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Dey S, Mohanty M, Mamidi P, Naik S, Gupta K, Dwibedi B, Devi S, Mahapatra A, Das RR, Behera B, Bhoi SK, Mishra B. The emergence of parvovirus B19 as a pathogen in acute encephalitis syndrome. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29914. [PMID: 39248453 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
Despite scarcity of data, in recent years, human parvovirus B19 (PVB19) has been emerging as an important pathogen in acute encephalitis syndrome (AES). But, PVB19 virus is mostly looked for only after the exclusion of other common pathogens implicated in AES. Hence, this study was conducted to correlate clinical, radiological, and sequencing data to establish the crucial role of PVB19 in AES. Cerebrospinal fluid and/or serum samples were collected from AES patients as per WHO criteria and tested by ELISA, real-time PCR and bacterial culture sensitivity for various pathogens. PVB19 positive samples were subjected to sequencing. PVB19 attributed to 5% of total AES cases in the present study with fatalities in two of eight cases. Two isolates of PVB19 belonged to Genotype 1 A whereas one belonged to Genotype 3B. On multivariate analysis of predictive symptoms of PVB19 AES cases, blurring of vision (odds ratio [OR] 20.67; p = 0.001) was found to be significant independent predictor of PVB19 AES. Six of eight patients (two encephalitis specific and four nonspecific) had abnormal radiological findings. Hence, being an emerging viral pathogen, PVB19 should be included in the diagnostic algorithm of AES for prompt diagnosis and definitive management to prevent undesired neurological sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayantika Dey
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, 751019, Odisha, India
| | - Monalisa Mohanty
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, 751019, Odisha, India
| | - Prabhudutta Mamidi
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, 751019, Odisha, India
| | - Suprava Naik
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, 751019, Odisha, India
| | - Kavita Gupta
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, 751019, Odisha, India
| | - Bhagirathi Dwibedi
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, 751019, Odisha, India
| | - Sujata Devi
- Department of General Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, 751019, Odisha, India
| | - Ashoka Mahapatra
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, 751019, Odisha, India
| | - Rashmi Ranjan Das
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, 751019, Odisha, India
| | - Bijayini Behera
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, 751019, Odisha, India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar Bhoi
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, 751019, Odisha, India
| | - Baijayantimala Mishra
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, 751019, Odisha, India
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Sonowal D, Sharma A, Sarmah K, Upadhaya D, Kumar S, Kaur H. Aetiological profile of acute encephalitis syndrome in Assam, India, during a 4-year period from 2019 to 2022. APMIS 2024; 132:638-645. [PMID: 38837462 DOI: 10.1111/apm.13443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) is a major public health concern in India as the aetiology remains unknown in the majority of cases with the current testing algorithm. We aimed to study the incidence of Japanese encephalitis (JE) and determine the aetiology of non-JE AES cases to develop an evidence-based testing algorithm. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were tested for Japanese encephalitis virus by ELISA and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Multiplex real-time PCR was done for Dengue, Chikungunya, West Nile, Zika, Enterovirus, Epstein Barr Virus, Herpes Simplex Virus, Adenovirus, Cytomegalovirus, Herpesvirus 6, Parechovirus, Parvovirus B19, Varicella Zoster Virus, Scrub typhus, Rickettsia species, Leptospira, Salmonella species, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis, Plasmodium species and by ELISA for Mumps and Measles virus. Of the 3173 CSF samples, 461 (14.5%) were positive for JE. Of the 334 non-JE AES cases, 66.2% viz. Scrub typhus (25.7%), Mumps (19.5%), Measles (4.2%), Parvovirus B19 (3.9%) Plasmodium (2.7%), HSV 1 and 2 (2.4%), EBV and Streptococcus pneumoniae (2.1% each), Salmonella and HHV 6 (1.2% each) were predominant. Hence, an improved surveillance system and our suggested expanded testing algorithm can improve the diagnosis of potentially treatable infectious agents of AES in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharitree Sonowal
- Department of Microbiology, Gauhati Medical College and Hospital, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Ajanta Sharma
- Department of Microbiology, Gauhati Medical College and Hospital, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Kimmi Sarmah
- Department of Microbiology, Gauhati Medical College and Hospital, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Deepak Upadhaya
- Department of Microbiology, Gauhati Medical College and Hospital, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Sachin Kumar
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Harpreet Kaur
- Indian Council of Medical Research, Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, New Delhi, India
