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Javid K, Mourão CF, Mello-Machado RC, Sartoretto SC, Torres M, Stellet Lourenço E, Leite PEC, Granjeiro JM, Alves GG, Calasans-Maia MD. Clinical and Biochemical Evaluation of the Use of Alb-PRF versus L-PRF in Mandibular Third Molar Extractions: A Split-Mouth Randomized Clinical Trial. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:505. [PMID: 37888172 PMCID: PMC10607814 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14100505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone tissue engineering seeks biomaterials that enable cell migration, angiogenesis, matrix deposition, and tissue regeneration. Blood concentrates like platelet-rich fibrin (L-PRF) offer a cost-effective source of cells and growth factors to enhance healing. The present study aimed to evaluate heated serum albumin with liquid PRF (Alb-PRF) and L-PRF clinically and biochemically after placement in dental sockets following mandibular third molar extraction. In a controlled, split-mouth study involving 10 volunteers, 20 extracted molars were treated with either Alb-PRF or L-PRF. Post-extraction, pain, trismus, infection presence, and swelling were measured. The concentrations of different analytes in the surgical sites were also examined. The data were statistically analyzed, with significance defined at p < 0.05 (t-test). No significant difference was noted between the groups for pain and trismus, but Alb-PRF showed a significant reduction in swelling on day seven. The Alb-PRF group showed lower levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (GM-CSF, IL-1b, IL-6, IFNy, IL-8, IL-15, RANTES, and MIP-1a) after seven days, with only higher expressions of MIP-1b, IL-1b, and MCP-1 found in the L-PRF group. Differences were observed in the release of analytes between L-PRF and Alb-PRF, with Alb-PRF significantly reducing edema after seven days. Alb-PRF reduced edema, while L-PRF increased inflammatory cytokines. When compared to L-PRF, Alb-PRF reduced edema and the release of inflammatory cytokines, suggesting promising effects in socket healing while underscoring the role of growth factors and cytokines in potential applications of blood concentrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayvon Javid
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói 24020-140, Brazil
| | - Carlos Fernando Mourão
- Department of Periodontology, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | | | | | - Madelaine Torres
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói 24020-140, Brazil
| | | | - Paulo Emilio Correa Leite
- Clinical Research Unit, Antonio Pedro Hospital, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói 24033-900, Brazil
| | - José Mauro Granjeiro
- Department of Oral Surgery, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói 24020-140, Brazil
| | - Gutemberg Gomes Alves
- Department of Biotechnology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói 24033-900, Brazil
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Mourão CF, Lowenstein A, Dos Santos Pereira R, Ghanaati S, Messora MR. RE: DOES THE USE OF INJECTABLE PLATELET-RICH FIBRIN AFTER ARTHROCENTESIS FOR DISC DISPLACEMENT WITHOUT REDUCTION IMPROVE CLINICAL OUTCOMES? J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2023; 81:938. [PMID: 37536914 DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2023.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
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Mourão CF, Lowenstein A, Mello-Machado RC, Ghanaati S, Pinto N, Kawase T, Alves GG, Messora MR. Standardization of Animal Models and Techniques for Platelet-Rich Fibrin Production: A Narrative Review and Guideline. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:482. [PMID: 37106669 PMCID: PMC10135737 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10040482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Experimental research is critical for advancing medical knowledge and enhancing patient outcomes, including in vitro and in vivo preclinical assessments. Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) is a blood by-product that has garnered attention in the medical and dental fields due to its potential for tissue regeneration and wound healing. Animal models, such as rabbits and rats, have been used to produce PRF and examine its properties and applications. PRF has demonstrated potential in the dental and medical fields for reducing inflammation, promoting tissue repair, and accelerating wound healing. This narrative review aims to compare existing evidence and provide guidelines for PRF animal research, emphasizing the importance of standardizing animal models, following ethical considerations, and maintaining transparency and accountability. The authors highlight the necessity to use the correct relative centrifugal force (RCF), standardize centrifugal calibration, and report detailed information about blood collection and centrifuge parameters for reproducible results. Standardizing animal models and techniques is crucial for narrowing the gap between laboratory research and clinical applications, ultimately enhancing the translation of findings from bench to bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Fernando Mourão
- Department of Periodontology, Division of Dental Research Administration, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Adam Lowenstein
