Self-care behaviors in high-risk women for breast cancer: A randomized clinical trial using health belief model education

The predictors of voluntary participation in pulmonary tuberculosis screening program: a study in a suburban community of southern Thailand

Background

The health belief model (HBM), baseline health condition, and sociocultural factors impact the decision to participate in a tuberculosis screening program.

Methods

This cross-sectional and descriptive study was carried out among the "Kao Taew" community dwellers aged 18 years and above, who voluntarily underwent the provided pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) screening by chest radiographs (CXRs). The level of individual HBM domain perception, attitudes toward PTB prevention, and regularity of PTB prevention practices by the participants were evaluated. The significantly associated or correlated factors such as demographic characteristics, individual HBM domain perception, and attitudes toward PTB prevention with the regularity of PTB prevention practices from the univariate analysis were further analyzed by multiple linear regression (p < 0.05) to determine the independent significant predictors of PTB prevention practices.

Results

Among 311 participants comprising 65% women, 57.9% aged ≥ 65 years and 67.2% had an underlying disease. The study participants had a high level of perception of HBM domains but a low level of perception of the barrier. In addition, a high level of attitudes toward PTB prevention and a high regularity of PTB prevention practices were found. A multiple linear regression analysis revealed that the perceived benefits of PTB screening [Beta = 0.20 (0.04, 0.36) p = 0.016] and acquiring underlying diseases [Beta = 1.06 (0.38, 1.73), p = 0.002] were significant predictors for PTB prevention practices, while belief in Islam was a reverse predictor [Beta = -0.84 (-1.47, -0.21), p = 0.010].

Conclusions

The level of perception of the individual domain of HBM, health status, and religious belief significantly predicted voluntary participation in PTB screening programs. Careful consideration by integration of the relevant health psychology, physical, and sociocultural factors is crucial for planning a health screening program.

Designing a virtual breast cancer prevention program for Iranian women: A study protocol

BACKGROUND

The growing number of breast cancer patients in Iran, following the lower referrals of women to screening centers after the outbreak of the COVID-19, suggests the need for designing virtual educational interventions to teach self-care methods to women. The aim of this study is to design a virtual training program for the prevention of breast cancer in women based on the steps of the ADDIE (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation) educational design model.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This developmental study will be conducted based on the steps of the ADDIE model. In the first step (analysis), a qualitative study, literature review, and a panel of experts will be conducted to analyze the situation (learners, content, platforms, and media for the electronic presentation of the program). In the design step, the learning objectives, educational strategies, and the way of program's implementation and evaluation will be specified. In the third step, not only are the content, storyboard, and educational program developed, but the pilot study is also conducted and formative assessment is performed. In the fourth step, the program will be provided to the audience and will be implemented as a preliminary program. In the final step, the final virtual education program for the prevention of breast cancer in women will be presented based on the results of the evaluation.

CONCLUSIONS

Using a comprehensive and systematic educational design model can be a step toward making changes and encouraging innovations in breast cancer prevention education programs in women based on virtual education. Given the existing needs and conditions, this program can promote cancer preventive behaviors as much as possible, reduce the costs imposed on the family and healthcare systems, and lower the complications and mortality rate caused by the delayed diagnosis of the disease.

The "Know Your Lemons" Tools: A strategy to improve breast cancer warning signs recognition in Malaysia

BACKGROUND

Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer in Malaysia, with many diagnosed at late stages. The "Know Your Lemons" (KYL) visual educational tools were developed by KYL Foundation. This study aimed to evaluate participants' confidence levels and perceived knowledge in identifying BC symptoms before and after exposure to KYL tools.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A cross-sectional study was carried out among 788 participants in three KYL health campaigns from 2017 to 2020. Perceived knowledge (a 5-item Likert scale was used, zero means "very poor" and 4 means "excellent knowledge") and confidence in identifying BC symptoms were studied. A Wilcoxon Matched-Paired Signed-Rank Test was performed to assess the perceived knowledge.

RESULTS

There was a significant improvement in the perceived knowledge Mean (±SD) score (2.84 ± 1.02) versus (4.31 ± 0.66) before and after the campaign (P < 0.01). About 95.6% agreed that the language used in KYL materials was clear and understandable, 89.8% agreed it is acceptable in Malaysian culture, and 80% felt more confident in identifying BC symptoms. Therefore, 90.8% had the intention of breast self-examination and 90.8% would consult a doctor if symptomatic. The majority (92.7%) agreed that the KYL tools clarified the BC tests needed.

CONCLUSION

The KYL tools enhanced perceived BC symptom recognition knowledge and confidence levels.

Effect of Health Belief Model Education on Increasing Cognition and Self-Care Behaviour among Elderly Women with Malignant Gynaecological Tumours in Fujian, China

Objective

This study evaluated the effect of a health belief model (HBM) educational intervention on the self-perception of and complications related to disease in elderly gynaecological malignancy patients.

Methods

This randomized controlled trial was conducted at the Fujian Maternal and Child Health Hospital, China. A total of 301 women aged 60 years and older who were diagnosed with gynaecological malignancies from January 2019 to August 2020 were recruited. Participants were randomly divided into the HBM education and basic nursing groups. The participants in the HBM education group received perioperative rehabilitation education based on the HBM, and the participants in the basic nursing group received routine basic nursing. Rehabilitation training compliance, psychological resilience, psychological flexibility, self-efficacy, self-care ability, and lower extremity deep venous thrombosis (LEDVT) incidence were assessed before and after the intervention.

Results

Thirty-three women were excluded based on the exclusion criteria, and 268 participants were eventually included and randomly divided into two groups: 134 participants in the HBM education group and 134 participants in the basic nursing group. Before HBM education, there were no significant differences in the mean scores of psychological resilience (50.43 ± 3.29 vs. 50.55 ± 2.29, P = 0.738), psychological flexibility (48.98 ± 3.45 vs. 49.29 ± 3.59, P = 0.465), self-efficacy (26.49 ± 5.26 vs. 26.29 ± 6.41, P = 0.781), or rehabilitation training compliance (28.4% vs. 27.8%, P = 0.922) between the two groups. After HBM education, the scores of training compliance (80.6% vs. 30.1%, P < 0.001), psychological resilience (55.47 ± 5.01 vs. 50.46 ± 2.62, P < 0.001), psychological flexibility (56.53 ± 4.51 vs. 49.13 ± 3.62, P < 0.001), self-efficacy (30.79 ± 4.56 vs. 26.41 ± 6.37, P < 0.001), self-care knowledge (43.36 ± 7.60 vs. 34.05 ± 6.99, P < 0.001), self-concept (29.57 ± 5.67 vs. 20.11 ± 3.86, P < 0.001), self-care responsibility (27.54 ± 5.09 vs. 20.86 ± 4.53, P < 0.001), and self-care skills (34.51 ± 5.62 vs. 21.62 ± 5.64, P < 0.001) were higher in the HBM education group than those in the basic nursing group. Additionally, the incidence of LEDVT was lower in the HBM group than that in the basic nursing group (2.2% vs. 8.3%, P = 0.027).

Conclusion

This study indicated that perioperative HBM education can improve the cognition and self-care ability of elderly gynaecological malignancy patients and reduce postoperative complications.