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Jareebi MA, Alqassim AY, Gosadi IM, Zaala M, Manni R, Zogel T, Robidiy E, Qarn F, Moharaq S, Alharbi W, Alhobani A, Mohrag M. Quality of Life Among Saudi Parents of Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Cross-Sectional Study. Cureus 2024; 16:e63911. [PMID: 39100067 PMCID: PMC11298215 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.63911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children can adversely impact parental quality of life (QoL). However, limited research exists among families in Saudi Arabia, especially in understudied regions like Jazan. This study was designed to determine the QoL in parents of children with ADHD in Jazan, Saudi Arabia. Methodology This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Jazan region of Saudi Arabia from June 2023 to December 2023. Online questionnaires were used to collect data from parents of children with ADHD residing in the country. A structured questionnaire was developed in consultation with the National Institute for Children's Health Quality (NICHQ) guidelines. The total sample size was 276. The study participants were recruited through convenient non-random snowballing sampling where the promotion of the questionnaire web link aided in reaching the required sample size of the study. Participants aged more than 18 years, residents of the Jazan area, and both genders were included. R software was used for data analysis. Results The study, involving 275 participants, revealed that 45 (16%) children were diagnosed with ADHD by doctors, with a higher prevalence among males 36 (80%). The NICHQ scale identified ADHD in 50 (18%) participants, with the predominant subtypes being inattentive 28 (56%), hyperactive/impulsive 28 (56%), and combined 19 (38%). The median QoL score was 8.6, with good QoL reported by 51.27% of parents and poor QoL by 48.73%. Gender significantly influenced QoL (p < 0.01), with 57% of males and 43% of females reporting good QoL, while 61% of females and 39% of males reported poor QoL. Oppositional defiant symptoms were significantly associated with poorer QoL (p < 0.05). There was a notable alignment between ADHD diagnoses from parental reports and the NICHQ scale. Conclusions This cross-sectional study found that parents of children with ADHD behaviors, especially those exhibiting oppositional defiant symptoms, experienced significantly lower QoL, particularly in personal fulfillment and psychosocial well-being. The findings emphasize the need for culturally tailored psychosocial interventions in Saudi Arabia to improve parental coping and QoL, benefiting overall family well-being and child outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmad Y Alqassim
- Family and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, SAU
| | - Ibrahim M Gosadi
- Family and Community Medicine Department, Jazan University, Jazan, SAU
| | - Mousa Zaala
- Psychiatry, King Khalid University, Abha, SAU
| | - Ramis Manni
- Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, SAU
| | - Taif Zogel
- Family and Community Medicine Department, Jazan University, Jazan, SAU
| | | | - Fatimah Qarn
- Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, SAU
| | | | - Wafa Alharbi
- Family and Community Medicine Department, Jazan University, Jazan, SAU
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Alhefdhi H, Alshehri N, Al Zomia A, Lahiq L, Hussain A, Alaskari A, Alasiri W, Alqarni A, Asiri F, Alqahtani A, Asiri M, Alhifthy E. Exploring quality of life, discrimination, and knowledge of parents of ADHD children in Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e38102. [PMID: 38875372 PMCID: PMC11175895 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000038102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common neurodevelopmental disorder in childhood. This study investigates the quality of life (QoL) of parents of children with ADHD, the discrimination they encounter, and their sources of information about the disorder. This cross-sectional study was conducted using an online questionnaire through Google Forms from March to April 2023. Study participants were recruited using a convenient sampling technique from patient records in 4 regions of Saudi Arabia. The questionnaire was sent through commonly used social media. QoL was assessed through the validated Arabic version of the World Health Organization Quality of Life Instrument, Short Form questionnaire. A total of 100 participants were recruited for this study. Most of the participants were from the southern region (80%, n = 80), 66.0% (n = 66) were mothers, 66.0% (n = 66) were married and 64% (n = 64) had a college degree. The mean scores of the physical, psychological, mental, environmental, total scales, and general QoL were (57.18 ± 13.67, 62.58 ± 17.49, 63.33 ± 23.12, 23.07 ± 12.87, 51.54 ± 14.34, 3.69 ± 1.06, respectively). Half of the population studied experienced discrimination with no significant differences between mothers and fathers (64% vs 68%, P = .833). The main source of information on ADHD was the Internet (49%) followed by schools (11%), and relatives (10%). Fifty-four percent of the participants have participated in workshops or seminars on neurodevelopmental disorders and 39.0% believed that schools and institutions are sufficiently equipped to support children with ADHD. ADHD had a profound impact on the QoL of parents, with a substantial portion facing discrimination due to their child condition. Additionally, parents showed a strong desire to acquire more information about ADHD, highlighting the need for a comprehensive understanding and support surrounding this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayfa Alhefdhi
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nawaf Alshehri
- College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Al Zomia
- College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lama Lahiq
