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Rajkonwar J, Shende V, Maji AK, Pandey A, Sharma PK, Gunasekaran K, Subbarao SK, Bhattacharyya DR, Raghavendra K, Pebam R, Mayakrishnan V, Gogoi P, Senapati S, Sarkar P, Biswas S, Debbarma D, Nirmolia T, Jena SR, Bayan B, Talukder P, Sihag AK, Bharali HS, Verma A, Mahanta K, Sumer G, Karmakar R, Patgiri SJ, Chaudhuri S, Ganguli S, Kaur H, Bhattacharyya TK, Joshi PL, Goswami B, Baruah K, Pati S, Narain K, Bhowmick IP. First Report of Anopheles annularis s.l., An. maculatus s.s., and An. culicifacies s.l. as Malaria Vectors and a New Occurrence Record for An. pseudowillmori and An. sawadwongporni in Alipurduar District Villages, West Bengal, India. Microorganisms 2024; 12:95. [PMID: 38257922 PMCID: PMC10818895 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12010095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
A comprehensive entomological survey was undertaken in Alipurduar District, West Bengal, from 2018 to 2020 and in 2022. This study was prompted by reported malaria cases and conducted across nine villages, seven Sub-Centres, and three Primary Health Centres (PHCs). Mosquitoes were hand-collected with aspirators and flashlights from human dwellings and cattle sheds during the daytime. Both morphological and molecular techniques were used for species identification. Additionally, mosquitoes were tested for Plasmodium parasites and human blood presence. Mosquito species such as An. barbirostris s.l., An. hyrcanus s.l., An. splendidus, and An. vagus were morphologically identified. For species like An. annularis s.l., An. minimus s.s., An. culicifacies s.l., and An. maculatus s.s., a combination of morphological and molecular techniques was essential. The mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase gene subunit 1 (CO1) was sequenced for An. annularis s.l., An. maculatus s.s., An. culicifacies s.l., An. vagus, and some damaged samples, revealing the presence of An. pseudowillmori and An. fluviatilis. The major Anopheles species were An. annularis s.l., An. culicifacies s.l., and An. maculatus s.s., especially in Kumargram and Turturi PHCs. Plasmodium positivity was notably high in An. annularis s.l. and An. maculatus s.s. with significant human blood meal positivity across most species. Morphological, molecular, and phylogenetic analyses are crucial, especially for archived samples, to accurately identify the mosquito fauna of a region. Notably, this study confirms the first occurrence of An. pseudowillmori and An. sawadwongporni in West Bengal and implicates An. maculatus s.s., An. culicifacies s.l., and An. annularis s.l. as significant vectors in the Alipurduar region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jadab Rajkonwar
- Regional Medical Research Centre, Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, India; (J.R.); (V.S.); (D.R.B.); (V.M.); (P.G.); (S.S.); (P.S.); (S.B.); (B.B.); (P.T.); (A.K.S.); (H.S.B.); (A.V.); (K.M.); (G.S.); (R.K.); (S.J.P.); (S.P.); (K.N.)
| | - Varun Shende
- Regional Medical Research Centre, Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, India; (J.R.); (V.S.); (D.R.B.); (V.M.); (P.G.); (S.S.); (P.S.); (S.B.); (B.B.); (P.T.); (A.K.S.); (H.S.B.); (A.V.); (K.M.); (G.S.); (R.K.); (S.J.P.); (S.P.); (K.N.)
| | - Ananta Kumar Maji
- District Health & Family Welfare Samiti, Alipurduar 736121, India; (A.K.M.); (S.C.); (S.G.)
| | - Apoorva Pandey
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Ramalingaswami Bhavan, New Delhi 110029, India; (A.P.); (H.K.)
| | - Puran K. Sharma
- Department of Health & Family Welfare, Govt of West Bengal, Alipurduar 736121, India;
| | | | - Sarala K. Subbarao
- ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, Sector-8, Dwarka, New Delhi 110077, India;
| | - Dibya Ranjan Bhattacharyya
- Regional Medical Research Centre, Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, India; (J.R.); (V.S.); (D.R.B.); (V.M.); (P.G.); (S.S.); (P.S.); (S.B.); (B.B.); (P.T.); (A.K.S.); (H.S.B.); (A.V.); (K.M.); (G.S.); (R.K.); (S.J.P.); (S.P.); (K.N.)
