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Shafiee A, Sun J, Ahmed IA, Phua F, Rossi GR, Lin CY, Souza-Fonseca-Guimaraes F, Wolvetang EJ, Brown J, Khosrotehrani K. Development of Physiologically Relevant Skin Organoids from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2304879. [PMID: 38044307 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202304879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
The development of skin organs for studying developmental pathways, modeling diseases, or regenerative medicine purposes is a major endeavor in the field. Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are successfully used to derive skin cells, but the field is still far from meeting the goal of creating skin containing appendages, such as hair follicles and sweat glands. Here, the goal is to generate skin organoids (SKOs) from human skin fibroblast or placental CD34+ cell-derived hiPSCs. With all three hiPSC lines, complex SKOs with stratified skin layers and pigmented hair follicles are generated with different efficacies. In addition, the hiPSC-derived SKOs develop sebaceous glands, touch-receptive Merkel cells, and more importantly eccrine sweat glands. Together, physiologically relevant skin organoids are developed by direct induction of embryoid body formation, along with simultaneous inactivation of transforming growth factor beta signaling, activation of fibroblast growth factor signaling, and inhibition of bone morphogenetic protein signaling pathways. The skin organoids created in this study can be used as valuable platforms for further research into human skin development, disease modeling, or reconstructive surgeries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Shafiee
- Herston Biofabrication Institute, Metro North Hospital and Health Service, Brisbane, QLD, 4029, Australia
- Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Metro North Hospital and Health Service, Brisbane, QLD, 4029, Australia
- Frazer Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Jane Sun
- Frazer Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Imaan A Ahmed
- Frazer Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Felicia Phua
- Frazer Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Gustavo R Rossi
- Frazer Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Cheng-Yu Lin
- Frazer Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | | | - Ernst J Wolvetang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Jason Brown
- Herston Biofabrication Institute, Metro North Hospital and Health Service, Brisbane, QLD, 4029, Australia
- Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Metro North Hospital and Health Service, Brisbane, QLD, 4029, Australia
| | - Kiarash Khosrotehrani
- Herston Biofabrication Institute, Metro North Hospital and Health Service, Brisbane, QLD, 4029, Australia
- Frazer Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4102, Australia
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2
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Gaikwad SS, Zanje AL, Somwanshi JD. Advancements in transdermal drug delivery: A comprehensive review of physical penetration enhancement techniques. Int J Pharm 2024; 652:123856. [PMID: 38281692 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.123856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Transdermal drug administration has grown in popularity in the pharmaceutical research community due to its potential to improve drug bioavailability, compliance among patients, and therapeutic effectiveness. To overcome the substantial barrier posed by the stratum corneum (SC) and promote drug absorption within the skin, various physical penetration augmentation approaches have been devised. This review article delves into popular physical penetration augmentation techniques, which include sonophoresis, iontophoresis, magnetophoresis, thermophoresis, needle-free injection, and microneedles (MNs) Sonophoresis is a technique that uses low-frequency ultrasonic waves to break the skin's barrier characteristics, therefore improving drug transport and distribution. In contrast, iontophoresis uses an applied electric current to push charged molecules of drugs inside the skin, effectively enhancing medication absorption. Magnetophoresis uses magnetic fields to drive drug carriers into the dermis, a technology that has shown promise in aiding targeted medication delivery. Thermophoresis is the regulated heating of the skin in order to improve drug absorption, particularly with thermally sensitive drug carriers. Needle-free injection technologies, such as jet injectors (JIs) and microprojection arrays, offer another option by producing temporary small pore sizes in the skin, facilitating painless and effective drug delivery. MNs are a painless, minimally invasive method, easy to self-administration, as well as high drug bioavailability. This study focuses on the underlying processes, current breakthroughs, and limitations connected with all of these approaches, with an emphasis on their applicability in diverse therapeutic areas. Finally, a thorough knowledge of these physical enhancement approaches and their incorporation into pharmaceutical research has the potential to revolutionize drug delivery, providing more efficient and secure treatment choices for a wide range of health-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin S Gaikwad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Sanjivani College of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Savitribai Phule Pune University, At Sahajanandnagar, Post-Shinganapur, Tal-Kopargaon, Dist-Ahmednagar, Maharashtra 423603, India.