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Dharmagadda A, Tambolkar S, Mane SV, Singh S. Clinical and Etiological Profile of Children With Acute Viral Encephalitis in a Tertiary Care Hospital: A Cross-Sectional Study. Cureus 2024; 16:e66588. [PMID: 39252718 PMCID: PMC11382969 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.66588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/10/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute encephalitis refers to the clinical diagnosis of children who have a sudden onset of symptoms and show evidence of inflammatory lesions in the brain. Timely diagnosis is crucial for both lifesaving measures and the preservation of brain functions. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to determine the clinical and etiological profile of acute viral encephalitis in children within a tertiary care hospital. METHODS This hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) at Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital, and Research Centre in Pune. The study included children aged one month to 12 years diagnosed with suspected viral encephalitis. Over 22 months, from August 2022 to June 2024, 35 children who met the inclusion criteria were enrolled. Data collection involved clinical examinations, laboratory investigations, and imaging studies, following informed consent from the parents or guardians. RESULTS The study examined 35 patients with suspected acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) and found a male-to-female ratio of 3.4:1. Among the patients, 22 (62.85%) had a confirmed viral etiology, while 13 (37.17%) had an unknown etiology. The most common virus isolated was mumps, with school-age children most affected. The cases were concentrated in the Chikhali, Bhosari, Nigdi, and Chinchwad regions. Symptoms included fever, seizures, vomiting, and altered mental status. Low vaccination rates were observed, and the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores, shock incidence, and ventilation showed an association with mortality. Most patients required intensive care, antiedema measures, antibiotics, and antivirals. The mortality rate was 11.4%, with 17% of patients discharged with neurological sequelae. CONCLUSION Causative agents such as mumps, herpes simplex virus (HSV), dengue, and many other viruses are now more prevalent than the Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus. Bad clinical course and fatal outcomes are observed in patients affected with rabies, HSV, and H1N1 influenza virus. Factors such as GCS scores, shock, and need for ventilation play a significant role in determining patient prognosis. Early detection and prompt treatment may aid in better outcomes for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sneha Singh
- Pediatrics, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Pune, IND
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Rajeev S, Nishan K, Dipesh T, M TC, Manu V, Vida A, Juliana G, Surendra Kumar M, Binod G, Runa J. Investigation of acute encephalitis syndrome with implementation of metagenomic next generation sequencing in Nepal. BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24:734. [PMID: 39054413 PMCID: PMC11274775 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-09628-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The causative agents of Acute Encephalitis Syndrome remain unknown in 68-75% of the cases. In Nepal, the cases are tested only for Japanese encephalitis, which constitutes only about 15% of the cases. However, there could be several organisms, including vaccine-preventable etiologies that cause acute encephalitis, when identified could direct public health efforts for prevention, including addressing gaps in vaccine coverage. OBJECTIVES This study employs metagenomic next-generation-sequencing in the investigation of underlying causative etiologies contributing to acute encephalitis syndrome in Nepal. METHODS In this study, we investigated 90, Japanese-encephalitis-negative, banked cerebrospinal fluid samples that were collected as part of a national surveillance network in 2016 and 2017. Randomization was done to include three age groups (< 5-years; 5-14-years; >15-years). Only some metadata (age and gender) were available. The investigation was performed in two batches which included total nucleic-acid extraction, followed by individual library preparation (DNA and RNA) and sequencing on Illumina iSeq100. The genomic data were interpreted using Chan Zuckerberg-ID and confirmed with polymerase-chain-reaction. RESULTS Human-alphaherpes-virus 2 and Enterovirus-B were seen in two samples. These hits were confirmed by qPCR and semi-nested PCR respectively. Most of the other samples were marred by low abundance of pathogen, possible freeze-thaw cycles, lack of process controls and associated clinical metadata. CONCLUSION From this study, two documented causative agents were revealed through metagenomic next-generation-sequencing. Insufficiency of clinical metadata, process controls, low pathogen abundance and absence of standard procedures to collect and store samples in nucleic-acid protectants could have impeded the study and incorporated ambiguity while correlating the identified hits to infection. Therefore, there is need of standardized procedures for sample collection, inclusion of process controls and clinical metadata. Despite challenging conditions, this study highlights the usefulness of mNGS to investigate diseases with unknown etiologies and guide development of adequate clinical-management-algorithms and outbreak investigations in Nepal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrestha Rajeev
- Center for Infectious Disease Research and Surveillance, Dhulikhel Hospital Kathmandu University Hospital, Dhulikhel, Nepal.