| | - Kamaraju Raghavendra
- ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, Sector-8, Dwarka, New Delhi 110077, India;
| | - Rocky Pebam
- NorthEast Space Application Centre (NESAC), Department of Space, Government of India, Umiam 793103, India; (R.P.); (D.D.)
| | - Vijay Mayakrishnan
- Regional Medical Research Centre, Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, India; (J.R.); (V.S.); (D.R.B.); (V.M.); (P.G.); (S.S.); (P.S.); (S.B.); (B.B.); (P.T.); (A.K.S.); (H.S.B.); (A.V.); (K.M.); (G.S.); (R.K.); (S.J.P.); (S.P.); (K.N.)
| | - Phiroz Gogoi
- Regional Medical Research Centre, Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, India; (J.R.); (V.S.); (D.R.B.); (V.M.); (P.G.); (S.S.); (P.S.); (S.B.); (B.B.); (P.T.); (A.K.S.); (H.S.B.); (A.V.); (K.M.); (G.S.); (R.K.); (S.J.P.); (S.P.); (K.N.)
| | - Susmita Senapati
- Regional Medical Research Centre, Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, India; (J.R.); (V.S.); (D.R.B.); (V.M.); (P.G.); (S.S.); (P.S.); (S.B.); (B.B.); (P.T.); (A.K.S.); (H.S.B.); (A.V.); (K.M.); (G.S.); (R.K.); (S.J.P.); (S.P.); (K.N.)
| | - Pallabi Sarkar
- Regional Medical Research Centre, Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, India; (J.R.); (V.S.); (D.R.B.); (V.M.); (P.G.); (S.S.); (P.S.); (S.B.); (B.B.); (P.T.); (A.K.S.); (H.S.B.); (A.V.); (K.M.); (G.S.); (R.K.); (S.J.P.); (S.P.); (K.N.)
| | - Saurav Biswas
- Regional Medical Research Centre, Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, India; (J.R.); (V.S.); (D.R.B.); (V.M.); (P.G.); (S.S.); (P.S.); (S.B.); (B.B.); (P.T.); (A.K.S.); (H.S.B.); (A.V.); (K.M.); (G.S.); (R.K.); (S.J.P.); (S.P.); (K.N.)
| | - Daniel Debbarma
- NorthEast Space Application Centre (NESAC), Department of Space, Government of India, Umiam 793103, India; (R.P.); (D.D.)
| | | | - Sasmita Rani Jena
- Regional Office of Health and Family Welfare, Kolkata 700106, India; (S.R.J.); (T.K.B.)
| | - Bahniman Bayan
- Regional Medical Research Centre, Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, India; (J.R.); (V.S.); (D.R.B.); (V.M.); (P.G.); (S.S.); (P.S.); (S.B.); (B.B.); (P.T.); (A.K.S.); (H.S.B.); (A.V.); (K.M.); (G.S.); (R.K.); (S.J.P.); (S.P.); (K.N.)
| | - Pinki Talukder
- Regional Medical Research Centre, Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, India; (J.R.); (V.S.); (D.R.B.); (V.M.); (P.G.); (S.S.); (P.S.); (S.B.); (B.B.); (P.T.); (A.K.S.); (H.S.B.); (A.V.); (K.M.); (G.S.); (R.K.); (S.J.P.); (S.P.); (K.N.)
| | - Ashwarya Kumari Sihag
- Regional Medical Research Centre, Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, India; (J.R.); (V.S.); (D.R.B.); (V.M.); (P.G.); (S.S.); (P.S.); (S.B.); (B.B.); (P.T.); (A.K.S.); (H.S.B.); (A.V.); (K.M.); (G.S.); (R.K.); (S.J.P.); (S.P.); (K.N.)