| | - Abhijit L Zanje
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Sanjivani College of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Savitribai Phule Pune University, At Sahajanandnagar, Post-Shinganapur, Tal-Kopargaon, Dist-Ahmednagar, Maharashtra 423603, India
| | - Jeevan D Somwanshi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Sanjivani College of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Savitribai Phule Pune University, At Sahajanandnagar, Post-Shinganapur, Tal-Kopargaon, Dist-Ahmednagar, Maharashtra 423603, India
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3
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Shastri M, Sharma M, Sharma K, Sharma A, Minz RW, Dogra S, Chhabra S. Cutaneous-immuno-neuro-endocrine (CINE) system: A complex enterprise transforming skin into a super organ. Exp Dermatol 2024; 33:e15029. [PMID: 38429868 DOI: 10.1111/exd.15029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Skin is now emerging as a complex realm of three chief systems viz. immune system, nervous system, and endocrine system. The cells involved in their intricate crosstalk, namely native skin cells, intra-cutaneous immune cells and cutaneous sensory neurons have diverse origin and distinct functions. However, recent studies have explored their role beyond their pre-defined functional boundaries, such that the cells shun their traditional functions and adopt unconventional roles. For example, the native skin cells, apart from providing for basic structural framework of skin, also perform special immune functions and participate in extensive neuro-endocrine circuitry, which were traditionally designated as functions of cutaneous resident immune cells and sensory neurons respectively. At the cellular level, this unique collaboration is brought out by special molecules called neuromediators including neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, neurotrophins, neurohormones and cytokines/chemokines. While this intricate crosstalk is essential for maintaining cutaneous homeostasis, its disruption is seen in various cutaneous diseases. Recent study models have led to a paradigm shift in our understanding of pathophysiology of many such disorders. In this review, we have described in detail the interaction of immune cells with neurons and native skin cells, role of neuromediators, the endocrine aspect in skin and current understanding of cutaneous neuro-immuno-endocrine loop in one of the commonest skin diseases, psoriasis. An accurate knowledge of this unique crosstalk can prove crucial in understanding the pathophysiology of different skin diseases and allow for generation of targeted therapeutic modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malvika Shastri
- Department of Pathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Maryada Sharma
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, Nehru Extension Block, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Keshav Sharma
- Department of Immunopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ayush Sharma
- Department of Immunopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ranjana Walker Minz
- Department of Immunopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sunil Dogra
- Department of Dermatology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Seema Chhabra
- Department of Immunopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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4
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Logan DR, Hall J, Bianchi L. A helping hand: roles for accessory cells in the sense of touch across species. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1367476. [PMID: 38433863 PMCID: PMC10904576 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1367476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
During touch, mechanical forces are converted into electrochemical signals by tactile organs made of neurons, accessory cells, and their shared extracellular spaces. Accessory cells, including Merkel cells, keratinocytes, lamellar cells, and glia, play an important role in the sensation of touch. In some cases, these cells are intrinsically mechanosensitive; however, other roles include the release of chemical messengers, the chemical modification of spaces that are shared with neurons, and the tuning of neural sensitivity by direct physical contact. Despite great progress in the last decade, the precise roles of these cells in the sense of touch remains unclear. Here we review the known and hypothesized contributions of several accessory cells to touch by incorporating research from multiple organisms including C. elegans, D. melanogaster, mammals, avian models, and plants. Several broad parallels are identified including the regulation of extracellular ions and the release of neuromodulators by accessory cells, as well as the emerging potential physical contact between accessory cells and sensory neurons via tethers. Our broader perspective incorporates the importance of accessory cells to the understanding of human touch and pain, as well as to animal touch and its molecular underpinnings, which are underrepresented among the animal welfare literature. A greater understanding of touch, which must include a role for accessory cells, is also relevant to emergent technical applications including prosthetics, virtual reality, and robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Laura Bianchi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
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Gaburak P, Brown TA, Pursel AJ, Cardenas Contreras L, Chun M. The Evaluation and Treatment of Merkel Cell Carcinoma and Brain Metastasis: A Case Report and Review of the Literature. Cureus 2023; 15:e51295. [PMID: 38283504 PMCID: PMC10822684 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.51295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare and aggressive neuroendocrine tumor associated with high mortality if metastases are identified. Currently, there is no standardized nor curative treatment for neurometastatic MCC. In this study, we have reviewed the more recent cases and the use of immunotherapy in a population. In this case report and review, we present a case of MCC with brain metastasis currently undergoing treatment with immunotherapy (pembrolizumab) resulting in an initial complete response with a progression-free survival time of five months. We also review the past reported literature and the 11 newly presented cases on their clinical presentation of neurometastatic MCC, immunohistochemical markers, and treatment outcomes. In summary, immunotherapy initially showed a promising response with the complete elimination of MCC brain metastasis. The early aggressive treatment of pembrolizumab with stereotactic radiosurgery should be considered as this treatment plan has shown improved therapeutic effects compared to the standard chemoradiation therapy. Further investigations are needed to determine the efficacy and response of immunotherapy use for neurometastatic MCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Gaburak