- Department of Pharmacology, Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Dhulikhel, Nepal.
- Molecular and Genome Sequencing Research Lab, Dhulikhel Hospital Kathmandu University Hospital, Dhulikhel, Nepal.
| | - Katuwal Nishan
- Center for Infectious Disease Research and Surveillance, Dhulikhel Hospital Kathmandu University Hospital, Dhulikhel, Nepal
- Molecular and Genome Sequencing Research Lab, Dhulikhel Hospital Kathmandu University Hospital, Dhulikhel, Nepal
| | - Tamrakar Dipesh
- Center for Infectious Disease Research and Surveillance, Dhulikhel Hospital Kathmandu University Hospital, Dhulikhel, Nepal
- Department of Community Medicine, Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Dhulikhel, Nepal
| | - Tato Cristina M
- Rapid Response Team, Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, USA
| | | | - Ahyong Vida
- Rapid Response Team, Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, USA
| | - Gil Juliana
- Rapid Response Team, Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, USA
| | - Madhup Surendra Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Dhulikhel, Nepal
| | - Gupta Binod
- Emergency Preparedness and Operation, WHE Program, World Health Organization, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Jha Runa
- National Public Health Laboratory, Kathmandu, Nepal
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Rohani H, Arjmand R, Mozhgani SH, Shafiee A, Javad Amini M, Forghani-Ramandi MM. The Worldwide Prevalence of Herpes Simplex Virus Encephalitis and Meningitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Turk Arch Pediatr 2023; 58:580-587. [PMID: 37553966 PMCID: PMC10724770 DOI: 10.5152/turkarchpediatr.2023.23007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Given the relatively high frequency of central nervous system infections and considerable mor- tality and morbidity reported to be caused by herpes simplex viruses among the other viral agents, having a clear knowledge about their epidemiological profile seems necessary. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine the relative frequency and preva- lence of herpes simplex encephalitis and meningitis in patients tested for viral etiologies. A comprehensive systematic review was performed in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases, searching for studies on the prevalence and relative frequency of herpes sim- plex virus 1 and herpes simplex virus 2 encephalitis and meningitis. Seventy-one studies were included. Overall, the prevalence of herpes simplex virus encephalitis among patients tested was 8% (95% confidence interval, 6%-11%; I2 = 98%) and the prevalence of herpes simplex virus meningitis among aseptic patients tested was 4% (95% confidence interval, 3%-7%; I2 = 95%), and a significant difference was observed by region. The results of our subgroup analysis for herpes simplex virus encephalitis revealed a prevalence of 8% for pediatric patients and ado- lescents and 12% for adults. The results for herpes simplex virus meningitis showed a prevalence of 4% for pediatric patients and adolescents and 9% for adults. We observed significant differ- ences in the frequency of herpes simplex virus 1 and herpes simplex virus 2 detection rates by region. Having high rates of missed cases due to inadequate, highly sensitive paraclinical tests performed on patients with suspected viral central nervous system infection is one of the pos- sible factors. More studies are needed to detect the possible flaws in the process of diagnosis in different regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoorieh Rohani
- Student Research Committee, Alborz University of Medical Sciences Faculty of Medicine, Karaj, Iran
| | - Reza Arjmand
- Department of Pediatrics, Imam Ali Hospital, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Alborz, Karaj, Iran
| | - Sayed-Hamidreza Mozhgani
- Department of Microbiology, Alborz University of Medical Sciences Faculty of Medicine, Karaj, Iran
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Arman Shafiee
- Student Research Committee, Alborz University of Medical Sciences Faculty of Medicine, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Amini
- Student Research Committee, Alborz University of Medical Sciences Faculty of Medicine, Karaj, Iran
