults. TmIKKε expression was significantly induced by Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans challenge in whole larvae and tissues, such as hemocytes, gut, and fat body. The knockdown of the TmIKKε messenger RNA (mRNA) expression significantly reduced the survival of the larvae against microbial challenges. Further, we investigated the induction patterns of 14 T. molitor antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) genes in TmIKKε gene-silencing model after microbial challenges. While in hemocytes, the transcriptional regulation of most AMPs was negatively regulated in the gut and fat body tissue of T. molitor, AMPs, such as TmTenecin 1, TmTenecin 4, TmDefensin, TmColeoptericin A, TmColeoptericin B, TmAttacin 1a, and TmAttacin 2, were positively regulated in TmIKKε-silenced individuals after microbial challenge. Collectively, the results implicate TmIKKε as an important factor in antimicrobial innate immune responses in T. molitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Jin Ko
- Department of Applied Biology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Bharat Bhusan Patnaik
- Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Fakir Mohan University, Balasore, India
| | - Ki Beom Park
- Department of Applied Biology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Chang Eun Kim
- Department of Applied Biology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Snigdha Baliarsingh
- Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Fakir Mohan University, Balasore, India
| | - Ho Am Jang
- Department of Applied Biology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Yong Seok Lee
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, South Korea
| | - Yeon Soo Han
- Department of Applied Biology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Yong Hun Jo
- Department of Applied Biology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
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