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Spokane, USA
| | - Taylor A Brown
- College of Medicine, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Spokane, USA
| | | | | | - Michael Chun
- Department of Neurology, The Everett Clinic, Everett, USA
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Piccini I, Chéret J, Tsutsumi M, Sakaguchi S, Ponce L, Almeida L, Funk W, Kückelhaus M, Kajiya K, Paus R, Bertolini M. Preliminary evidence that Merkel cells exert chemosensory functions in human epidermis. Exp Dermatol 2023; 32:1848-1855. [PMID: 37587642 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
The mechanotransduction of light-touch sensory stimuli is considered to be the main physiological function of epidermal Merkel cells (MCs). Recently, however, MCs have been demonstrated to be also thermo-sensitive, suggesting that their role in skin physiologically extends well beyond mechanosensation. Here, we demonstrate that in healthy human skin epidermal MCs express functional olfactory receptors, namely OR2AT4, just like neighbouring keratinocytes. Selective stimulation of OR2AT4 by topical application of the synthetic odorant, Sandalore®, significantly increased Piccolo protein expression in MCs, as assessed by quantitative immunohistomorphometry, indicating increased vesicle trafficking and recycling, and significantly reduced nerve growth factor (NGF) immunoreactivity within MCs, possibly indicating increased neurotrophin release upon OR2AT4 activation. Live-cell imaging showed that Sandalore® rapidly induces a loss of FFN206-dependent fluorescence in MCs, suggesting OR2AT4-dependent MC depolarization and subsequent vesicle secretion. Yet, in contrast to keratinocytes, OR2AT4 stimulation by Sandalore® altered neither the number nor the proliferation status of MCs. These preliminary ex vivo findings demonstrate that epidermal MCs also exert OR-dependent chemosensory functions in human skin, and invite one to explore whether these newly identified properties are dysregulated in selected skin disorders, for example, in pruritic dermatoses, and if these novel MC functions can be therapeutically targeted to maintain/promote skin health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Piccini
- Monasterium Laboratory, Skin and Hair Research Solutions GmbH, Münster, Germany
| | - Jeremy Chéret
- Monasterium Laboratory, Skin and Hair Research Solutions GmbH, Münster, Germany
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Moe Tsutsumi
- MIRAI Technology Institute, Shiseido Co., Ltd., Yokohama, Japan
| | - Saito Sakaguchi
- MIRAI Technology Institute, Shiseido Co., Ltd., Yokohama, Japan
| | - Leslie Ponce
- Monasterium Laboratory, Skin and Hair Research Solutions GmbH, Münster, Germany
| | - Luis Almeida
- Monasterium Laboratory, Skin and Hair Research Solutions GmbH, Münster, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Funk
- Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Surgery, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Kentaro Kajiya
- MIRAI Technology Institute, Shiseido Co., Ltd., Yokohama, Japan
| | - Ralf Paus
- Monasterium Laboratory, Skin and Hair Research Solutions GmbH, Münster, Germany
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
- CUTANEON - Skin & Hair Innovations, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marta Bertolini
- Monasterium Laboratory, Skin and Hair Research Solutions GmbH, Münster, Germany
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7
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Biernacki M, Conde T, Stasiewicz A, Surażyński A, Domingues MR, Domingues P, Skrzydlewska E. Restorative Effect of Microalgae Nannochloropsis oceanica Lipid Extract on Phospholipid Metabolism in Keratinocytes Exposed to UVB Radiation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14323. [PMID: 37762626 PMCID: PMC10532178 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation induces oxidative stress in skin cells, generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) and perturbing enzyme-mediated metabolism. This disruption is evidenced with elevated concentrations of metabolites that play important roles in the modulation of redox homeostasis and inflammatory responses. Thus, this research sought to determine the impacts of the lipid extract derived from the Nannochloropsis oceanica microalgae on phospholipid metabolic processes in keratinocytes subjected to UVB exposure. UVB-irradiated keratinocytes were treated with the microalgae extract. Subsequently, analyses were performed on cell lysates to ascertain the levels of phospholipid/free fatty acids (GC-FID), lipid peroxidation byproducts (GC-MS), and endocannabinoids/eicosanoids (LC-MS), as well as to measure the enzymatic activities linked with phospholipid metabolism, receptor expression, and total antioxidant status (spectrophotometric methods). The extract from N. oceanica microalgae, by diminishing the activities of enzymes involved in the synthesis of endocannabinoids and eicosanoids (PLA2/COX1/2/LOX), augmented the concentrations of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), namely DHA and EPA. These concentrations are typically diminished due to UVB irradiation. As a consequence, there was a marked reduction in the levels of pro-inflammatory arachidonic acid (AA) and associated pro-inflammatory eicosanoids and endocannabinoids, as well as the expression of CB1/TRPV1 receptors. The microalgal extract also mitigated the increase in lipid peroxidation byproducts, specifically MDA in non-irradiated samples and 10-F4t-NeuroP in both control and post-UVB exposure. These findings indicate that the lipid extract derived from N. oceanica, by mitigating the deleterious impacts of UVB radiation on keratinocyte phospholipids, assumed a pivotal role in reinstating intracellular metabolic equilibrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Biernacki
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Kilinskiego 1, 15-069 Bialystok, Poland; (M.B.); (A.S.)
| | - Tiago Conde
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (T.C.); (M.R.D.); (P.D.)
- CESAM—Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Anna Stasiewicz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Kilinskiego 1, 15-069 Bialystok, Poland; (M.B.); (A.S.)
| | - Arkadiusz Surażyński
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Kilinskiego 1, 15-069 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Maria Rosário Domingues
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (T.C.); (M.R.D.); (P.D.)