- College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Waheed Alasiri
- College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrhman Alqarni
- College of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah Almukarramah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad Asiri
- College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Alqahtani
- College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muzun Asiri
- College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Elham Alhifthy
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Woodman A, Waheed KB, Al-Ansari RY, Ahmad S, Rehman TU, Rasheed M, Jaoua N. Perception and behavior toward neuropsychiatric disorders in Saudi Arabia: A systematic review and quality assessment. AUTISM : THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2024:13623613241258544. [PMID: 38853384 DOI: 10.1177/13623613241258544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
LAY ABSTRACT In 2010, Saudi Arabia became the first country from the Gulf Cooperation Council states to join the World Mental Health Survey Initiative, which collaborates with Harvard University and has undertaken over 33 countries. The Saudi National Mental Health Survey revealed that 80% of Saudis with severe mental health disorders do not seek treatment. Considering the strong evidence set out in Saudi national study and the recommendations for future research, this systematic literature review was initiated to examine the most studied neurodevelopmental disorders reported in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to explore public knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors. Findings have shown that attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder have been the most studied neurodevelopmental disorders in Saudi Arabia since 2010. However, various groups in Saudi society, including healthcare professionals, medical students, and the general public, lacked knowledge about these health conditions, often leading to stigmatized attitudes and behaviors toward people with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder. However, demographic data showed that most of the studies were carried out in the Central and Western provinces. More research is needed in all regions of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to contribute to the knowledge about mental health conditions of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder children and their parents to increase knowledge about neurodevelopmental disorders and mental health disorders in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, thereby enabling people to rethink their attitudes and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Shakil Ahmad
- Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia
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Ibn Auf A, Alharthi ZS, Almalki AI, Alharbi AE, Alaqla A, Alharthi BM, Alsaedi AS, Alhabib AH. Awareness and Attitudes Toward Childhood Mental Disorders Among Primary School Teachers in Taif, Saudi Arabia. Cureus 2023; 15:e49377. [PMID: 38146572 PMCID: PMC10749429 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.49377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and aim Early detection and intervention can improve the treatment outcome of childhood mental disorders, and primary school teachers may play an important role in referring suspected cases to mental health facilities if they have good awareness and attitudes toward these disorders. The aim of this study is to assess the awareness and attitudes of primary school teachers toward childhood mental disorders in Taif, Saudi Arabia. Methods This is a cross-sectional study conducted among classroom teachers in primary schools in Taif, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. It was conducted during the period from 2022 to 2023 in both public and private schools. An anonymous, self-administered, online questionnaire was used to assess participants' awareness and attitudes toward pupils with mental health issues. The collected data were analyzed using the chi-square test to examine the associations between various categories and the ANOVA test to compare means. Results The study included 417 teachers, 63.5% of whom were males, the mean of their ages was 39.59 years (SD±8.66), and the mean of their work experience was 12.8 years (SD±8.02) in different teaching specialties. Among participants, 60.2% claimed that no pupils had mental health problems in their classes, 80.1% had not referred any pupils to mental health facilities, and 88.5% did not receive any training related to childhood mental health problems. A humble percent (12.2%) of the participants claimed a good awareness of the signs and symptoms of childhood disorders. Only 54% of teachers advise visiting a psychiatric clinic in case of psychiatric problems, and a similar percentage of teachers believe that psychiatric drugs cause addiction. The male gender, being specialized in humanitarian subjects, having relatives or friends with childhood mental disorders, and receiving training related to childhood mental health were significantly associated with teachers' better awareness. Conclusion Primary school teachers generally lack awareness of childhood mental health and have underestimation and poor recognition of cases of mental disorders. There are many teachers who also have unfavorable attitudes toward psychiatric disorders, patients, and treatments, which requires much effort to improve their awareness and attitudes toward childhood mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anas Ibn Auf
- Psychiatry, Erada and Mental Health Complex, Taif, SAU
- Psychiatry, Eastern Sudan College for Medical Sciences and Technology, Port Sudan, SDN
| | - Ziyad S Alharthi
- Medicine, King Abdulaziz University Faculty of Medicine, Rabigh, SAU
| | | | | | - Abdullah Alaqla
- Medicine, King Abdulaziz University Faculty of Medicine, Rabigh, SAU