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Suma R, Netravathi M, Gururaj G, Thomas PT, Singh B, Solomon T, Desai A, Vasanthapuram R, Banandur PS. Profile of Acute Encephalitis Syndrome Patients from South India. J Glob Infect Dis 2023; 15:156-165. [PMID: 38292694 PMCID: PMC10824229 DOI: 10.4103/jgid.jgid_19_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Encephalitis is a major public health problem worldwide that causes huge emotional and economic loss to humanity. Encephalitis, being a serious illness, affects people of all ages. The aim is to describe the sociodemographic, clinical, etiological, and neuroimaging profile among 101 acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) patients visiting a tertiary neuro-specialty care hospital in India. Methods Record review of medical records of all patients attending neurology emergency and outpatient services at NIMHANS Hospital, diagnosed with AES in 2019, was conducted. Data were collected using standardized data collection forms for all cases in the study. Descriptive analyses (mean and standard deviation for continuous variables and proportions for categorical variables) were conducted. The Chi-square test/Fisher's exact test was used for the comparison of independent groups for categorical variables, and t-test for comparing means for continuous variables. Results About 42.6% of AES patients had viral etiology, while in 57.4%, etiology was not ascertained. Common presenting symptoms were fever (96%), altered sensorium (64.4%), seizures (70.3%), headache (42.6%), and vomiting (27.7%). Herpes simplex was the most common (21.8%) identified viral encephalitis, followed by chikungunya (5%), arboviruses (chikungunya and dengue) (4%), Japanese encephalitis (4%), rabies (3%), dengue (1%), and varicella virus (1%). About 40% of AES patients showed cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis (44%), increased protein (39.6%), abnormal computed tomography brain (44.6%), and magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities (41.6%). Conclusion The study highlights the need to ascertain etiology and importance of evidence-based management of AES patients. A better understanding of opportunities and limitations in the management and implementation of standard laboratory and diagnostic algorithms can favor better diagnosis and management of AES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rache Suma
- Department of Epidemiology NIMHANS, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - M. Netravathi
- Department of Neurology NIMHANS, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | | | | | - Bhagteshwar Singh
- Clinical Research Fellow, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Tom Solomon
- Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, National Institute of Health Research, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- The Walton Centre, Liverpool, UK
| | - Anita Desai
- Department of Neurovirology NIMHANS, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Adarsha N, Samprathi M, Sankhyan N, Singh MP, Bansal A, Jayashree M, Angurana SK, Nallasamy K. An Observational Study on Pattern of Empirical Acyclovir Therapy in Children With Acute Encephalitis From Northern India. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2023; 24:e322-e331. [PMID: 37097038 DOI: 10.1097/pcc.0000000000003237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify the prevalence of herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE), factors influencing the duration of empirical acyclovir and frequency of acute kidney injury (AKI) in children with acute encephalitis syndrome (AES). DESIGN Prospective observational study. SETTING Pediatric Emergency Department and PICU of a tertiary hospital in Northern India. PATIENTS All consecutive, eligible children between 1 month and 12 years old presenting with AES, defined as altered consciousness for greater than 24 hours (including lethargy, irritability, or a change in personality) and two or more of the following signs: 1) fever (temperature ≥ 38°C) during the current illness, 2) seizures or focal neurological signs, 3) cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pleocytosis, 4) electroencephalogram, and/or 5) neuroimaging suggesting encephalitis, who received at least one dose of acyclovir. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Of the 101 children screened, 83 were enrolled. The median (interquartile range [IQR]) age was 3 years (1-6 yr). Thirty-one children (37.3%) were diagnosed with AES, of which four were labeled as probable HSE (three based on MRI brain, one based on serology). Scrub typhus, dengue, Japanese encephalitis, and mumps were the other infective causes. The median (IQR) duration of acyclovir therapy was 72 hours (24-264 hr); 21 children (25.3%) received acyclovir for less than 24 hours and 11 (13.3%) for greater than or equal to 14 days. New-onset AKI was seen in 18 children (21.7%) but was mostly transient. Death ( n = 8, 9.6%) and discontinuation of care due to futility or other reasons ( n = 15, 18%) were noted in 23 children (28%). Factors associated with duration of acyclovir greater than 7 days, on univariable analysis, were lower modified Glasgow Coma Score at admission, requirement of invasive ventilation, invasive intracranial pressure monitoring, and CSF pleocytosis (5-500 cells). On multivariable analysis, only CSF pleocytosis of 5-500 cells was associated with duration of acyclovir greater than 7 days. CONCLUSIONS Given the low prevalence of HSE, and the risk of AKI, this study sensitizes the need to review our practice on initiation and stopping of empirical acyclovir in children with acute encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naik Adarsha