- CESAM—Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Pedro Domingues
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (T.C.); (M.R.D.); (P.D.)
| | - Elżbieta Skrzydlewska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Kilinskiego 1, 15-069 Bialystok, Poland; (M.B.); (A.S.)
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Abo-Ahmed AI, Latifi F, El-kammar RI, Girgiri I. Merkel-like basal cells in the nasal septal island of dromedaries: Ultrastructure and possible functions. Saudi J Biol Sci 2023; 30:103764. [PMID: 37588572 PMCID: PMC10425395 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2023.103764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Unlike other Merkel cell types, the morphology and functions of the Merkel-like basal cells remain unclear. The aim of the present study was to investigate the ultrastructural features of Merkel-like basal cells in the nasal septal island (NSI) of dromedaries (Camelus dromedarius) using transmission electron microscopy and to speculate their potential functions. Ten pairs of nasal septal islands obtained from ten heads of dromedary camels were used for the current study. Interestingly, these cells have been identified in the basal layer of the neuroepithelium of the dromedary nasal septal island near the sensory nerve endings. These cells were ovoid to elliptical in shape and rested on the basal lamina. Their surface had spine like cytoplasmic processes which interwined with the adjacent basal cells. Their nuclei were large lobulated with 2-3 deep notches. Moreover, numerous dense-core granules surrounded by electron-lucent halo were aggregated in the basal portion of the cells close to the nerve ending as well as melanin pigments in the apical portion. The ultrastructural characteristics of the Merkel-like basal cells of NSI were typical to those of Merkel cells, but with some morphological differences, including their location, cellular attachments, and connections to other structures. The potential functions were discussed in the light of the cellular context and architecture. The Merkel-like basal cells of the NSI neuroepithelium might play a role in nociception and magnetoreception in dromedaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed I. Abo-Ahmed
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh 13736, Egypt
| | - Fatgzim Latifi
- Department of Veterinary, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary, University of Prishtina “Hasan Prishtina”, Prishtina, Kosovo
| | - Reda I. El-kammar
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh 13736, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim Girgiri
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, PMB 1069, Nigeria
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Luo Y, Vivaldi Marrero E, Choudhary V, Bollag WB. Phosphatidylglycerol to Treat Chronic Skin Wounds in Diabetes. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1497. [PMID: 37242739 PMCID: PMC10222993 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This review proposes the use of dioleoylphosphatidylglycerol (DOPG) to enhance diabetic wound healing. Initially, the characteristics of diabetic wounds are examined, focusing on the epidermis. Hyperglycemia accompanying diabetes results in enhanced inflammation and oxidative stress in part through the generation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), in which glucose is conjugated to macromolecules. These AGEs activate inflammatory pathways; oxidative stress results from increased reactive oxygen species generation by mitochondria rendered dysfunctional by hyperglycemia. These factors work together to reduce the ability of keratinocytes to restore epidermal integrity, contributing to chronic diabetic wounds. DOPG has a pro-proliferative action on keratinocytes (through an unclear mechanism) and exerts an anti-inflammatory effect on keratinocytes and the innate immune system by inhibiting the activation of Toll-like receptors. DOPG has also been found to enhance macrophage mitochondrial function. Since these DOPG effects would be expected to counteract the increased oxidative stress (attributable in part to mitochondrial dysfunction), decreased keratinocyte proliferation, and enhanced inflammation that characterize chronic diabetic wounds, DOPG may be useful in stimulating wound healing. To date, efficacious therapies to promote the healing of chronic diabetic wounds are largely lacking; thus, DOPG may be added to the armamentarium of drugs to enhance diabetic wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghong Luo
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (Y.L.); (E.V.M.); (V.C.)
| | - Edymarie Vivaldi Marrero
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (Y.L.); (E.V.M.); (V.C.)
| | - Vivek Choudhary
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (Y.L.); (E.V.M.); (V.C.)
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, One Freedom Way, Augusta, GA 30904, USA
| | - Wendy B. Bollag
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (Y.L.); (E.V.M.); (V.C.)