| | - Himadri Sankar Bharali
- Regional Medical Research Centre, Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, India; (J.R.); (V.S.); (D.R.B.); (V.M.); (P.G.); (S.S.); (P.S.); (S.B.); (B.B.); (P.T.); (A.K.S.); (H.S.B.); (A.V.); (K.M.); (G.S.); (R.K.); (S.J.P.); (S.P.); (K.N.)
| | - Anisha Verma
- Regional Medical Research Centre, Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, India; (J.R.); (V.S.); (D.R.B.); (V.M.); (P.G.); (S.S.); (P.S.); (S.B.); (B.B.); (P.T.); (A.K.S.); (H.S.B.); (A.V.); (K.M.); (G.S.); (R.K.); (S.J.P.); (S.P.); (K.N.)
| | - Kongkon Mahanta
- Regional Medical Research Centre, Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, India; (J.R.); (V.S.); (D.R.B.); (V.M.); (P.G.); (S.S.); (P.S.); (S.B.); (B.B.); (P.T.); (A.K.S.); (H.S.B.); (A.V.); (K.M.); (G.S.); (R.K.); (S.J.P.); (S.P.); (K.N.)
| | - Gonsalo Sumer
- Regional Medical Research Centre, Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, India; (J.R.); (V.S.); (D.R.B.); (V.M.); (P.G.); (S.S.); (P.S.); (S.B.); (B.B.); (P.T.); (A.K.S.); (H.S.B.); (A.V.); (K.M.); (G.S.); (R.K.); (S.J.P.); (S.P.); (K.N.)
| | - Ranjan Karmakar
- Regional Medical Research Centre, Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, India; (J.R.); (V.S.); (D.R.B.); (V.M.); (P.G.); (S.S.); (P.S.); (S.B.); (B.B.); (P.T.); (A.K.S.); (H.S.B.); (A.V.); (K.M.); (G.S.); (R.K.); (S.J.P.); (S.P.); (K.N.)
| | - Saurav Jyoti Patgiri
- Regional Medical Research Centre, Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, India; (J.R.); (V.S.); (D.R.B.); (V.M.); (P.G.); (S.S.); (P.S.); (S.B.); (B.B.); (P.T.); (A.K.S.); (H.S.B.); (A.V.); (K.M.); (G.S.); (R.K.); (S.J.P.); (S.P.); (K.N.)
| | - Supriya Chaudhuri
- District Health & Family Welfare Samiti, Alipurduar 736121, India; (A.K.M.); (S.C.); (S.G.)
| | - Sumit Ganguli
- District Health & Family Welfare Samiti, Alipurduar 736121, India; (A.K.M.); (S.C.); (S.G.)
| | - Harpreet Kaur
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Ramalingaswami Bhavan, New Delhi 110029, India; (A.P.); (H.K.)
| | | | - Pyare Laal Joshi
- Directorate of National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, Delhi 110054, India; (P.L.J.); (K.B.)
| | | | - Kalpana Baruah
- Directorate of National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, Delhi 110054, India; (P.L.J.); (K.B.)
| | - Sanghamitra Pati
- Regional Medical Research Centre, Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, India; (J.R.); (V.S.); (D.R.B.); (V.M.); (P.G.); (S.S.); (P.S.); (S.B.); (B.B.); (P.T.); (A.K.S.); (H.S.B.); (A.V.); (K.M.); (G.S.); (R.K.); (S.J.P.); (S.P.); (K.N.)
| | - Kanwar Narain
- Regional Medical Research Centre, Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, India; (J.R.); (V.S.); (D.R.B.); (V.M.); (P.G.); (S.S.); (P.S.); (S.B.); (B.B.); (P.T.); (A.K.S.); (H.S.B.); (A.V.); (K.M.); (G.S.); (R.K.); (S.J.P.); (S.P.); (K.N.)
| | - Ipsita Pal Bhowmick
- Regional Medical Research Centre, Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, India; (J.R.); (V.S.); (D.R.B.); (V.M.); (P.G.); (S.S.); (P.S.); (S.B.); (B.B.); (P.T.); (A.K.S.); (H.S.B.); (A.V.); (K.M.); (G.S.); (R.K.); (S.J.P.); (S.P.); (K.N.)