| | - Bader M Alharthi
- Medicine, King Abdulaziz University Faculty of Medicine, Rabigh, SAU
| | - Ahmed S Alsaedi
- Medicine, King Abdulaziz University Faculty of Medicine, Rabigh, SAU
| | - Alaa H Alhabib
- Medicine, King Abdulaziz University Faculty of Medicine, Rabigh, SAU
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Eltyeb EE, Gohal GA, Alhazmi NH, Hamdi S, Al Khairat LH, Shutayfi NA, Al-Khairat AH, Sumayli HA, Someli TA, Someli SA. The Efficacy of Educational Interventions in Improving School Teachers' Knowledge of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Cureus 2023; 15:e44509. [PMID: 37790024 PMCID: PMC10544566 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.44509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Well-trained primary school teachers should be competent in recognizing attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in students and be able to assist in providing care and support. OBJECTIVES This study intends to assess primary school teachers' knowledge of ADHD and evaluate the effectiveness of a short-term educational intervention. Methods: A quasi-experimental quantitative study was conducted among primary school teachers in Jazan, Saudi Arabia. A two-hour educational intervention was designed and run in six schools using a specific knowledge rating scale before and after the application of the intervention. Results: A total of 150 primary school teachers were included in this study, of which 64% were males, 51.3% were in the age group of 40-49 years, and 28% had teaching experience of more than 20 years. Regarding ADHD knowledge, the pre-intervention knowledge of the general criteria, symptoms and diagnosis, and treatment was considered adequate in 3.3%, 16.7%, and 2.7% of the participants, respectively, which improved post-intervention to 22%, 54.7%, and 19.3%, respectively. There was a significant association between the pre-intervention knowledge of the general criteria and the gender and between the knowledge of symptoms and diagnosis and the attendance of ADHD workshop by the participants. Also, there was a significant association between the participants' age, residence experience, attendance of ADHD workshops, and the general criteria and treatment domains. CONCLUSIONS Most primary school teachers in Jazan have insufficient knowledge of ADHD. Using a knowledge improvement intervention can substantially improve the teachers' knowledge. Therefore, it is necessary to incorporate thoughtful knowledge improvement programs into the educational curricula for teachers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebtihal E Eltyeb
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, SAU
| | - Gassem A Gohal
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, SAU
| | - Nirmin H Alhazmi
- Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, SAU
| | - Sulaiman Hamdi
- Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, SAU
| | | | - Nawaf A Shutayfi
- Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, SAU
| | - Alaa H Al-Khairat
- Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, SAU
| | - Halimah A Sumayli
- Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, SAU
| | - Taher A Someli
- Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, SAU
| | - Sharifah A Someli
- Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, SAU
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Almarzouki AF, Bellato A, Al-Saad MS, Al-Jabri B. COGMED working memory training in children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): A feasibility study in Saudi Arabia. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY. CHILD 2023; 12:202-213. [PMID: 35549563 DOI: 10.1080/21622965.2022.2070020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Working memory training has been proven effective for improving cognitive functioning in patients with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). However, the feasibility of this type of training for children in Saudi Arabia has not been previously explored. We investigated the feasibility of implementing Cogmed Working Memory Training (CWMT) in a sample of 29 Saudi children with ADHD. We found no significant demographic or clinical differences between compliant and noncompliant children. Although compliant children were initially better at following instructions and reported better improvements in working memory and math skills compared to those who did not complete the CWMT, all children who participated in the program showed improvements in performing the CWMT tasks. Most parents found the Cogmed training feasible for their children, were satisfied and keen to continue with the program, and felt the training helped them to address their problems. Most children did not encounter any difficulties in using the software, and many families were, therefore, likely to continue using the techniques from the program. We conclude that CWMT for children with ADHD is feasible in Saudi Arabia. Larger case-controlled studies are needed to thoroughly investigate the effects of CWMT compared to other interventions in Saudi children with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer F Almarzouki
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alessio Bellato
- Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London, UK
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Malaysia
| | - Maha S Al-Saad
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- General Directorate of Health Affairs in Najran, Ministry of Health, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Basma Al-Jabri
