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Srivastava V, Navabharath M, Khan M, Samal M, Parveen R, Singh SV, Ahmad S. A comprehensive review on Phyto-MAP: A novel approach of drug discovery against Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis using AYUSH heritage. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 333:118482. [PMID: 38908495 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Indian system of Traditional medicine, AYUSH (Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddha, and Homeopathy) has great potential with a History of Safe Use (HOSU) of thousands of medicinal plants included in pharmacopoeias. The multi-targeted approach of phytoconstituents present in different traditionally used medicinal plants makes them suitable candidates for research against various infective pathogens. MAP which is a dairy-borne pathogen is associated with the development of Johne's disease in ruminants and Crohn's disease like autoimmune disorders in human beings. There are no reliable treatment alternatives available against MAP, leaving surgical removal of intestines as the sole option. Hence, there exists an urgent need to search for leads against such infection. AIM OF THE STUDY The present review has been conducted to find out the ethnopharmacological evidence about the potential of phytoconstituents against Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), along with the proposal of a potential phyto-MAP mechanism for the very first time taking anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and anti-microbial traditional claims into consideration. MATERIALS AND METHODS We have analyzed and reviewed different volumes of the two main traditional scriptures of India i.e. Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API) and Unani Pharmacopoeia of India (UPI), respectively-for identification of potential anti-MAP plants based on their claims for related disorders. These plants were further investigated systematically for their scientific publications of the last 20 years (2002-2022) available through electronic databases including Google Scholar, Pubmed, and Scopus. The studies conducted in vitro, cell lines, and in vivo levels were taken into consideration along with the associated mechanisms of phytoconstituents. RESULTS A total of 70 potential medicinal plants have been identified. Based on the ethnopharmacology, a potential phyto-paratuberculosis (Phyto-paraTB) mechanism has been proposed and out of 70, seven potential anti-MAP plants have been identified to have a great future as anti-MAP. CONCLUSION A novel and scientifically viable plan has been proposed for addressing anti-MAP plants for stimulating research against MAP and related disorders using mass-trusted AYUSH medicine, which can be used as an alternative remedy in resistance cases otherwise can be advocated as an adjuvant with modern treatments for better management of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varsha Srivastava
- Centre of Excellence in Unani Medicine (Pharmacognosy and Pharmacology), Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory, Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, Delhi, India.
| | - Manthena Navabharath
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Applied Sciences & Humanities, GLA University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Muzayyana Khan
- Centre of Excellence in Unani Medicine (Pharmacognosy and Pharmacology), Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory, Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, Delhi, India.
| | - Monalisha Samal
- Centre of Excellence in Unani Medicine (Pharmacognosy and Pharmacology), Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory, Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, Delhi, India.
| | - Rabea Parveen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, Delhi, India.
| | - Shoor Vir Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Applied Sciences & Humanities, GLA University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Sayeed Ahmad
- Centre of Excellence in Unani Medicine (Pharmacognosy and Pharmacology), Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory, Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, Delhi, India.
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Sharma K, Sharma S, Dhanda S, Bangar Y, Kumar N, Chaubey KK. Meta-analysis of prevalence of paratuberculosis in cattle using published estimates under serum and milk ELISA. Res Vet Sci 2024; 178:105366. [PMID: 39117472 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2024.105366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Johne's disease (JD), caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), poses significant challenges to the global livestock industry, particularly affecting bovine populations. To better understand the prevalence of paratuberculosis and its diagnostic nuances, a comprehensive meta-analysis was conducted. This analysis encompassed 21 studies involving 632,767 cows for milk enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and 51 studies involving 256,409 cows for serum ELISA. The pooled prevalence estimate for paratuberculosis on a cow-basis was found to be 16% (95% CI: 14%; 18%) for milk ELISA and 8% (95% CI: 7%; 8%) for serum ELISA. Notably, higher confidence intervals (CI) were observed in milk ELISA, the Europe and Asia groups, suggesting variability in prevalence estimates within these regions. Conversely, lower CIs were noted in the USA and Canada groups, indicating greater consistency in prevalence estimates within these countries. However, serum ELISA exhibited high CI values across all regions, underscoring potential variability in diagnostic performance. These findings provide valuable insights for veterinarians, researchers, policymakers, and livestock producers in optimizing paratuberculosis detection and control strategies to mitigate its impact on bovine health and agricultural productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khushbu Sharma
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana 125004, India
| | - Shalini Sharma
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana 125004, India; Current affiliation: Division of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu (SKUAST-Jammu), India.