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Devi KR, Deka A, Mukherjee D, Kaur H, Narain K. Immunoblotting Identification of Diagnostic Antigens of Paragonimus westermani Type 1 for the Detection of Human Pulmonary Paragonimiasis in North East India. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 9:6. [PMID: 38251203 PMCID: PMC10818403 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed9010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Human pulmonary paragonimiasis, an emerging concern in North East India, frequently masquerades as pulmonary tuberculosis due to clinical and radiological similarities, leading to diagnostic challenges. This research aimed to harness the immunoblotting technique to discern immunodiagnostic protein antigens from both adult worm and excretory-secretory (ES) extracts of the prevalent Paragonimus westermani type 1 in Arunachal Pradesh, North East India. We studied the time kinetics of immunoreactive patterns in relation to the duration of infection in rodent models. Immunoblot analyses were also conducted using sera from ELISA-positive patients confirmed with paragonimiasis, facilitating the selection of antigenic extracts with diagnostic potential. Further, ES protein antigens were subjected to 2D immunoblot analysis and immunoreactive protein spots identified using MALDI-TOF MS. The immunoreactivity patterns of ES antigens with sera of paragonimiasis-positive patients were detailed, and specific immunoreactive protein antigens were pinpointed using peptide mass fingerprinting (MALDI-TOF). This work underscores the enhanced diagnostic accuracy when combining ELISA with immunoblotting for pulmonary paragonimiasis in regions like North East India, marked by co-existing helminth infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangjam Rekha Devi
- Indian Council of Medical Research-Regional Medical Research Centre, Dibrugarh 786001, Assam, India; (K.R.D.); (A.D.)
| | - Archana Deka
- Indian Council of Medical Research-Regional Medical Research Centre, Dibrugarh 786001, Assam, India; (K.R.D.); (A.D.)
| | - Debdutta Mukherjee
- Indian Council of Medical Research-Regional Medical Research Centre, Dibrugarh 786001, Assam, India; (K.R.D.); (A.D.)
| | - Harpreet Kaur
- Indian Council of Medical Research-Headquarters, New Delhi 110029, India;
| | - Kanwar Narain
- Indian Council of Medical Research-Regional Medical Research Centre, Dibrugarh 786001, Assam, India; (K.R.D.); (A.D.)
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Srikar A, Venkataramana B, Mohan A, Sarma P, Rekha Devi K, Narain K, Chaudhury A. Molecular diversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates in Treatment-experienced Patients from Andhra Pradesh, India. J Infect Dev Ctries 2023; 17:1114-1124. [PMID: 37699092 DOI: 10.3855/jidc.17757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To get a comprehensive idea about the transmission and epidemiology of TB globally and locally, the use of molecular typing methods has become imperative not only for understanding genetic diversity but also the population structure of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC). We aimed to investigate the drug resistance pattern and genetic diversity of MTBC among previously treated patients with sputum smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis in a South Indian population. METHODOLOGY 104 patients with sputum smear positivity and who had previously undergone treatment were selected. Drug susceptibility testing, Spoligotyping, MIRU-VNTR, and SNP typing were performed. RESULTS Mono-resistance to isoniazid 16 (15.38%) was the highest among all drugs. Out of 104 isolates, 24 (23%) isolates were classified as MDR strains. The distributions of most common lineages were: EAI3-Ind-20 (19.23%), EAI5-13 (12.50%), Beijing-12 (11.54%), CAS1-Delhi- 9 (8.65%), and 7 (6.73%) each of T-H37rv, Unknown and Orphan types. MIRU-VNTR-based analysis revealed that there are two major groups: CAS1-Delhi and Beijing groups. Out of 104 isolates, 82 belonged to well-defined lineages and 6 clusters, and the remaining 22 were singletons. SNP analysis showed no mutations associated with five sets of genes in 33 strains. CONCLUSIONS The occurrence of 11.54% Beijing strains in South India is an important finding. High frequency of Isoniazid mono resistance noticed. Spoligotyping along with MIRU-VNTR and SNP typing is the best approach to the identification of strain lineages. No mutation with Antigen85C gene represents, can be used for vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anagoni Srikar
- Department of Microbiology, Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Banda Venkataramana