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, One Freedom Way, Augusta, GA 30904, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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10
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Hofmann E, Schwarz A, Fink J, Kamolz LP, Kotzbeck P. Modelling the Complexity of Human Skin In Vitro. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11030794. [PMID: 36979772 PMCID: PMC10045055 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11030794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The skin serves as an important barrier protecting the body from physical, chemical and pathogenic hazards as well as regulating the bi-directional transport of water, ions and nutrients. In order to improve the knowledge on skin structure and function as well as on skin diseases, animal experiments are often employed, but anatomical as well as physiological interspecies differences may result in poor translatability of animal-based data to the clinical situation. In vitro models, such as human reconstructed epidermis or full skin equivalents, are valuable alternatives to animal experiments. Enormous advances have been achieved in establishing skin models of increasing complexity in the past. In this review, human skin structures are described as well as the fast evolving technologies developed to reconstruct the complexity of human skin structures in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Hofmann
- COREMED—Centre of Regenerative and Precision Medicine, JOANNEUM RESEARCH Forschungsgesellschaft, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Division of Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
- Research Unit for Tissue Regeneration, Repair and Reconstruction, Division of Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Anna Schwarz
- COREMED—Centre of Regenerative and Precision Medicine, JOANNEUM RESEARCH Forschungsgesellschaft, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Division of Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
- Research Unit for Tissue Regeneration, Repair and Reconstruction, Division of Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Julia Fink
- COREMED—Centre of Regenerative and Precision Medicine, JOANNEUM RESEARCH Forschungsgesellschaft, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Division of Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
- Research Unit for Tissue Regeneration, Repair and Reconstruction, Division of Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Lars-Peter Kamolz
- COREMED—Centre of Regenerative and Precision Medicine, JOANNEUM RESEARCH Forschungsgesellschaft, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Division of Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Petra Kotzbeck
- COREMED—Centre of Regenerative and Precision Medicine, JOANNEUM RESEARCH Forschungsgesellschaft, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Division of Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
- Research Unit for Tissue Regeneration, Repair and Reconstruction, Division of Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
- Correspondence:
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11
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Decomposing Neural Representational Patterns of Discriminatory and Hedonic Information during Somatosensory Stimulation. eNeuro 2023; 10:ENEURO.0274-22.2022. [PMID: 36549914 PMCID: PMC9829099 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0274-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to interrogate specific representations in the brain, determining how, and where, difference sources of information are instantiated can provide invaluable insight into neural functioning. Pattern component modeling (PCM) is a recent analytic technique for human neuroimaging that allows the decomposition of representational patterns in brain into contributing subcomponents. In the current study, we present a novel PCM variant that tracks the contribution of prespecified representational patterns to brain representation across areas, thus allowing hypothesis-guided employment of the technique. We apply this technique to investigate the contributions of hedonic and nonhedonic information to the neural representation of tactile experience. We applied aversive pressure (AP) and appetitive brush (AB) to stimulate distinct peripheral nerve pathways for tactile information (C-/CT-fibers, respectively) while patients underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanning. We performed representational similarity analyses (RSAs) with pattern component modeling to dissociate how discriminatory versus hedonic tactile information contributes to population code representations in the human brain. Results demonstrated that information about appetitive and aversive tactile sensation is represented separately from nonhedonic tactile information across cortical structures. This also demonstrates the potential of new hypothesis-guided PCM variants to help delineate how information is instantiated in the brain.
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Jay Sarkar T, Hermsmeier M, L. Ross J, Scott Herron G. Genetic and Epigenetic Influences on Cutaneous Cellular Senescence. Physiology (Bethesda) 2022. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.101152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin is the largest human organ system, and its protective function is critical to survival. The epithelial, dermal, and subcutaneous compartments are heterogeneous mixtures of cell types, yet they all display age-related skin dysfunction through the accumulation of an altered phenotypic cellular state called senescence. Cellular senescence is triggered by complex and dynamic genetic and epigenetic processes. A senescence steady state is achieved in different cell types under various and overlapping conditions of chronological age, toxic injury, oxidative stress, replicative exhaustion, DNA damage, metabolic dysfunction, and chromosomal structural changes. These inputs lead to outputs of cell-cycle withdrawal and the appearance of a senescence-associated secretory phenotype, both of which accumulate as tissue pathology observed clinically in aged skin. This review details the influence of genetic and epigenetic factors that converge on normal cutaneous cellular processes to create the senescent state, thereby dictating the response of the skin to the forces of both intrinsic and extrinsic aging. From this work, it is clear that no single biomarker or process leads to senescence, but that it is a convergence of factors resulting in an overt aging phenotype.
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García-Mesa Y, Feito J, Cuendias P, García-Piqueras J, Germanà A, García-Suárez O, Martín-Biedma B, Vega JA. The acquisition of mechanoreceptive competence by human digital Merkel cells and sensory corpuscles during development: an immunohistochemical study of PIEZO2. Ann Anat 2022; 243:151953. [PMID: 35523396 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2022.151953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND PIEZO2 is a transmembrane protein forming part of an ion channel required for mechanotransduction. In humans, PIEZO2 is present in axon terminals of adult Meissner and Pacinian corpuscles, as well as Merkel cells in Merkel cell-neurite complexes. METHODS To study the acquisition of functional capability for mechanotransduction of developing type I slowly adapting low-threshold mechanoreceptors, i.e., Merkel cell-neurite complexes, a battery of immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence techniques was performed on human skin specimens covering the whole development and growth, from 11 weeks of estimated gestational age to 20 years of life. In addition, developmental expression of PIEZO2 type I (Meissner's corpuscles) and type II (Pacinian corpuscles) rapidly adapting mechanoreceptors was studied in parallel. RESULTS The first evidence of Merkel cells showing the typical morphology and placement was at 13 weeks of estimated gestation age, and at this time positive immunoreactivity for PIEZO2 was achieved. PIEZO2 expression in axons terminals started at 23 WEGA in Pacinian corpuscles and at 36 WEGA in the case of Meissner corpuscles. The occurrence of PIEZO2 in Merkel cells, Meissner and Pacinian corpuscles was maintained for all the time investigated. Interestingly PIEZO2 was absent in most Aβ type I slowly adapting low-threshold mechanoreceptors that innervate MC while it was regularly present in most Aβ type I and type II rapidly adapting low-threshold mechanoreceptors that supplies Meissner and Pacinian corpuscles. CONCLUSION The present results provide evidence that human cutaneous mechanoreceptors could perform mechanotransduction already during embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda García-Mesa
- Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, Grupo SINPOS, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Jorge Feito
- Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, Grupo SINPOS, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Patricia Cuendias
- Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, Grupo SINPOS, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Jorge García-Piqueras
- Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, Grupo SINPOS, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Antonino Germanà
- Zebrafish Neuromorphology Lab, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Olivia García-Suárez
- Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, Grupo SINPOS, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Benjamín Martín-Biedma
- Departamento de Cirugía y Especialidades Médico-Quirúrgicas, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José A Vega
- Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, Grupo SINPOS, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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Lin X, Xu Z, Carey L, Romero J, Makriyannis A, Hillard CJ, Ruggiero E, Dockum M, Houk G, Mackie K, Albrecht PJ, Rice FL, Hohmann AG. A peripheral CB2 cannabinoid receptor mechanism suppresses chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy: evidence from a CB2 reporter mouse. Pain 2022; 163:834-851. [PMID: 35001054 PMCID: PMC8942871 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT CB2 cannabinoid receptors (CB2) are a promising therapeutic target that lacks unwanted side effects of CB1 activation. However, the cell types expressing CB2 that mediate these effects remain poorly understood. We used transgenic mice with CB2 promoter-driven expression of enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) to study cell types that express CB2 and suppress neuropathic nociception in a mouse model of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy. Structurally distinct CB2 agonists (AM1710 and LY2828360) suppressed paclitaxel-induced mechanical and cold allodynia in CB2EGFP reporter mice with established neuropathy. Antiallodynic effects of AM1710 were blocked by SR144528, a CB2 antagonist with limited CNS penetration. Intraplantar AM1710 administration suppressed paclitaxel-induced neuropathic nociception in CB2EGFP but not CB2 knockout mice, consistent with a local site of antiallodynic action. mRNA expression levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 were elevated in the lumbar spinal cord after intraplantar AM1710 injection along with the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha and chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. CB2EGFP, but not wildtype mice, exhibited anti-GFP immunoreactivity in the spleen. However, the anti-GFP signal was below the threshold for detection in the spinal cord and brain of either vehicle-treated or paclitaxel-treated CB2EGFP mice. EGFP fluorescence was coexpressed with CB2 immunolabeling in stratified patterns among epidermal keratinocytes. EGFP fluorescence was also expressed in dendritic cells in the dermis, Langerhans cells in the epidermis, and Merkel cells. Quantification of the EGFP signal revealed that Langerhans cells were dynamically increased in the epidermis after paclitaxel treatment. Our studies implicate CB2 expressed in previously unrecognized populations of skin cells as a potential target for suppressing chemotherapy-induced neuropathic nociception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Lin
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Zhili Xu
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Lawrence Carey
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Julian Romero
- Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alexandros Makriyannis
- School of Pharmacy, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Center for Drug Discovery, College of Science, Health Sciences Entrepreneurs, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Cecilia J. Hillard
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | | | - Marilyn Dockum
- Integrated Tissue Dynamics LLC, Rensselaer, NY, United States
| | - George Houk
- Integrated Tissue Dynamics LLC, Rensselaer, NY, United States
| | - Ken Mackie
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
- Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | | | - Frank L. Rice
- Integrated Tissue Dynamics LLC, Rensselaer, NY, United States
| | - Andrea G. Hohmann
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
- Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
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Perše M. Cisplatin Mouse Models: Treatment, Toxicity and Translatability. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9101406. [PMID: 34680523 PMCID: PMC8533586 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9101406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin is one of the most widely used chemotherapeutic drugs in the treatment of a wide range of pediatric and adult malignances. However, it has various side effects which limit its use. Cisplatin mouse models are widely used in studies investigating cisplatin therapeutic and toxic effects. However, despite numerous promising results, no significant improvement in treatment outcome has been achieved in humans. There are many drawbacks in the currently used cisplatin protocols in mice. In the paper, the most characterized cisplatin protocols are summarized together with weaknesses that need to be improved in future studies, including hydration and supportive care. As demonstrated, mice respond to cisplatin treatment in similar ways to humans. The paper thus aims to illustrate the complexity of cisplatin side effects (nephrotoxicity, gastrointestinal toxicity, neurotoxicity, ototoxicity and myelotoxicity) and the interconnectedness and interdependence of pathomechanisms among tissues and organs in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The paper offers knowledge that can help design future studies more efficiently and interpret study outcomes more critically. If we want to understand molecular mechanisms and find therapeutic agents that would have a potential benefit in clinics, we need to change our approach and start to treat animals as patients and not as tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Perše