- Department of Pediatrics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Madhusudan Samprathi
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Bibinagar, Hyderabad Metropolitan Region, Telangana, India
| | - Naveen Sankhyan
- Department of Pediatrics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Mini P Singh
- Department of Virology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Arun Bansal
- Department of Pediatrics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Muralidharan Jayashree
- Department of Pediatrics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Suresh Kumar Angurana
- Department of Pediatrics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Karthi Nallasamy
- Department of Pediatrics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Sabat J, Subhadra S, Ho LM, Dwibedi B. A spectrum of viral diseases in Odisha state, eastern India: An evidence-based analysis from 2010-2017. J Postgrad Med 2023; 69:81-88. [PMID: 36571329 PMCID: PMC10259421 DOI: 10.4103/jpgm.jpgm_1152_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Emerging and re-emerging viral diseases are a major threat to public health. Odisha, being one of the coastal states in the country, reports many viral illnesses due to its typical geographical location. This study focuses on the prevalence of different viral diseases in the state of Odisha, India, from 2010-2017. Material and Methods A total of 43,397 patients with clinical suspicion of viral diseases were screened for different viral etiologies during 2010-2017. The laboratory diagnosis was conducted by serology (ELISA) and RT-PCR for 24 different viruses, i.e., dengue, chikungunya, Japanese encephalitis, hepatitis A virus, hepatitis E virus, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, rotavirus, herpes simplex virus-1 and herpes simplex virus-2, Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, and respiratory viruses. Patients were enrolled from sporadic hospital admissions and outbreaks under different categories as per clinical diagnoses like fever with rash, diarrhoea, encephalitis, jaundice, respiratory illness, and fever of unknown etiology. Results The majority of patients belonged to exanthematous group, i.e., fever with rash (32.24%). The number of males was more in all categories except fever with rash, where females (53.34%) were more. Children <16 years of age were found to be the predominant age group for suspected viral diarrhoea (85.26%), encephalitis (76.96%), fever of unknown origin (40.16%), and respiratory infections (27.23%). Conclusion Not only vector-borne diseases pose a threat to the Odisha state, but other viral illnesses have also emerged. This detailed report of different viral diseases in the state of Odisha will support public health management.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sabat
- VRDL, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - S Subhadra
- VRDL, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - LM Ho
- VRDL, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - B Dwibedi
- Department of Pediatrics, AIIMS; Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
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Tandale BV, Tomar SJ, Bondre VP, Sapkal GN, Damle RG, Narang R, Qazi MS, Padmaja GV, Jain M, Jain D, Guduru VK, Jain J, Gosavi RV, Sekhar VC, Infectious-Encephalitis-Aetiologies-Study-Group, Pavitrakar DV, Shankarraman V, Mahamuni SA, Salunkhe A, Khude P, Deshmukh PS, Deshmukh PR, Raut AV, Niswade AK, Bansod YV, Narlawar UW, Talpalliwar M, Rathod P, Kumari Jha P, Rao RK, Jyothi K, Soujanya BP, Kumar MP, Kumar KJK, Taksande A, Kumar S, Mudey G, Yelke B, Kamble M, Tankhiwale S. Infectious causes of acute encephalitis syndrome hospitalizations in Central India, 2018-20. J Clin Virol 2022; 153:105194. [PMID: 35687988 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2022.105194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Bhowmick IP, Pandey A, Subbarao SK, Pebam R, Majumder T, Nath A, Nandi D, Basu A, Sarkar A, Majumder S, Debbarma J, Dasgupta D, Borgohain A, Chanda R, Das M, Gogoi K, Gogoi K, Joshi PL, Kaur H, Borkakoti B, Ranjan Bhattacharya D, Khan AM, Sen S, Narain K. Diagnosis of Indigenous Non-Malarial Vector-Borne Infections from Malaria Negative Samples from Community and Rural Hospital Surveillance in Dhalai District, Tripura, North-East India. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:362. [PMID: 35204453 PMCID: PMC8871021 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12020362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The aetiology of non-malaria vector-borne diseases in malaria-endemic, forested, rural, and tribal-dominated areas of Dhalai, Tripura, in north-east India, was studied for the first time in the samples collected from malaria Rapid Diagnostic Kit negative febrile patients by door-to-door visits in the villages and primary health centres. Two hundred and sixty serum samples were tested for the Dengue NS1 antigen and the IgM antibodies of Dengue, Chikungunya, Scrub Typhus (ST), and Japanese Encephalitis (JE) during April 2019-March 2020. Fifteen Dengue, six JE, twelve Chikungunya, nine ST and three Leptospirosis, and mixed infections of three JE + Chikungunya, four Dengue + Chikungunya, three Dengue + JE + Chikungunya, one Dengue + Chikungunya + ST, and one Dengue + ST were found positive by IgM ELISA tests, and four for the Dengue NS1 antigen, all without any travel history. True prevalence values estimated for infections detected by Dengue IgM were 0.134 (95% CI: 0.08-0.2), Chikungunya were 0.084 (95% CI: 0.05-0.13), Scrub were 0.043 (95% CI: 0.01-0.09), and Japanese Encephalitis were 0.045 (95% CI: 0.02-0.09). Dengue and Chikungunya were associated significantly more with a younger age. There was a lack of a defined set of symptoms for any of the Dengue, Chikungunya, JE or ST infections, as indicated by the k-modes cluster analysis. Interestingly, most of these symptoms have an overlapping set with malaria; thereby, it becomes imperative that malaria and these non-malaria vector-borne disease diagnoses are made in a coordinated manner. Findings from this study call for advances in routine diagnostic procedures and the development of a protocol that can accommodate, currently, in practicing the rapid diagnosis of malaria and other vector-borne diseases, which is doable even in the resource-poor settings of rural hospitals and during community fever surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ipsita Pal Bhowmick
- Regional Medical Research Center-Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, India; (J.D.); (D.D.); (M.D.); (K.G.); (K.G.); (B.B.); (D.R.B.); (K.N.)
| | - Apoorva Pandey
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Ramalingaswami Bhavan, New Delhi 110029, India; (A.P.); (H.K.); (A.M.K.)
| | - Sarala K. Subbarao
- Formerly National Institute of Malaria Research, Indian Council of Medical Research ICMR, New Delhi 110029, India;
| | - Rocky Pebam
- North Eastern Space Applications Centre, Department of Space, Government of India Umiam, Umiam 793103, India; (R.P.); (A.N.); (A.B.)
| | - Tapan Majumder
- Department of Microbiology, Agartala Government Medical College, Agartala 799006, India; (T.M.); (A.S.); (S.M.)
| | - Aatreyee Nath
- North Eastern Space Applications Centre, Department of Space, Government of India Umiam, Umiam 793103, India; (R.P.); (A.N.); (A.B.)
| | - Diptarup Nandi
- National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani 741251, India; (D.N.); (A.B.)
| | - Analabha Basu
- National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani 741251, India; (D.N.); (A.B.)
| | - Apurba Sarkar
- Department of Microbiology, Agartala Government Medical College, Agartala 799006, India; (T.M.); (A.S.); (S.M.)
| | - Saikat Majumder
- Department of Microbiology, Agartala Government Medical College, Agartala 799006, India; (T.M.); (A.S.); (S.M.)
| | - Jotish Debbarma
- Regional Medical Research Center-Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, India; (J.D.); (D.D.); (M.D.); (K.G.); (K.G.); (B.B.); (D.R.B.); (K.N.)
| | - Dipanjan Dasgupta
- Regional Medical Research Center-Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, India; (J.D.); (D.D.); (M.D.); (K.G.); (K.G.); (B.B.); (D.R.B.); (K.N.)
| | - Arup Borgohain
- North Eastern Space Applications Centre, Department of Space, Government of India Umiam, Umiam 793103, India; (R.P.); (A.N.); (A.B.)
| | - Rajdeep Chanda
- Department of Forestry, Mizoram University, Aizawl 796004, India;
| | - Mandakini Das
- Regional Medical Research Center-Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, India; (J.D.); (D.D.); (M.D.); (K.G.); (K.G.); (B.B.); (D.R.B.); (K.N.)