| | - Shweta Dhanda
- National Center for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-NRC on Equines, Sirsa Road, Hisar, Haryana 125001, India
| | - Yogesh Bangar
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana 125004, India
| | - Naveen Kumar
- National Center for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-NRC on Equines, Sirsa Road, Hisar, Haryana 125001, India
| | - Kundan Kumar Chaubey
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Sanskriti University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh-281-401, India
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Matos AC, Figueira L, Martins MH, Cardoso L, Matos M, Pinto MDL, Coelho AC. Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in Wild Boar ( Sus scrofa) in Portugal. Pathogens 2024; 13:389. [PMID: 38787242 PMCID: PMC11123966 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13050389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Paratuberculosis, or Johne's disease, caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), is a chronic granulomatous enteritis affecting both domestic and wild ruminants. The agent was also found in wild mammals such as wild boar (Sus scrofa); however, the role of wild mammals in the epidemiology of MAP is unclear. During the research period, 941 free-ranging wild boar (S. scrofa) legally hunted in two locations in the central-eastern region of Portugal were examined. Ninety-seven wild boars exhibited one or more gross lesions and were tested for the presence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis using acid-fast staining, mycobacterial culture, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and histopathological examination. Forty-five animals (46.4%, 95% CI: 36.5-56.3%) were identified as infected, as indicated by positive results in culture and/or PCR. The findings revealed that the most significant risk factor was being a juvenile compared to yearlings and adults (OR = 10.2, 95% CI: 2.2-48.0). Based on our results, 37.9% (n = 11) of the infected animals were considered suitable for human consumption. Our findings offer novel insights into mycobacterial infections in wild boar populations in Portugal and suggest that wild boar could be a source of human infection if zoonotic potential is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cristina Matos
- Polytechnic Institute of Castelo Branco, 6001-909 Castelo Branco, Portugal; (A.C.M.); (L.F.); (M.H.M.)
- Research Center for Natural Resources, Environment and Society, Polytechnic Institute of Castelo Branco, 6001-909 Castelo Branco, Portugal
- Quality of Life in the Rural World (Q-RURAL), Polytechnic Institute of Castelo Branco, 6001-909 Castelo Branco, Portugal
| | - Luis Figueira
- Polytechnic Institute of Castelo Branco, 6001-909 Castelo Branco, Portugal; (A.C.M.); (L.F.); (M.H.M.)
- Quality of Life in the Rural World (Q-RURAL), Polytechnic Institute of Castelo Branco, 6001-909 Castelo Branco, Portugal
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (M.d.L.P.); (A.C.C.)
| | - Maria Helena Martins
- Polytechnic Institute of Castelo Branco, 6001-909 Castelo Branco, Portugal; (A.C.M.); (L.F.); (M.H.M.)
| | - Luís Cardoso
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (M.d.L.P.); (A.C.C.)
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Manuela Matos
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
| | - Maria de Lurdes Pinto
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (M.d.L.P.); (A.C.C.)
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Ana Cláudia Coelho
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (M.d.L.P.); (A.C.C.)
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
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Aitken JM, Aitken JE, Agrawal G. Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis and Crohn's Disease-Diagnostic Microbiological Investigations Can Inform New Therapeutic Approaches. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:158. [PMID: 38391544 PMCID: PMC10886072 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13020158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the cause of Johne's disease (JD), which is a chronic infectious gastrointestinal disease of ruminants and is often fatal. In humans, MAP has been associated with Crohn's disease (CD) for over a century, without conclusive evidence of pathogenicity. Numerous researchers have contributed to the subject, but there is still a need for evidence of the causation of CD by MAP. An infectious aetiology in CD that is attributable to MAP can only be proven by bacteriological investigations. There is an urgency in resolving this question due to the rising global incidence rates of CD. Recent papers have indicated the "therapeutic ceiling" may be close in the development of new biologics. Clinical trial outcomes have demonstrated mild or inconsistent improvements in therapeutic interventions over the last decades when compared with placebo. The necessity to revisit therapeutic options for CD is becoming more urgent and a renewed focus on causation is essential for progress in identifying new treatment options. This manuscript discusses newer interventions, such as vaccination, FMT, dietary remediation and gut microbiome regulation, that will become more relevant as existing therapeutic options expire. Revisiting the MAP theory as a potential infectious cause of CD, rather than the prevailing concept of an "aberrant immune response" will require expanding the current therapeutic programme to include potential new alternatives, and combinations of existing treatments. To advance research on MAP in humans, it is essential for microbiologists and medical scientists to microscopically detect CWDM and to biologically amplify the growth by directed culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Aitken
- Otakaro Pathways Ltd., Innovation Park, Christchurch 7675, New Zealand
| | - Jack E Aitken
- Otakaro Pathways Ltd., Innovation Park, Christchurch 7675, New Zealand