- Department of Periodontology, Division of Dental Research Administration, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | | | - Shahram Ghanaati
- Frankfurt Oral Regenerative Medicine, Clinic for Maxillofacial and Plastic Surgery, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, 60596 Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Nelson Pinto
- Department of Periodontics and Implant Dentistry, University of the Andes, Santiago 12455, Chile
| | - Tomoyuki Kawase
- Division of Oral Bioengineering, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 951-8514, Japan
| | - Gutemberg Gomes Alves
- Clinical Research Unit, Antonio Pedro Hospital, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói 24033-900, Brazil
| | - Michel Reis Messora
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Periodontology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14040-904, Brazil
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Evolution and Clinical Advances of Platelet-Rich Fibrin in Musculoskeletal Regeneration. BIOENGINEERING (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:bioengineering10010058. [PMID: 36671630 PMCID: PMC9854731 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10010058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, various forms of platelet concentrates have evolved with significant clinical utility. The newer generation products, including leukocyte-platelet-rich fibrin (L-PRF) and advanced platelet-rich fibrin (A-PRF), have shown superior biological properties in musculoskeletal regeneration than the first-generation concentrates, such as platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and plasma rich in growth factors. These newer platelet concentrates have a complete matrix of physiological fibrin that acts as a scaffold with a three-dimensional (3D) architecture. Further, it facilitates intercellular signaling and migration, thereby promoting angiogenic, chondrogenic, and osteogenic activities. A-PRF with higher leukocyte inclusion possesses antimicrobial activity than the first generations. Due to the presence of enormous amounts of growth factors and anti-inflammatory cytokines that are released, A-PRF has the potential to replicate the various physiological and immunological factors of wound healing. In addition, there are more neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages, all of which secrete essential chemotactic molecules. As a result, both L-PRF and A-PRF are used in the management of musculoskeletal conditions, such as chondral injuries, tendinopathies, tissue regeneration, and other sports-related injuries. In addition to this, its applications have been expanded to include the fields of reconstructive cosmetic surgery, wound healing in diabetic patients, and maxillofacial surgeries.
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Al-Maawi S, Becker K, Schwarz F, Sader R, Ghanaati S. Efficacy of platelet-rich fibrin in promoting the healing of extraction sockets: a systematic review. Int J Implant Dent 2021; 7:117. [PMID: 34923613 PMCID: PMC8684569 DOI: 10.1186/s40729-021-00393-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To address the focused question: in patients with freshly extracted teeth, what is the efficacy of platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) in the prevention of pain and the regeneration of soft tissue and bone compared to the respective control without PRF treatment? METHODS After an electronic data search in PubMed database, the Web of Knowledge of Thomson Reuters and hand search in the relevant journals, a total of 20 randomized and/or controlled studies were included. RESULTS 66.6% of the studies showed that PRF significantly reduced the postoperative pain, especially in the first 1-3 days after tooth extraction. Soft tissue healing was significantly improved in the group of PRF compared to the spontaneous wound healing after 1 week (75% of the evaluated studies). Dimensional bone loss was significantly lower in the PRF group compared to the spontaneous wound healing after 8-15 weeks but not after 6 months. Socket fill was in 85% of the studies significantly higher in the PRF group compared to the spontaneous wound healing. CONCLUSIONS Based on the analyzed studies, PRF is most effective in the early healing period of 2-3 months after tooth extraction. A longer healing period may not provide any benefits. The currently available data do not allow any statement regarding the long-term implant success in sockets treated with PRF or its combination with biomaterials. Due to the heterogeneity of the evaluated data no meta-analysis was performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Al-Maawi
- FORM, Frankfurt Oral Regenerative Medicine, Clinic for Maxillofacial and Plastic Surgery, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596, Frankfurt/ Main, Germany
| | - Kathrin Becker
- Department of Oral Surgery and Implantology, Carolinum, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Frank Schwarz
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Robert Sader
- FORM, Frankfurt Oral Regenerative Medicine, Clinic for Maxillofacial and Plastic Surgery, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596, Frankfurt/ Main, Germany
| | - Shahram Ghanaati
- FORM, Frankfurt Oral Regenerative Medicine, Clinic for Maxillofacial and Plastic Surgery, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596, Frankfurt/ Main, Germany.
