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Gonzalez-Gronow M, Gopal U, Austin RC, Pizzo SV. Glucose-regulated protein (GRP78) is an important cell surface receptor for viral invasion, cancers, and neurological disorders. IUBMB Life 2021; 73:843-854. [PMID: 33960608 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The 78 kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP78) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident molecular chaperone. GRP78 is a member of the 70 kDa heat shock family of proteins involved in correcting and clearing misfolded proteins in the ER. In response to cellular stress, GRP78 escapes from the ER and moves to the plasma membrane where it (a) functions as a receptor for many ligands, and (b) behaves as an autoantigen for autoantibodies that contribute to human disease and cancer. Cell surface GRP78 (csGRP78) associates with the major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I), and is the port of entry for several viruses, including the predictive binding of the novel SARS-CoV-2. Furthermore, csGRP78 is found in association with partners as diverse as the teratocarcinoma-derived growth factor 1 (Cripto), the melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) and the DnaJ-like protein MTJ-1. CsGRP78 also serves as a receptor for a large variety of ligands including activated α2 -macroglobulin (α2 M*), plasminogen kringle 5 (K5), microplasminogen, the voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC), tissue factor (TF), and the prostate apoptosis response-4 protein (Par-4). In this review, we discuss the mechanisms involved in the translocation of GRP78 from the ER to the cell surface, and the role of secreted GRP78 and its autoantibodies in cancer and neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Gonzalez-Gronow
- Department of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Environmental Neurotoxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile.,Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Udhayakumar Gopal
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Richard C Austin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, McMaster University and The Research Institute of St. Joseph's Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Salvatore V Pizzo
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Wang Q, Liu H, Xu L, Li J, Wu H, Yang C, Chen X, Deng Y, Sun Y, Tu C, Chen N, Gong W, Chen G. Different clinical presentations of subgenotype 2.1 strain of classical swine fever infection in weaned piglets and adults, and long-term cross-protection conferred by a C-strain vaccine. Vet Microbiol 2020; 253:108915. [PMID: 33309157 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Classical swine fever is an important swine disease in China, and sporadic outbreaks with mild clinical signs despite compulsory vaccination have raised questions about the virulence and pathogenicity of prevalent subgenotype 2.1 strains, and the ability of C-strain vaccines to cross-protect against them. To investigate this, three field isolates were evaluated in experimentally infected piglets and compared with the highly virulent reference Shimen strain. Clinical signs for the field strains ranged from mild to severe, and mortality ranged from 0 to 80 %. These data show differences in virulence among the subgenotype 2.1 field isolates and support the use of field strain GD191 as a genotype 2 challenge virus to assess efficacy of C-strain vaccines. In contrast to the historical genotype 1 strain, which caused acute infection with significant virus shedding in non-vaccinated animals, the subgenotype 2.1 GD191 strain produced different clinical manifestations in weaned piglets and adults. Adult pigs showed subclinical infection with viral shedding, whereas weaned piglets showed overt signs of infection. Efficacy of, and duration of immunity conferred by a C-strain vaccine were assessed using the reference Shimen strain and field isolate GD191 at 12 and 15 months after vaccination. A robust antibody response and sterilising protection were seen in all vaccinated animals and lasted up to 15 months post-vaccination. This study confirms that C-strain vaccines confer both clinical and virological protection against the historical genotype 1 Shimen strain and cross-protection against the prevalent genotype 2 field strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Wang
- Office International des Epizooties/National Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Huanhuan Liu
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica (China) Co. Ltd., Taizhou 225300, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Xu
- Office International des Epizooties/National Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Junping Li
- Office International des Epizooties/National Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Huawei Wu
- Office International des Epizooties/National Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenghuai Yang
- Office International des Epizooties/National Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaochun Chen
- Office International des Epizooties/National Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Deng
- Office International des Epizooties/National Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanyong Sun
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica (China) Co. Ltd., Taizhou 225300, People's Republic of China
| | - Changchun Tu
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Chen
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica (China) Co. Ltd., Taizhou 225300, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wenjie Gong
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guanghua Chen
- Office International des Epizooties/National Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China.
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