| | - Gaurav Agrawal
- Division of Diabetes & Nutritional Sciences, Franklin-Wilkins Building, King's College London, London SE1 9NH, UK
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Gupta S, Chaubey KK, Agarwal P, Kuenstner JT, Parashar D, Singh SV. Therapeutic management of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection with complete resolution of symptoms and disease in a patient with advanced inflammatory bowel syndrome. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:7013-7020. [PMID: 34383243 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06615-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A 26-year-old male had a history of frequent bowel movements, mushy stool with mucus and loss of 25 kg body weight in 6 months was diagnosed as a case of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The patient did not respond to routine and standard treatment for IBD. His condition was steadily deteriorating, and he was in a very precarious state when he reported to us. METHODS Upon laboratory investigation by using IS900 specific PCR [which is specific for Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP)], the blood and stool samples were found negative. However, the presence of low titer MAP-antibodies by indigenous ELISA were found followed by detection of the typical acid-fast MAP bacilli (with 3 + or 4 + grade) microscopically. The MAP stool culture was positive after 6 months incubation. The biotyping by IS1311 specific polymerase chain reaction restriction enzyme (PCR-RE) confirmed infection with 'Indian Bison Type Genotype', a dominant biotype infecting the domestic livestock population of India. Standard anti-MAP therapy was initiated under supervision of the treating physician. The drug of choice in prescribed treatment regimen included Isoniazid (5 mg/kg), Rifampicin (10 mg/kg), Ethambutol (15-25 mg/kg) once a day for 24 weeks and Clarithromycin (250 mg)/Levofloxacin (250 mg) twice a day for 6 weeks. RESULTS Following treatment, the patient started improving progressively with reduction in bowel movement frequency and gained body weight with an enhanced appetite propensity. Upon follow-up of the patient after 1 year of treatment, stool-microscopy and stool-culture were found negative for MAP. Till the recent past, the patient was further monitored for disease relapse, if any. CONCLUSIONS This patient has experienced a complete resolution of IBD using a combination of anti-MAP antibiotics. The initial detection of heavy shedding of acid-fast MAP bacilli and typical colony morphology with its characterization obtained from culturing of stool sample indicated the infection of MAP. Interestingly, the present case is one more example of the linkage of demonstrable MAP infection treated with anti-MAP therapy in the presence and then absence of disease in the human host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, GLA University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Animal Health Division, Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kundan Kumar Chaubey
- Department of Biotechnology, GLA University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Animal Health Division, Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Prabhat Agarwal
- Department of Medicine, S.N. Medical College, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Deepak Parashar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.
| | - Shoor Vir Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, GLA University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India. .,Animal Health Division, Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Yaman Y, Aymaz R, Keleş M, Bay V, Hatipoğlu E, Kaptan C, Başkurt A, Yilmaz O, Heaton MP. Evaluation of CD109, PCP4 and SEMA3D genes for their association with Ovine Johne's disease in Turkish sheep. Anim Biotechnol 2021; 32:519-525. [PMID: 33612073 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2021.1887880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Johne's disease is a chronic, contagious, zoonotic disease that affects numerous species including livestock and sometimes humans. The disease is globally distributed in sheep populations and caused by Mycobacterium avium Subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). A previous genome-wide association study identified single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers associated with OJD serostatus in CD109, PCP4, and SEMA3D genes. Our aim was to evaluate the same markers for association with OJD seroprevalence in Turkish sheep in a retrospective matched case-control study. The serological status for OJD in 1801 sheep was determined for four native and four composite breeds from three research flocks. One hundred eleven matched case-control pairs were constructed according to breed type and age from 1750 comingled ewes reared in the same environment. A Single Nucleotide Primer Extension (SNuPE) assay was designed to genotype PCP4-Intron 1, PCP4-3'UTR, SEMA3D, CD109-intron 2 and CD109-intron 8 markers and a McNemar's test was performed on the matched pairs. An association with these five markers was not detected with the OJD serostatus in Turkish sheep (power of detection, 0.95; odds ratio >3; McNemar's p < .05). Thus, a wider search may be needed to identify any major underlying genetic risk factors for OJD in Turkish sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalçın Yaman
- Department of Biometry and Genetics, Sheep Breeding and Research Institute, Bandirma, Balikesir, Turkey
| | - Ramazan Aymaz
- Department of Biometry and Genetics, Sheep Breeding and Research Institute, Bandirma, Balikesir, Turkey
| | - Murat Keleş
- Department of Biometry and Genetics, Sheep Breeding and Research Institute, Bandirma, Balikesir, Turkey
| | - Veysel Bay
- Department of Biometry and Genetics, Sheep Breeding and Research Institute, Bandirma, Balikesir, Turkey
| | - Ecem Hatipoğlu
- Department of Biometry and Genetics, Sheep Breeding and Research Institute, Bandirma, Balikesir, Turkey