- Department of Microbiology, Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Alladi Mohan
- Department of Medicine, Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Pvgk Sarma
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Kangjam Rekha Devi
- Department of Enteric diseases, Regional Medical Research Centre, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Kanwar Narain
- Department of Enteric diseases, Regional Medical Research Centre, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Abhijit Chaudhury
- Department of Microbiology, Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Biswas S, Rajkonwar J, Nirmolia T, Jena SR, Sarkar U, Bhattacharyya DR, Borkakoty B, Pandey A, Subbarao SK, Majumder T, Pebam R, Gogoi P, Mahanta K, Narain K, Bhowmick IP. First Report of Rubber Collection Bowls & Plastic and Bamboo Water Containers as the Major Breeding Source of Ae. albopictus with the Indigenous Transmission of Dengue and Chikungunya in Rural Forested Malaria-Endemic Villages of Dhalai District, Tripura, India: The Importance of Molecular Identification. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2186. [PMID: 37626683 PMCID: PMC10452501 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11082186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the reports of indigenous cases of dengue and chikungunya in the forest-covered rural tribal malaria-endemic villages of Dhalai District, Tripura, India, an exploratory study was undertaken to identify the vector breeding sites. METHODS From June 2021 to August 2022, mosquito larvae were collected from both natural and artificial sources in the villages, house premises, and their nearby forested areas outside of the houses. Other than morphological characterisation, Aedes species were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction targeting both nuclear (ITS2) and mitochondrial genes (COI) followed by bidirectional Sanger sequencing. RESULTS Aedes albopictus was abundantly found in this area in both natural and artificial containers, whereas Ae. aegypti was absent. Among the breeding sources of molecularly confirmed Ae. albopictus species, rubber collection bowls were found to be a breeding source reported for the first time. Plastic and indigenously made bamboo-polythene containers for storing supply water and harvesting rainwater in the villages with a shortage of water were found to be other major breeding sources, which calls for specific vector control strategies. Natural sources like ponds and rainwater collected on Tectona grandis leaves and Colocasia axil were also found to harbour the breeding, along with other commonly found sources like bamboo stumps and tree holes. No artificial containers as a breeding source were found inside the houses. Mixed breeding was observed in many containers with other Aedes and other mosquito species, necessitating molecular identification. We report six haplotypes in this study, among which two are reported for the first time. However, Aedes aegypti was not found in the area. Additionally, rubber collection bowls, ponds, and water containers also showed the presence of Culex quinquefasciatus and Culex vishnui, known JE vectors from this area, and reported JE cases as well. Different Anopheles vector spp. from this known malaria-endemic area were also found, corroborating this area as a hotbed of several vectors and vector-borne diseases. CONCLUSIONS This study, for the first time, reports the breeding sources of Aedes albopictus in the forested areas of Tripura, with rubber collection bowls and large water storage containers as major sources. Also, for the first time, this study reports the molecular characterisation of the Ae. albopictus species of Tripura, elucidating the limitations of morphological identification and highlighting the importance of molecular studies for designing appropriate vector control strategies. The study also reports the co-breeding of JE and malaria vectors for the first time in the area reporting these vector-borne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurav Biswas
- Regional Medical Research Center, Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, India; (S.B.); (J.R.); (T.N.); (U.S.); (B.B.); (P.G.); (K.M.); (K.N.)
| | - Jadab Rajkonwar
- Regional Medical Research Center, Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, India; (S.B.); (J.R.); (T.N.); (U.S.); (B.B.); (P.G.); (K.M.); (K.N.)
| | - Tulika Nirmolia
- Regional Medical Research Center, Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, India; (S.B.); (J.R.); (T.N.); (U.S.); (B.B.); (P.G.); (K.M.); (K.N.)