- Roche Diagnostics India Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai 400069, India
| | - Karuna Gogoi
- Regional Medical Research Center-Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, India; (J.D.); (D.D.); (M.D.); (K.G.); (K.G.); (B.B.); (D.R.B.); (K.N.)
| | - Kongkona Gogoi
- Regional Medical Research Center-Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, India; (J.D.); (D.D.); (M.D.); (K.G.); (K.G.); (B.B.); (D.R.B.); (K.N.)
| | - Pyare Laal Joshi
- Formerly National Vector Borne Disease Control Program (NVBDCP), New Delhi 110054, India;
| | - Harpreet Kaur
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Ramalingaswami Bhavan, New Delhi 110029, India; (A.P.); (H.K.); (A.M.K.)
| | - Biswajyoti Borkakoti
- Regional Medical Research Center-Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, India; (J.D.); (D.D.); (M.D.); (K.G.); (K.G.); (B.B.); (D.R.B.); (K.N.)
| | - Dibya Ranjan Bhattacharya
- Regional Medical Research Center-Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, India; (J.D.); (D.D.); (M.D.); (K.G.); (K.G.); (B.B.); (D.R.B.); (K.N.)
| | - Abdul Mamood Khan
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Ramalingaswami Bhavan, New Delhi 110029, India; (A.P.); (H.K.); (A.M.K.)
| | - Satyajit Sen
- Regional Office of Health and Family Welfare, Kolkata 700106, India;
| | - Kanwar Narain
- Regional Medical Research Center-Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, India; (J.D.); (D.D.); (M.D.); (K.G.); (K.G.); (B.B.); (D.R.B.); (K.N.)
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Rathore L, Khatri PK, Bora A, Meena SK, Bhooshan S, Maurya VK. Viral aetiology in paediatric age group patients admitted with acute febrile encephalopathy in Western Rajasthan. Indian J Med Microbiol 2022; 40:263-267. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmmb.2021.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Kumar D, Kumar D, Tiwari A, Sharma N, Yadav RK, Shukla KM. Cerebrospinal Fluid and Serum C-Reactive Protein among Children with Acute Encephalitis Syndrome. J PEDIAT INF DIS-GER 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1724020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives This study aimed to evaluate the positivity of C-reactive protein (CRP) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum in children presented with clinical diagnosis of acute encephalitis syndrome (AES).
Methods A total of 164 children between 6 months and 14 years with clinical diagnosis of AES were investigated. Qualitative CRP (slide agglutination) was determined in CSF and serum sample of each patient. On the basis of clinical examination and investigations, all the patients were divided into four groups as pyogenic meningitis, viral encephalitis, tuberculous meningitis, and cerebral malaria. The positivity of CRP in CSF and serum were compared in these groups.
Results CSF CRP was found to be positive in the majority of patients with pyogenic meningitis and a statistically significant (p ≤ 0.001) association was found between CSF CRP and final diagnosis of AES, while this association was nonsignificant (p = 0.141) in case of serum CRP. When we compared the CSF and serum CRP, serum CRP was found to be more suggestive of tuberculous meningitis, viral encephalitis, and cerebral malaria while CSF CRP was more sensitive and specific for the diagnosis of pyogenic meningitis.
Conclusion The sensitivity and specificity of CSF CRP for pyogenic meningitis was quite high. Serum CRP with a high sensitivity can be used as a screening test for different types of meningitis and cerebral malaria; however, its diagnostic accuracy has yet to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durgesh Kumar
- Department of Pediatrics, Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Sciences, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- Department of Pediatrics, Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Sciences, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Alok Tiwari
- Department of Child Health, National Health Mission, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Nishant Sharma
- Department of Pediatrics, Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Sciences, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar Yadav
- Department of Pediatrics, Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Sciences, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Krishan Mohan Shukla
- Department of Pediatrics, Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Sciences, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Thomas M, Swarnam K, Viswanathan IS, Remadevi GS, Khan N, Anilkumar TV. Clinical Profile and Outcome of Children with Acute Central Nervous System Infection in Kerala, India. EUROPEAN MEDICAL JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.33590/emj/20-00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aims: Infection of the central nervous system is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in children. The aim of this study was to evaluate clinical profile and outcome of children aged 1 month to 15 years admitted with acute central nervous system infection between 2008 and 2020 in the Department of Pediatrics, Ananthapuri Hospitals and Research Institute, Thiruvananthapuram, India.
Materials and methods: This was a case record based retrospective study.