- Medical Experimental Centre, Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Sierra-Sánchez Á, Kim KH, Blasco-Morente G, Arias-Santiago S. Cellular human tissue-engineered skin substitutes investigated for deep and difficult to heal injuries. NPJ Regen Med 2021; 6:35. [PMID: 34140525 PMCID: PMC8211795 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-021-00144-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Wound healing is an important function of skin; however, after significant skin injury (burns) or in certain dermatological pathologies (chronic wounds), this important process can be deregulated or lost, resulting in severe complications. To avoid these, studies have focused on developing tissue-engineered skin substitutes (TESSs), which attempt to replace and regenerate the damaged skin. Autologous cultured epithelial substitutes (CESs) constituted of keratinocytes, allogeneic cultured dermal substitutes (CDSs) composed of biomaterials and fibroblasts and autologous composite skin substitutes (CSSs) comprised of biomaterials, keratinocytes and fibroblasts, have been the most studied clinical TESSs, reporting positive results for different pathological conditions. However, researchers' purpose is to develop TESSs that resemble in a better way the human skin and its wound healing process. For this reason, they have also evaluated at preclinical level the incorporation of other human cell types such as melanocytes, Merkel and Langerhans cells, skin stem cells (SSCs), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) or mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Among these, MSCs have been also reported in clinical studies with hopeful results. Future perspectives in the field of human-TESSs are focused on improving in vivo animal models, incorporating immune cells, designing specific niches inside the biomaterials to increase stem cell potential and developing three-dimensional bioprinting strategies, with the final purpose of increasing patient's health care. In this review we summarize the use of different human cell populations for preclinical and clinical TESSs under research, remarking their strengths and limitations and discuss the future perspectives, which could be useful for wound healing purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Sierra-Sánchez
- Cell Production and Tissue Engineering Unit, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, Andalusian Network of Design and Translation of Advanced Therapies, Granada, Spain.
- Biosanitary Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain.
| | - Kevin H Kim
- Department of Dermatology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, Granada University, Granada, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Blasco-Morente
- Department of Dermatology, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, Granada University, Granada, Spain
| | - Salvador Arias-Santiago
- Cell Production and Tissue Engineering Unit, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, Andalusian Network of Design and Translation of Advanced Therapies, Granada, Spain
- Biosanitary Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain
- Department of Dermatology, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, Granada University, Granada, Spain
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Enhancement strategies for transdermal drug delivery systems: current trends and applications. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2021; 12:758-791. [PMID: 33474709 PMCID: PMC7817074 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-021-00909-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Transdermal drug delivery systems have become an intriguing research topic in pharmaceutical technology area and one of the most frequently developed pharmaceutical products in global market. The use of these systems can overcome associated drawbacks of other delivery routes, such as oral and parenteral. The authors will review current trends, and future applications of transdermal technologies, with specific focus on providing a comprehensive understanding of transdermal drug delivery systems and enhancement strategies. This article will initially discuss each transdermal enhancement method used in the development of first-generation transdermal products. These methods include drug/vehicle interactions, vesicles and particles, stratum corneum modification, energy-driven methods and stratum corneum bypassing techniques. Through suitable design and implementation of active stratum corneum bypassing methods, notably microneedle technology, transdermal delivery systems have been shown to deliver both low and high molecular weight drugs. Microneedle technology platforms have proven themselves to be more versatile than other transdermal systems with opportunities for intradermal delivery of drugs/biotherapeutics and therapeutic drug monitoring. These have shown that microneedles have been a prospective strategy for improving transdermal delivery systems.
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Hosio M, Jaks V, Lagus H, Vuola J, Ogawa R, Kankuri E. Primary Ciliary Signaling in the Skin-Contribution to Wound Healing and Scarring. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:578384. [PMID: 33282860 PMCID: PMC7691485 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.578384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia (PC) are solitary, post-mitotic, microtubule-based, and membrane-covered protrusions that are found on almost every mammalian cell. PC are specialized cellular sensory organelles that transmit environmental information to the cell. Signaling through PC is involved in the regulation of a variety of cellular processes, including proliferation, differentiation, and migration. Conversely, defective, or abnormal PC signaling can contribute to the development of various pathological conditions. Our knowledge of the role of PC in organ development and function is largely based on ciliopathies, a family of genetic disorders with mutations affecting the structure and function of PC. In this review, we focus on the role of PC in their major signaling pathways active in skin cells, and their contribution to wound healing and scarring. To provide comprehensive insights into the current understanding of PC functions, we have collected data available in the literature, including evidence across cell types, tissues, and animal species. We conclude that PC are underappreciated subcellular organelles that significantly contribute to both physiological and pathological processes of the skin development and wound healing. Thus, PC assembly and disassembly and PC signaling may serve as attractive targets for antifibrotic and antiscarring therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayu Hosio
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Viljar Jaks
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Dermatology Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Heli Lagus
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Wound Healing Centre, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jyrki Vuola
- Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rei Ogawa
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Esko Kankuri
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Jing JLJ, Pei Yi T, Bose RJC, McCarthy JR, Tharmalingam N, Madheswaran T. Hand Sanitizers: A Review on Formulation Aspects, Adverse Effects, and Regulations. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E3326. [PMID: 32403261 PMCID: PMC7246736 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17093326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hand hygiene is of utmost importance as it may be contaminated easily from direct contact with airborne microorganism droplets from coughs and sneezes. Particularly in situations like pandemic outbreak, it is crucial to interrupt the transmission chain of the virus by the practice of proper hand sanitization. It can be achieved with contact isolation and strict infection control tool like maintaining good hand hygiene in hospital settings and in public. The success of the hand sanitization solely depends on the use of effective hand disinfecting agents formulated in various types and forms such as antimicrobial soaps, water-based or alcohol-based hand sanitizer, with the latter being widely used in hospital settings. To date, most of the effective hand sanitizer products are alcohol-based formulations containing 62%-95% of alcohol as it can denature the proteins of microbes and the ability to inactivate viruses. This systematic review correlated with the data available in Pubmed, and it will investigate the range of available hand sanitizers and their effectiveness as well as the formulation aspects, adverse effects, and recommendations to enhance the formulation efficiency and safety. Further, this article highlights the efficacy of alcohol-based hand sanitizer against the coronavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Lee Jia Jing
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, No. 126 Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia; (J.L.J.J.); (T.P.Y.)