| | - Sasmita Rani Jena
- Regional Office of Health and Family Welfare, Kolkata 700106, India;
| | - Ujjal Sarkar
- Regional Medical Research Center, Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, India; (S.B.); (J.R.); (T.N.); (U.S.); (B.B.); (P.G.); (K.M.); (K.N.)
| | - Dibya Ranjan Bhattacharyya
- Regional Medical Research Center, Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, India; (S.B.); (J.R.); (T.N.); (U.S.); (B.B.); (P.G.); (K.M.); (K.N.)
| | - Biswajyoti Borkakoty
- Regional Medical Research Center, Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, India; (S.B.); (J.R.); (T.N.); (U.S.); (B.B.); (P.G.); (K.M.); (K.N.)
| | - Apoorva Pandey
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Ramalingaswami Bhavan, Delhi 110029, India;
| | | | - Tapan Majumder
- Department of Microbiology & VRDL, Agartala Government Medical College, Agartala 799006, India;
| | - Rocky Pebam
- North East Space Application Centre (NESAC), Department of Space, Government of India, Umiam 793103, India;
| | - Phiroz Gogoi
- Regional Medical Research Center, Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, India; (S.B.); (J.R.); (T.N.); (U.S.); (B.B.); (P.G.); (K.M.); (K.N.)
| | - Kongkon Mahanta
- Regional Medical Research Center, Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, India; (S.B.); (J.R.); (T.N.); (U.S.); (B.B.); (P.G.); (K.M.); (K.N.)
| | - Kanwar Narain
- Regional Medical Research Center, Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, India; (S.B.); (J.R.); (T.N.); (U.S.); (B.B.); (P.G.); (K.M.); (K.N.)
| | - Ipsita Pal Bhowmick
- Regional Medical Research Center, Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, India; (S.B.); (J.R.); (T.N.); (U.S.); (B.B.); (P.G.); (K.M.); (K.N.)
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Stephen A, Nair S, Joshi A, Aggarwal S, Adhikari T, Diwan V, Devi KR, Mishra BK, Yadav GK, Sahu D, Gulati BK, Sharma S, Yadav J, Ovung S, Duggal C, Sharma M, Bangar SD, Rebecca PB, Rani S, Selvaraj P, Xavier GG, Peter V, Watson B, Kannan T, Asmathulla KSMD, Bhattacharya D, Turuk J, Palo SK, Kanungo S, Behera AK, Pandey AK, Zaman K, Misra B, Kumar N, Behera S, Singh R, Narain K, Kant R, Sahay S, Tiwari R, Thomas BE, Karikalan N, Panda S, Vardhana Rao MV, Ujagare D, Chinchore S. Gender differences in COVID-19 knowledge, risk perception, and public stigma among the general community: Findings from a nationwide cross-sectional study in India. Int J Disaster Risk Reduct 2023; 93:103776. [PMID: 37303828 PMCID: PMC10229202 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2023.103776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Individual and community characteristics predictive of knowledge, perception, and attitude on COVID-19, specifically on gender, have not been adequately explored. Objective To examine the gender differences in COVID-19 knowledge, self-risk perception and public stigma among the general community and to understand other socio-demographic factors which were predictive of them. Method A nationally representative cross-sectional multi-centric survey was conducted among adult individuals(≥18 yrs) from the community member (N = 1978) from six states and one union territory of India between August 2020 to February 2021. The participants were selected using systematic random sampling. The data were collected telephonically using pilot-tested structured questionnaires and were analyzed using STATA. Gender-segregated multivariable analysis was conducted to identify statistically significant predictors (p < 0.05) of COVID-19-related knowledge, risk perception, and public stigma in the community. Results Study identified significant differences between males and females in their self-risk perception (22.0% & 18.2% respectively) and stigmatizing attitude (55.3% & 47.1% respectively). Highly educated males and females had higher odds of having COVID-19 knowledge (aOR: 16.83: p < 0.05) than illiterates. Highly educated women had higher odds of having self-risk perception (aOR: 2.6; p < 0.05) but lower public stigma [aOR: 0.57; p < 0.05]. Male rural residents had lower odds of having self-risk perception and knowledge [aOR: 0.55; p < 0.05 & aOR: 0.72; p < 0.05] and female rural residents had higher odds of having public stigma [aOR: 1.36; p < 0.05]. Conclusion Our study findings suggest the importance of considering thegender differentials and their background, education status and residential status in designing effective interventions to improve knowledge and reduce risk perception and stigma in the community about COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Stephen
- Department of Social and Behavioral Research, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - Saritha Nair
- ICMR-National Institute of Medical Statistics, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Aparna Joshi
- School of Human Ecology, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai, India
| | - Sumit Aggarwal
- Division of Epidemiology & Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Tulsi Adhikari
