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Diress M, Getnet M, Akalu Y, Dagnew B, Belsti Y, Gela YY, Chilot D, Belay DG, Bitew DA, Terefe B, Getahun AB. Myopia and its associated factors among pregnant women at health institutions in Gondar District, Northwest Ethiopia: A multi-center cross-sectional study. Front Glob Womens Health 2023; 3:1078557. [PMID: 36727043 PMCID: PMC9884705 DOI: 10.3389/fgwh.2022.1078557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Myopia is the most common form of uncorrected refractive error with a growing burden worldwide. It is the principal complaint of most women during pregnancy. Although myopia has led to several consequences across the standard life of pregnant women, there is no previous study in Ethiopia regarding this topic. Thus, this study determined the prevalence of myopia and identifies its associated factors among pregnant women attending antenatal care units at governmental health institutions in Gondar City District, Northwest Ethiopia. Methods An institution-based cross-sectional study design was conducted from 08 February to 08 April 2021. From the selected health centres, study participants were recruited by systematic random sampling technique. A pre-tested, structured-interviewer-administered questionnaire consisting of socio-demographic variables, obstetric and clinical-related variables was used to collect the required data. Non-cycloplegic refraction was performed using trial lenses, trial frames, and retinoscopy in a semi-dark examination room. EpiData 3 and STATA 14 were used for data entry and statistical analysis respectively. Both bivariable and multivariable binary logistic regression analyses were executed to identify associated factors of myopia. Variables with a p-value ≤0.05 in the multivariable logistic regression analysis were declared as statistically significant with myopia. Model fitness was checked by Hosmer and Lemeshow goodness of test (at p > 0.05). Results A total of four-hundred and twenty-three pregnant women participated with a 100% response rate in this study. The overall prevalence of myopia among pregnant women was 26.48% (95% CI: 22.48-30.91). Eighty-Eight (20.81%) and Eighty-Four (19.85%) of the study participants had myopia in their right and left eyes respectively. The prevalence of myopia was significantly associated with age (AOR = 1.17; 95% CI: 1.09-1.28), the third trimester of gestation (AOR = 2.05, 95% CI: 1.08-3.90), multi & grand multipara (AOR = 3.15; 95% CI: 1.59-6.25), and history of contraceptive use (AOR = 3.30; 95% CI: 1. 50-7.28). Conclusion The finding of our study shows that there is a higher prevalence of myopia among pregnant women in our study area. Further prospective analytical studies regarding visual systems among pregnant women, particularly as a result of pregnancy, are strongly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengistie Diress
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia,Correspondence: Mengistie Diress
| | - Mihret Getnet
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Yonas Akalu
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Baye Dagnew
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Yitayeh Belsti
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | | | - Dagmawi Chilot
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Daniel Gashaneh Belay
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia,Department of Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Desalegn Anmut Bitew
- Department of Reproductive Health, Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Bewuketu Terefe
- Department of Community Health Nursing, School of Nursing, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Amare Belete Getahun
- Department of Anesthesia, School of Medicine, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Ohkuma M, Maruyama T, Ishii T, Igarashi N, Azuma K, Inoue T, Obata R, Miyachi EI, Kaneda M. Effects of Progesterone and Other Gonadal Hormones on Glutamatergic Circuits in the Retina. J NIPPON MED SCH 2023; 90:333-345. [PMID: 37690823 DOI: 10.1272/jnms.jnms.2023_90-405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gonadal hormones function in the retina; however, their targets have not yet been identified. Therefore, the present study examined the effects of progesterone and other gonadal hormones on glutamatergic circuits in the retina. METHODS Extracellular glutamate concentrations, which correspond to the amount of glutamate released, were examined using an enzyme-linked fluorescent assay system. The activity of glutamatergic synapses between bipolar cells and ganglion cells was investigated using a patch clamp technique. Changes in retinal thickness during pregnancy were assessed using optical coherence tomography (OCT) images. RESULTS Progesterone and pregnenolone sulfate increased extracellular glutamate concentrations, whereas estrogen and testosterone did not. Progesterone increased the activity of glutamatergic synapses between bipolar cells and ganglion cells. A temporal decrease in the thickness of the peripheral retina was observed in the 1st trimester. CONCLUSIONS Progesterone, but not estrogen or testosterone, activated glutamate release in the mouse retina. Increases in the concentration of progesterone during pregnancy did not induce any detectable change in retinal thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Takuma Maruyama
- Department of Physiology, Nippon Medical School
- Present address: Department of Physiology, Division of Neurophysiology, School of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University
| | | | - Nozomi Igarashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo University
| | - Keiko Azuma
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo University
| | - Tatsuya Inoue
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Yokohama City University