| | - Thong Pei Yi
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, No. 126 Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia; (J.L.J.J.); (T.P.Y.)
| | - Rajendran J. C. Bose
- Masonic Medical Research Institute, 2150 Bleecker St, Utica, NY 13501, USA; (R.J.C.B.); (J.R.M.)
| | - Jason R. McCarthy
- Masonic Medical Research Institute, 2150 Bleecker St, Utica, NY 13501, USA; (R.J.C.B.); (J.R.M.)
| | - Nagendran Tharmalingam
- Infectious Diseases Division, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI 02903, USA;
| | - Thiagarajan Madheswaran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, International Medical University, No. 126 Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
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Blanchard AR, Comfort WE. Keeping in Touch with Mental Health: The Orienting Reflex and Behavioral Outcomes from Calatonia. Brain Sci 2020; 10:E182. [PMID: 32235727 PMCID: PMC7139622 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10030182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical and psychological therapy based on touch has been gradually integrated into broader mental health settings in the past two decades, evolving from a variety of psychodynamic, neurobiological and trauma-based approaches, as well as Eastern and spiritual philosophies and other integrative and converging systems. Nevertheless, with the exception of a limited number of well-known massage therapy techniques, only a few structured protocols of touch therapy have been standardized and researched to date. This article describes a well-defined protocol of touch therapy in the context of psychotherapy-the Calatonia technique-which engages the orienting reflex. The orienting reflex hypothesis is explored here as one of the elements of this technique that helps to decrease states of hypervigilance and chronic startle reactivity (startle and defensive reflexes) and restore positive motivational and appetitive states.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - William Edgar Comfort
- Social and Cognitive Science Laboratory, Centre for Health and Biological Sciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, São Paulo 01241, Brazil;
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Massella D, Argenziano M, Ferri A, Guan J, Giraud S, Cavalli R, Barresi AA, Salaün F. Bio-Functional Textiles: Combining Pharmaceutical Nanocarriers with Fibrous Materials for Innovative Dermatological Therapies. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:E403. [PMID: 31405229 PMCID: PMC6723157 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11080403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the field of pharmaceutical technology, significant attention has been paid on exploiting skin as a drug administration route. Considering the structural and chemical complexity of the skin barrier, many research works focused on developing an innovative way to enhance skin drug permeation. In this context, a new class of materials called bio-functional textiles has been developed. Such materials consist of the combination of advanced pharmaceutical carriers with textile materials. Therefore, they own the possibility of providing a wearable platform for continuous and controlled drug release. Notwithstanding the great potential of these materials, their large-scale application still faces some challenges. The present review provides a state-of-the-art perspective on the bio-functional textile technology analyzing the several issues involved. Firstly, the skin physiology, together with the dermatological delivery strategy, is keenly described in order to provide an overview of the problems tackled by bio-functional textiles technology. Secondly, an overview of the main dermatological nanocarriers is provided; thereafter the application of these nanomaterial to textiles is presented. Finally, the bio-functional textile technology is framed in the context of the different dermatological administration strategies; a comparative analysis that also considers how pharmaceutical regulation is conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Massella
- ENSAIT, GEMTEX-Laboratoire de Génie et Matériaux Textiles, F-59000 Lille, France.
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino (TO), Italy.
- College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Monica Argenziano
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 9, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Ada Ferri
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino (TO), Italy
| | - Jinping Guan
- College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Stéphane Giraud
- ENSAIT, GEMTEX-Laboratoire de Génie et Matériaux Textiles, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Roberta Cavalli
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 9, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Antonello A Barresi
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino (TO), Italy
| | - Fabien Salaün
- ENSAIT, GEMTEX-Laboratoire de Génie et Matériaux Textiles, F-59000 Lille, France
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