| | - Cüneyt Kaptan
- Department of Biometry and Genetics, Sheep Breeding and Research Institute, Bandirma, Balikesir, Turkey
| | - Atilla Başkurt
- Department of Biometry and Genetics, Sheep Breeding and Research Institute, Bandirma, Balikesir, Turkey
| | - Onur Yilmaz
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Michael P Heaton
- Department of Genetics, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, USDA, ARS, Clay Center, NE, USA
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Paratuberculosis: A Potential Zoonosis and a Neglected Disease in Africa. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8071007. [PMID: 32635652 PMCID: PMC7409332 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8071007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) is the causative agent of paratuberculosis, which is an economically important disease of ruminants. The zoonotic role of MAP in Crohn’s disease and, to a lesser extent, in ulcerative colitis, the two major forms of idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease (IIBD), has been debated for decades and evidence continues to mount in support of that hypothesis. The aim of this paper is to present a review of the current information on paratuberculosis in animals and the two major forms of IIBD in Africa. The occurrence, epidemiology, economic significance and “control of MAP and its involvement IIBD in Africa” are discussed. Although the occurrence of MAP is worldwide and has been documented in several African countries, the epidemiology and socioeconomic impacts remain undetermined and limited research information is available from the continent. At present, there are still significant knowledge gaps in all these areas as far as Africa is concerned. Due to the limited research on paratuberculosis in Africa, in spite of growing global concerns, it may rightfully be considered a neglected tropical disease with a potentially zoonotic role.
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SHARMA SHALINI, SINGH SHOORVIR, GAUTAM AJAYKUMAR, MISHRA SUMITRANJAN, GUPTA SAURABH, CHAUBEY KUNDANKUMAR, SANGWAN NIRMAL. Assessment of lipid profile and acute phase protein in Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infected and healthy goats. THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.56093/ijans.v89i12.96621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Present study is based on 24 goats that were located in goat herds endemically infected with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) infection. Objective of the study was to access the variations in the lipid profile and acute phase proteins in the serum samples driven from non-infected (negative and physically healthy) and infected (positive and physically weak) goats with MAP infection, cause of incurable Johne’s disease (JD) in domestic livestock. Infected goats had significantly higher cholesterol and albumin levels and significantly ‘reduced level’ of high density lipoprotein (HDL) and ‘reduced level’ of the density of lipoproteins (LDL) in comparison to non-infected goats. Lipid profile and acute phase proteins could be further explored for their significance in pathogenesis and diagnosis of JD in domestic livestock including goats.
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Nowotarska SW, Nowotarski K, Grant IR, Elliott CT, Friedman M, Situ C. Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Action of Cinnamon and Oregano Oils, Cinnamaldehyde, Carvacrol, 2,5-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde, and 2-Hydroxy-5-Methoxybenzaldehyde against Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map). Foods 2017; 6:foods6090072. [PMID: 28837070 PMCID: PMC5615284 DOI: 10.3390/foods6090072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The antimicrobial modes of action of six naturally occurring compounds, cinnamon oil, cinnamaldehyde, oregano oil, carvacrol, 2,5-dihydroxybenzaldehyde, and 2-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzaldehyde, previously found to inhibit the growth of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map) reported to infect food animals and humans and to be present in milk, cheese, and meat, were investigated. The incubation of Map cultures in the presence of all six compounds caused phosphate ions to leak into the extracellular environment in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Cinnamon oil and cinnamaldehyde decreased the intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentration of Map cells, whereas oregano oil and carvacrol caused an initial decrease of intracellular ATP concentration that was restored gradually after incubation at 37 °C for 2 h. Neither 2,5-dihydroxybenzaldehyde nor 2-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzaldehyde had a significant effect on intracellular ATP concentration. None of the compounds tested were found to cause leakage of ATP to the extracellular environment. Monolayer studies involving a Langmuir trough apparatus revealed that all anti-Map compounds, especially the essential oil compounds, altered the molecular packing characteristics of phospholipid molecules of model membranes, causing fluidization. The results of the physicochemical model microbial membrane studies suggest that the destruction of the pathogenic bacteria might be associated with the disruption of the bacterial cell membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella W Nowotarska
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, UK.
| | - Krzysztof Nowotarski
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, UK.
| | - Irene R Grant
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, UK.
| | - Christopher T Elliott
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, UK.
| | - Mendel Friedman
- Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USA.
| | - Chen Situ
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, UK.
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