| | - Ryo Obata
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo University
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Mirzajani A, Narooie-Noori F, Amini Vishteh R, Mirsharif SZ, Azampour S, Medhat H, Motahar SS. Changes in Refractive and Optometric Findings During Pregnancy. Med J Islam Repub Iran 2022; 36:102. [PMID: 36447546 PMCID: PMC9700401 DOI: 10.47176/mjiri.36.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Pregnancy-induced changes in the physiological responses during the gestational period can affect the eye. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of pregnancy on visual, refractive, vergence, and accommodative status. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, twenty-five healthy pregnant women with a mean age of 29±3.1 were examined. All of the subjects underwent comprehensive ophthalmologic examinations, including anterior segment and fundus examinations and tonometry. Refractive error was determined in each trimester using Autokeratometer. Furthermore, near the point of convergence (NPC), best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), and near the point of accommodation (NPA) were measured. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 22. To compare the data during pregnancy, repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed. Results: During pregnancy, in the right and left eye, spherical equivalent (SE) had a myopic shift from -0.13 to -0.35 D and +0.096 to -0.23 D, respectively (p=0.049 and p=0.020, respectively). Also, in the right and left eyes BCVA significantly decreased from -0.13 to 0.00 and -0.14 to 0.00 LogMAR, respectively (p=0.039 and p=0.045, respectively). NPA and NPC did not change statistically significantly during pregnancy (p=0.385, and p=0.801, respectively). Conclusion: Due to the unstable hormonal status, a myopic shift and decrease in BCVA occur during pregnancy. So, any change in their spectacle prescription, fitting of contact lenses, performing refractive surgeries, etc., during this period should be postponed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mirzajani
- Rehabilitation Research Center, Department of Optometry, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Foroozan Narooie-Noori
- Rehabilitation Research Center, Department of Optometry, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rasoul Amini Vishteh
- Rehabilitation Research Center, Department of Optometry, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyyedeh Zahra Mirsharif
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gynecology Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samaneh Azampour
- Rehabilitation Research Center, Department of Optometry, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hoda Medhat
- Rehabilitation Research Center, Department of Optometry, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyyedeh Sara Motahar
- Rehabilitation Research Center, Department of Optometry, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Diress M, Belsti Y, Getnet M, Fekadu SA, Dagnew B, Akalu Y, Seid MA, Gela YY. Visual impairment and associated factors among pregnant women attending antenatal care units at health institutions in Gondar City Administration, Northwest Ethiopia. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2021; 21:824. [PMID: 34903217 PMCID: PMC8667373 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-021-04302-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Visual impairment is a major public health concern among women of reproductive age groups in Ethiopia, which is getting worse during pregnancy. Though visual impairment has lots of serious consequences across the life course of pregnant women, there is no previous study on this topic in Ethiopia. Thus, this study determined the prevalence of visual impairment and identified associated factors among pregnant women attending antenatal care units at the governmental health institutions in Gondar City Administration, Northwest Ethiopia. Methods An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted. A systematic random sampling technique was used to recruit the study participants. We used an interviewer-administered questionnaire comprising of socio-demographic, clinical and pregnancy-related variables to collect the required data. Snellen’s illiterate “E” chart was used to determine visual impairment. EpiData 3 and Stata 14 were used for data entry and statistical analysis, respectively. Both bivariable and multivariable binary logistic regression analyses were executed to identify associated factors of visual impairment. Variables with a p-value ≤0.05 in the multivariable logistic regression analysis were declared as statistically significant with visual impairment. Results A total of 417 (response rate = 98.6%) participants were involved in this study, with a median age of 27 years. The overall prevalence of visual impairment was 22.5% (95% CI: 18.5–26.6). Thirty (7.2%) and thirty-two (7.7%) of the study participants had moderate to severe visual impairments in their right and left eyes, respectively. Participants aged from 31 to 49 years (AOR = 2.1; 95% CI: 1.1–4.0), being 3rd trimester (AOR = 2.4; 95% CI: 1.3–4.5), multi & grand multipara (AOR = 2.3; 95% CI: 1.2–4.6), and history of contraceptive use (AOR = 2.7; 95% CI: 1.2–6.3) had higher chance of visual impairment. Conclusion The magnitude of visual impairment among pregnant women was high in the study area. Therefore, routine screening and evaluation of pregnant women for visual condition during antenatal care visits is recommended. Further investigations of visual changes, particularly as a result of pregnancy, are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengistie Diress
- Department of Human Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Gondar, P. O. Box 196, Gondar, Ethiopia.