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Egle K, Salma I, Dubnika A. From Blood to Regenerative Tissue: How Autologous Platelet-Rich Fibrin Can Be Combined with Other Materials to Ensure Controlled Drug and Growth Factor Release. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11553. [PMID: 34768984 PMCID: PMC8583771 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to examine the latest literature on the use of autologous platelet-rich fibrin as a drug and growth factor carrier system in maxillofacial surgery. Autologous platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) is a unique system that combines properties such as biocompatibility and biodegradability, in addition to containing growth factors and peptides that provide tissue regeneration. This opens up new horizons for the use of all beneficial ingredients in the blood sample for biomedical purposes. By itself, PRF has an unstable effect on osteogenesis: therefore, advanced approaches, including the combination of PRF with materials or drugs, are of great interest in clinics. The main advantage of drug delivery systems is that by controlling drug release, high drug concentrations locally and fewer side effects within other tissue can be achieved. This is especially important in tissues with limited blood supply, such as bone tissue compared to soft tissue. The ability of PRF to degrade naturally is considered an advantage for its use as a "warehouse" of controlled drug release systems. We are focusing on this concentrate, as it is easy to use in manipulations and can be delivered directly to the surgical site. The target audience for this review are researchers and medical doctors who are involved in the development and research of PRFs further studies. Likewise, surgeons who use PRF in their work to treat patients and who advice patients to take the medicine orally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Egle
- Rudolfs Cimdins Riga Biomaterials Innovations and Development Centre, Institute of General Chemical Engineering, Riga Technical University, LV-1658 Riga, Latvia;
- Baltic Biomaterials Centre of Excellence, Headquarters at Riga Technical University, LV-1658 Riga, Latvia;
| | - Ilze Salma
- Baltic Biomaterials Centre of Excellence, Headquarters at Riga Technical University, LV-1658 Riga, Latvia;
- Institute of Stomatology, Rīga Stradiņš University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
| | - Arita Dubnika
- Rudolfs Cimdins Riga Biomaterials Innovations and Development Centre, Institute of General Chemical Engineering, Riga Technical University, LV-1658 Riga, Latvia;
- Baltic Biomaterials Centre of Excellence, Headquarters at Riga Technical University, LV-1658 Riga, Latvia;
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Al-Maawi S, Dohle E, Kretschmer W, Rutkowski JL, Sader R, Ghanaati S. A standardized g-force allows the preparation of similar PRF qualities regardless of rotor angle. Tissue Eng Part A 2021; 28:353-365. [PMID: 34555949 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2021.0113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet rich fibrin (PRF) is an autologous blood concentrate, that supports tissue regeneration. The effect of the centrifuge rotor angle in the fabrication of PRF is still not fully elucidated. The hypothesis of this study is: When applying the same g-force {relative centrifugal force (RCF)} and centrifugation time, PRF components and bioactivity are not modified using either a swing-out or fixed angle rotor. For this purpose, peripheral blood samples (five donors )were used to gain solid matrices (710 xg, 8 minutes) and liquid (44 xg, 8 minutes) PRF matrices using three different centrifuges (one fixed angle as a control; and two different swingout rotor centrifuges). The physical characteristics of the solid PRF were measured to evaluate the clot formation and cellular distribution. Liquid PRF was used to evaluate the cell number, bioactivity and influence on primary human osteoblasts and fibroblasts in vitro. Solid PRF clots were significantly larger in the group of fixed rotor centrifuges compared to either of the two evaluated swing-out rotor centrifuges. No differences were observed when evaluating the cellular distribution within the solid No statistically significant differences were documented in the cell's density in liquid PRF samples (platelets, lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils) among the differently gained PRF samples. No statistically significant differences were documented for the released growth factors (VEGF, EGF, TGF-β1) over 7 days. Primary human osteoblasts (pOBs) and primary human fibroblasts (pHFs) viability after treatment with PRF conditioned media showed no statistically significant differences between the evaluated groups. However, the number of adherent cells treated with PRF obtained with the use of the fixed angle rotor was significantly higher when compared to those treated with PRF obtained by using the swing-out rotors. The presented results confirmed that regardless of the centrifuge rotor used, the components and bioactivity of solid and liquid PRF matrices are modified by the applied RCF and centrifugation time. These findings are of great importance for highlighting the essential role of adapting the centrifugation protocols when using different centrifuges and to correctly report the used centrifugation protocols in scientific research to allow for reproducible results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Al-Maawi