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Alotaibi RS, Alghamdi GA, Alloqmani A, Almuntashiri NS, Alharbi KA, Samkari JA, Tawakul AA, Babateen O. Knowledge and Awareness of Parents About the Difference Between Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Childhood Absence Epilepsy in the Paediatric Population Makkah, Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study. Cureus 2023; 15:e37945. [PMID: 37220468 PMCID: PMC10200272 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.37945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder, mainly in children. The signs and symptoms of ADHD include inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Consequently, Childhood Absence Epilepsy (CAE) tends to present in children with sudden and recurrent episodes of loss of awareness alongside symptoms that occasionally include clonic, atonic, and simple automatisms. The present study evaluates parents' knowledge in Makkah regarding the difference between ADHD and CAE. METHODOLOGY The study was conducted among Saudi Arabian parents living in Makkah. Data were collected in April 2022 through the use of an online survey that was distributed electronically via social media platforms. The inclusion criteria entailed parents from different socio-economic backgrounds. In contrast, the exclusion criteria entailed parents who had not been involved in raising their children and those with children with intellectual disabilities. A group of consultants was tasked with validating all data collected through an original questionnaire. To effectively calculate the study sample size, OpenEpi Version 3.01 was used. Lastly, all statistical analyses were conducted with Stata Social Sciences (SPSS®) software for Mac, version 26 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). RESULTS A total of 633 participants completed the survey. Of the total respondents, approximately 1% indicated having a good knowledge level, 15.17% indicated having moderate knowledge, and the remaining 84% indicated poor knowledge of the subject under study. Approximately 46% of the participants reported that social media was the primary source of information. One significant issue regards the observation that the parent's level of education was statistically associated with the level of knowledge. CONCLUSION There is limited awareness of the difference between (ADHD) and (CAE) among parents in the pediatric population. These findings highlight an opportunity to raise awareness using well-organized education programs in Makkah City.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jamil A Samkari
- Family and Community Medicine, King Abdulaziz University Faculty of Medicine, Jeddah, SAU
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Mulholland S, Cumming TM, Lee J. Accurately Assessing Teacher ADHD-Specific Attitudes Using the Scale for ADHD-Specific Attitudes. J Atten Disord 2023; 27:554-568. [PMID: 36843350 PMCID: PMC9978867 DOI: 10.1177/10870547231153938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is therefore twofold, first to accurately examine the ADHD-specific attitudes of New South Wales Government school in-service teachers using the Scale for ADHD-Specific Attitudes (Authors 2016), and second, to determine if any of their socio-demographic features could predict their attitudes. METHOD Exploratory factor analysis found a 5-factor structure, and multiple regression analysis was performed to establish the existence of groups of variables with respect to teacher attitudes towards ADHD-type behaviours and any demographic predictors of teacher attitudes. RESULTS The final regression model found significant predictors of each factor with R2 values ranging from .007 to .147. CONCLUSION This study illustrated that teachers had generally positive attitudes towards students who display ADHD-type behaviours, however, they found the externalised behaviours of ADHD irritating in the classroom and found teaching students with ADHD-type behaviours difficult, and teachers want more information about ADHD and how to manage it in the classroom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Mulholland
- UNSW, Sydney, Australia,Sarah Mulholland, UNSW, G19 Morven Brown
Building, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia.
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Community Knowledge about Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 11:healthcare11010054. [PMID: 36611514 PMCID: PMC9818661 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11010054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: The majority of earlier studies on knowledge and attitudes around ADHD have been focused on parents of children with ADHD, the child themselves, primary care providers, teachers, and children's families, and they have found that they have negative perceptions of ADHD. This study aimed to explore community knowledge about ADHD in Saudi Arabia. Methods: A cross-sectional study using an online survey was conducted in Saudi Arabia in January 2022 to explore community knowledge about ADHD in Saudi Arabia. The convenience sampling technique was used to identify eligible participants and invite them to take part in the study. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify ADHD knowledge predictors. Results: A total of 718 participants were involved in this study. The participants in our study showed a weak level of knowledge about ADHD with a mean score of 6.4 (SD: 2.2) out of 17 (which is equal to 37.6% out of the maximum obtainable score). Males, those who work outside the healthcare sector, and those who are retired were less likely to be knowledgeable about ADHD compared to others (p ≤ 0.05). At the same time, participants who reported that they work inside the healthcare sector were more likely to be knowledgeable about ADHD compared to others (p ≤ 0.01). Conclusions: Our study showed that there is insufficient public knowledge about ADHD. The development of educational interventions is necessary to raise public awareness of ADHD. Social media platforms can be used to deliver education campaigns. All members of the community, including parents and those who want to get married, should be the target of these initiatives.
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