Results: Of 62 children, 44 had meningitis and 18 had encephalitis. Most patients were in the age group 1-5 years old and males were the predominant sex (70.96%). Eighteen patients with meningitis had a clinical triad of fever, headache, and vomiting, while only three with encephalitis experienced this. Seizures and altered sensorium were seen significantly more in children with encephalitis. Cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis was seen in significantly more patients with meningitis compared with patients with encephalitis. Aetiology for meningitis included pneumococcus, Orientia tsutsugamushi (scrub typhus), meningococcus, and Angiostrongylus cantonensis infection. Causes of encephalitis included enterovirus, mumps virus, herpes simplex virus, dengue virus, and H1N1 influenza virus infection. Paediatric intensive care unit admission was more common for patients with encephalitis. One child with pneumococcal meningitis and another with dengue encephalitis died. Seizures were the most common sequelae.
Conclusion: Typical clinical features were not present in most patients with meningitis; therefore, a high index of suspicion is needed for early diagnosis. Exact aetiologies could not be identified in most of the patients. Pneumococcus, scrub typhus, and meningococcus were the aetiological agents identified for meningitis. Encephalitis was attributed to dengue virus, herpes simplex virus, enterovirus, mumps virus, and H1N1 influenza virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mili Thomas
- Department of Pediatrics, Ananthapuri Hospitals and Research Institute, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Kamala Swarnam
- Department of Pediatrics, Ananthapuri Hospitals and Research Institute, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Indu Sunitha Viswanathan
- Department of Pediatrics, Ananthapuri Hospitals and Research Institute, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Gopika Sekhar Remadevi
- Department of Pediatrics, Ananthapuri Hospitals and Research Institute, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Nazeer Khan
- Department of Pediatrics, Ananthapuri Hospitals and Research Institute, Thiruvananthapuram, India; Department of Neurology, Ananthapuri Hospitals and Research Institute, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - TV Anilkumar
- Department of Neurology, Ananthapuri Hospitals and Research Institute, Thiruvananthapuram, India
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14
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Das K, Das SK, Pradhan S, Sahoo PI, Mohakud NK, Swain A, Satpathy S. Clinical Feature and Outcome of Childhood Status Epilepticus in a Teaching Hospital, Odisha, India. Cureus 2020; 12:e10927. [PMID: 33194493 PMCID: PMC7657569 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.10927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives The main aim is to find out the clinical feature and outcome of status epilepticus (SE) in children managed in a teaching hospital. The secondary aim is to identify the risk factors influencing the adverse outcomes. Methods In this prospective cohort, children aged 1 month to 14 years with SE as per the International League Against Epilepsy’s new guideline (2016) who presented to the emergency department during the period of November 2017 to October 2019 were enrolled. Clinical profile, treatment, and outcome of cases (n = 94) were noted. Results The majority of children, 60 (63.82%), were less than five years of age. Prior history of seizures was present in 33 (35.1%) cases, whereas 61 (64.9%) cases presented with SE as the first episode of seizure. In 14 (42.4%) previous seizure cases, SE was due to drug default. No response to first-line antiepileptic drug (AED) was seen in 84 (89.37%) cases. Acute symptomatic etiology was the commonest etiology of SE in 64 (68%) cases, of which neuro-infections accounted for 44 (46.80%) cases. Longer duration (>60 minutes) of status (p < 0.01), ventilator support (p < 0.0001), and circulatory impairment (p < 0.0001) were attributable risk factors for mortality. A total of 28 children died (mortality rate, 29.8%), and 11 showed the persistence of their neuro-deficit. Conclusions Neuro-infection is the most common etiology of SE in children. Longer duration of SE, more lag time for receiving the first AED, respiratory failure, and presence of shock are independent predictors for poor outcome. Hence, cessation of convulsion at the earliest leads to improved outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kedarnath Das
- Pediatrics, Srirama Chandra Bhanja Medical College and Hospital, Cuttack, IND
| | - Santosh K Das
- Pediatrics, Srirama Chandra Bhanja Medical College and Hospital, Cuttack, IND
| | | | | | - Nirmal K Mohakud
- Pediatrics, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, IND
| | - Arakhita Swain
- Pediatrics, Srirama Chandra Bhanja Medical College and Hospital, Cuttack, IND
| | - Saroj Satpathy
- Pediatrics, Srirama Chandra Bhanja Medical College and Hospital, Cuttack, IND
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15
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Half a Century With Pediatric Viral Encephalitis. Indian Pediatr 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13312-020-2002-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Neurologic Manifestations of Systemic Disease: Seizure. Curr Treat Options Neurol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11940-020-00638-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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