- Goethe-Universitat Frankfurt am Main, 9173, FORM, Frankfurt Oral Regenerative Medicine, Department for Oral, Cranio-Maxillofacial and Facial Plastic Surgery, Medical Center of the Goethe University, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany, Frankfurt am Main, Hessen, Germany;
| | - Eva Dohle
- Klinikum der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universitat Frankfurt, 14984, FORM, Frankfurt Oral Regenerative Medicine, Department for Oral, Cranio-Maxillofacial and Facial Plastic Surgery, Medical Center of the Goethe University, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany, Frankfurt am Main, Germany;
| | - Winfried Kretschmer
- Medius Clinic Ostfildern-Ruit, Ostfildern, Germany, Frankfurt am Main, United States;
| | - James L Rutkowski
- State University of New York at Buffalo, 12292, Buffalo, New York, United States.,Diocese of Salt Lake City Utah Catholic Schools, 190869, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States;
| | - Robert Sader
- Goethe-Universitat Frankfurt am Main, 9173, FORM, Frankfurt Oral Regenerative Medicine, Department for Oral, Cranio-Maxillofacial and Facial Plastic Surgery, Medical Center of the Goethe University, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany, Frankfurt am Main, Hessen, Germany;
| | - Shahram Ghanaati
- Goethe-Universitat Frankfurt am Main, 9173, Department for Oral, Cranio-Maxillofacial and Facial Plastic Surgery, Medical Center of the Goethe University, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany, Frankfurt am Main, Hessen, Germany;
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Al-Maawi S, Dohle E, Lim J, Weigl P, Teoh SH, Sader R, Ghanaati S. Biologization of Pcl-Mesh Using Platelet Rich Fibrin (Prf) Enhances Its Regenerative Potential In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2159. [PMID: 33671550 PMCID: PMC7926906 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Resorbable synthetic scaffolds are promising for different indications, especially in the context of bone regeneration. However, they require additional biological components to enhance their osteogenic potential. In addition to different cell types, autologous blood-derived matrices offer many advantages to enhance the regenerative capacity of biomaterials. The present study aimed to analyze whether biologization of a PCL-mesh coated using differently centrifuged Platelet rich fibrin (PRF) matrices will have a positive influence on primary human osteoblasts activity in vitro. A polymeric resorbable scaffold (Osteomesh, OsteoporeTM (OP), Singapore) was combined with differently centrifuged PRF matrices to evaluate the additional influence of this biologization concept on bone regeneration in vitro. Peripheral blood of three healthy donors was used to gain PRF matrices centrifuged either at High (710× g, 8 min) or Low (44× g, 8 min) relative centrifugal force (RCF) according to the low speed centrifugation concept (LSCC). OP-PRF constructs were cultured with pOBs. POBs cultured on the uncoated OP served as a control. After three and seven days of cultivation, cell culture supernatants were collected to analyze the pOBs activity by determining the concentrations of VEGF, TGF-β1, PDGF, OPG, IL-8, and ALP- activity. Immunofluorescence staining was used to evaluate the Osteopontin expression of pOBs. After three days, the group of OP+PRFLow+pOBs showed significantly higher expression of IL-8, TGF-ß1, PDGF, and VEGF compared to the group of OP+PRFHigh+pOBs and OP+pOBs. Similar results were observed on day 7. Moreover, OP+PRFLow+pOBs exhibited significantly higher activity of ALP compared to OP+PRFHigh+pOBs and OP+pOBs. Immunofluorescence staining showed a higher number of pOBs adherent to OP+PRFLow+pOBs compared to the groups OP+PRFHigh+pOBs and OP+pOBs. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to investigate the osteoblasts activity when cultured on a PRF-coated PCL-mesh in vitro. The presented results suggest that PRFLow centrifuged according to LSCC exhibits autologous blood cells and growth factors, seem to have a significant effect on osteogenesis. Thereby, the combination of OP with PRFLow showed promising results to support bone regeneration. Further in vivo studies are required to verify the results and carry out potential results for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Al-Maawi
- FORM, Frankfurt Oral Regenerative Medicine, Clinic for Maxillofacial and Plastic Surgery, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany; (S.A.-M.); (E.D.); (R.S.)