| | - Yitayeh Belsti
- Department of Human Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Gondar, P. O. Box 196, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Mihret Getnet
- Department of Human Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Gondar, P. O. Box 196, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | | | - Baye Dagnew
- Department of Human Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Gondar, P. O. Box 196, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Yonas Akalu
- Department of Human Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Gondar, P. O. Box 196, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Mohammed Abdu Seid
- Unit of Human Physiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Science, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Yibeltal Yismaw Gela
- Department of Human Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Gondar, P. O. Box 196, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Diress M, Yeshaw Y, Bantihun M, Dagnew B, Ambelu A, Seid MA, Akalu Y. Refractive error and its associated factors among pregnant women attending antenatal care unit at the University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246174. [PMID: 33577552 PMCID: PMC7880455 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Refractive error is one of the commonly encountered problems during pregnancy and being the cause of deleterious effects on health. Despite its impacts, there is no evidence on the magnitude and associated factors of refractive error among pregnant women in Ethiopia. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of refractive error and its associated factors among pregnant women attending antenatal care unit at the University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia, 2020. Methods An institution-based cross-sectional study was employed. An ocular examination was performed using Retinoscope and Snellen’s illiterate “E” chart. The required data were collected using an interviewer-administered questionnaire which comprised socio-demographic, clinical and pregnancy-related variables. EpiData 3.02 and STATA 14 were used for data entry and analysis respectively. Both bivariable and multivariable binary logistic regression analyses were executed to identify factors associated with refractive error. Variables with a p-value ≤ 0.05 in the multivariable logistic regression analysis were declared as significantly associated factors with refractive error. Results A total of 401 pregnant women with a median age of 27 (IQR = 24–31) years participated in this study. The overall prevalence of refractive error among the study participants was 35.66% (95% CI: 30.95–40.37). Of the total study participants, ninety-two (22.90%) of them were myopic, forty-five (11.22%) were hyperopic and the rest were antimetropic. Increased maternal age (AOR = 1.31; 95% CI: 1.16–1.48)), increased parity (AOR = 3.17, 95% CI: 1.92–5.25), increased gestational age (AOR = 1.15, 95% CI: 1.08–1.22), and regular use of computers/ watching television (AOR = 6.19, 95% CI: 2.46–15.59) were significantly associated with refractive error. Conclusion The prevalence of refractive error among pregnant women was high where myopia was the most common variety. Advanced maternal age, increased gestational age, increased parity and regular use of computer or watching television were significantly associated with refractive error among pregnant women. Therefore, apart from providing other maternal health services, routine screening and evaluation of pregnant women for refractive error during antenatal care visit is recommended to avoid its negative impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengistie Diress
- Department of Human Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
- * E-mail:
| | - Yigizie Yeshaw
- Department of Human Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Minychil Bantihun
- Department of Optometry, School of Medicine, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Baye Dagnew
- Department of Human Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Adugnaw Ambelu
- Department of Human Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Mohammed Abdu Seid
- Department of Human Physiology, School of Medicine, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Yonas Akalu
- Department of Human Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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