| | - Eva Dohle
- FORM, Frankfurt Oral Regenerative Medicine, Clinic for Maxillofacial and Plastic Surgery, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany; (S.A.-M.); (E.D.); (R.S.)
| | - Jing Lim
- Osteopore International, Singapore 618305, Singapore;
| | - Paul Weigl
- Department of Prosthodontics and Head of Department of Postgraduate Education, Center for Dentistry and Oral Medicine (Carolinum), Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany;
| | - Swee Hin Teoh
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering/Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637459, Singapore;
| | - Robert Sader
- FORM, Frankfurt Oral Regenerative Medicine, Clinic for Maxillofacial and Plastic Surgery, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany; (S.A.-M.); (E.D.); (R.S.)
| | - Shahram Ghanaati
- FORM, Frankfurt Oral Regenerative Medicine, Clinic for Maxillofacial and Plastic Surgery, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany; (S.A.-M.); (E.D.); (R.S.)
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Comparison of the effects of injectable platelet-rich fibrin and autologous fibrin glue applications on palatal wound healing: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Clin Oral Investig 2020; 24:4549-4561. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-020-03320-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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de Almeida Barros Mourão CF, de Mello-Machado RC, Javid K, Moraschini V. The use of leukocyte- and platelet-rich fibrin in the management of soft tissue healing and pain in post-extraction sockets: A randomized clinical trial. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2020; 48:452-457. [PMID: 32201062 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2020.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the clinical effect of leukocyte- and platelet-rich fibrin (L-PRF) to improve epithelialization and decrease postoperative pain in post-extraction sockets. Thirty two participants requiring extractions of posterior teeth were randomized into two groups: 1) extractions and socket filling with L-PRF membrane (test group) and 2) extraction with spontaneous healing (control group). One week after extraction, an assessment of soft tissue healing around the sockets was performed using the healing index. Also, postoperative pain by visual analog scale (VAS) and number of consumed analgesic tablets were recorded. In the first week, the sockets of the test group presented a significantly (mean of 3.81 ± 0.54; p = 0.0138) higher level of healing when compared to the sockets of the control group (mean of 3.18 ± 0.65). The participants of control group reported a significantly (mean of 5.12 ± 1.08; p = 0.0128) higher level of postoperative pain when compared to the test group (mean of 4 ± 1.15). Also, the control group consumed a greater number of analgesics (mean of 1.75 ± 0.85; p = 0.0136) when compared to the test group (mean of 1 ± 1.15). The results of the present study demonstrate that whenever improved healing of the extraction socket is needed, the use of L-PRF should be considered. In addition, the use of L-PRF decreases postoperative pain and discomfort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Fernando de Almeida Barros Mourão
- Department of Oral Surgery, School of Dentistry, Fluminense Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; South Bay Dental Institute, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | | | - Kayvon Javid
- South Bay Dental Institute, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Vittorio Moraschini
- Department of Oral Surgery, School of Dentistry, Fluminense Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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