- ICMR-National Institute of Medical Statistics, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Vishal Diwan
- Division of Environmental Monitoring & Exposure Assessment (Water & Soil), ICMR- National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India
| | - Kangjam Rekha Devi
- Divison of Enteric Disease, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, NE Region, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Bijaya Kumar Mishra
- Department of Medical, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | | | - Damodar Sahu
- ICMR-National Institute of Medical Statistics, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Bal Kishan Gulati
- ICMR-National Institute of Medical Statistics, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Saurabh Sharma
- ICMR-National Institute of Medical Statistics, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Jeetendra Yadav
- ICMR-National Institute of Medical Statistics, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Senthanro Ovung
- ICMR-National Institute of Medical Statistics, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Chetna Duggal
- School of Human Ecology, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai, India
| | - Moina Sharma
- Department of Environmental Health & Epidemiology, ICMR- National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India
| | - Sampada Dipak Bangar
- Divisions of Epidemiology and Statistics, ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pricilla B Rebecca
- Department of Social and Behavioral Research, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - S Rani
- Department of Social and Behavioral Research, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - Pradeep Selvaraj
- Office of District Non-Communicable Disease, Directorate of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Chennai, India
| | | | - Vanessa Peter
- Informational & Resource Centre for the Deprived Urban Communities, Chennai, India
| | - Basilea Watson
- Electronic Data Processing Unit, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - T Kannan
- Electronic Data Processing Unit, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
- Epidemiology and Statistics Unit, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - K S M D Asmathulla
- Integrated People Development Project Trust, Krishnagiri, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Debdutta Bhattacharya
- Department of Microbiology, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Jyotirmayee Turuk
- Department of Microbiology, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Subrata Kumar Palo
- Department of Microbiology, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
- Department of Epidemiology, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Srikanta Kanungo
- Department of Microbiology, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
- Department of Epidemiology, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Ajit Kumar Behera
- Department of Clinical, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | | | - Kamran Zaman
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - BrijRanjan Misra
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Niraj Kumar
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Rajeev Singh
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kanwar Narain
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, NE Region, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Rajni Kant
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Research Management, Policy, Planning and Coordination Cell, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Seema Sahay
- Social &Behavioral Research, ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | | | - Beena Elizabeth Thomas
- Department of Social and Behavioral Research, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - N Karikalan
- Department of Social and Behavioral Research, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - Samiran Panda
- Division of Epidemiology & Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - M Vishnu Vardhana Rao
- ICMR-National Institute of Medical Statistics, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Dhammsagar Ujagare
- Social &Behavioral Research, ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sneha Chinchore
- Social &Behavioral Research, ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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Sharma S, Aggarwal S, Kulkarni R, Kumar D, Mishra BK, Dwivedi GR, Devi KR, Mamidi RS, Singh KJ, Singh L, Sahu D, Adhikari T, Nair S, Kumar A, Juneja A, Sharma A, Begum S, Surve S, Prusty RK, Kumar S, Geddam JJB, Meur G, Mummadi MK, Kailash U, Palo SK, Kanungo S, Kshatri JS, Behera AK, Swain S, Singh R, Zaman K, Deval H, Pandey AK, Sarkar A, Kant R, Narain K, D’Aquino L, Gaym A, Singh VV, Rao MVV. Challenges in Accessing and Delivering Maternal and Child Health Services during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Rapid Survey from Six States of India. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023; 20:1538. [PMID: 36674296 PMCID: PMC9865999 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20021538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Globally, the COVID-19 pandemic and its prevention and control policies have impacted maternal and child health (MCH) services. This study documents the challenges faced by patients in accessing MCH services, and the experiences of health care providers in delivering those services during the COVID-19 outbreak, explicitly focusing on the lockdown period in India. METHODS A cross-sectional study (rapid survey) was conducted in 18 districts from 6 states of India during March to June, 2020. The sample size included 540 MCH patients, 18 gynaecologists, 18 paediatricians, 18 district immunisation officers and 108 frontline health workers. Bivariate analysis and multivariable analysis were used to assess the association between sociodemographic characteristics, and challenges faced by the patients. RESULTS More than one-third of patients (n = 212; 39%) reported that accessing MCH services was a challenge during the lockdown period, with major challenges being transportation-related difficulties (n = 99; 46%) unavailability of hospital-based services (n = 54; 23%) and interrupted outreach health services (n = 39; 18.4%). The supply-side challenges mainly included lack of infrastructural preparedness for outbreak situations, and a shortage of human resources. CONCLUSIONS/RECOMMENDATIONS A holistic approach is required that focuses on both preparedness and response to the outbreak, as well reassignment and reinforcement of health care professionals to continue catering to and maintaining essential MCH services during the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Sharma
- National Institute of Medical Statistics, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Sumit Aggarwal
- Indian Council of Medical Research, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Ragini Kulkarni
- National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Mumbai 400012, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- National Institute for Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur 482003, India
| | | | | | - K. Rekha Devi
- Regional Medical Research Centre, NE Region, Dibrugarh 751023, India
| | | | | | - Lucky Singh
- National Institute of Medical Statistics, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Damodar Sahu
- National Institute of Medical Statistics, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Tulsi Adhikari
- National Institute of Medical Statistics, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Saritha Nair
- National Institute of Medical Statistics, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Anil Kumar
- National Institute of Medical Statistics, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Atul Juneja
- National Institute of Medical Statistics, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Anshita Sharma
- National Institute of Medical Statistics, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Shahina Begum
- National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Mumbai 400012, India
| | - Suchitra Surve
- National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Mumbai 400012, India
| | - Ranjan Kumar Prusty
- National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Mumbai 400012, India
| | - Surendra Kumar
- National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Mumbai 400012, India
| | | | - Gargi Meur
- National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | | | - Uma Kailash
- National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Rajeev Singh
- Regional Medical Research Centre, Gorakhpur 273013, India
| | - Kamran Zaman
- Regional Medical Research Centre, Gorakhpur 273013, India
| | - Hirawati Deval
- Regional Medical Research Centre, Gorakhpur 273013, India
| | | | - Abu Sarkar
- Regional Medical Research Centre, NE Region, Dibrugarh 751023, India
| | - Rajni Kant
- Regional Medical Research Centre, Gorakhpur 273013, India
| | - Kanwar Narain
- Regional Medical Research Centre, NE Region, Dibrugarh 751023, India
| | | | - Asheber Gaym
- UNICEF, India Country Office, New Delhi 110003, India
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Rahi M, Yadav CP, Ahmad SS, Das P, Sharma S, Baharia RK, Bhattacharya D, Deshmukh P, Dhatrak A, Dogra S, Eapen A, Goel P, Faizi N, Khan SA, Kochar SK, Kochar A, Kumar A, Mundra A, Narang R, Narain K, Pandey K, Pati S, Raghav P, Ranjha R, Shah S, Singh K, Singh PK, Singh RK, Kuttiatt VS, Soni R, Sreehari U, Malhotra S, Sharma A. Vaccination coverage and breakthrough infections of COVID-19 during the second wave among staff of selected medical institutions in India. PLOS Glob Public Health 2023; 3:e0000946. [PMID: 37027349 PMCID: PMC10081792 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0000946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
India experienced the second wave of SARS-CoV-2 infection from April 3 to June 10, 2021. During the second wave, Delta variant B.1617.2 emerged as the predominant strain, spiking cases from 12.5 million to 29.3 million (cumulative) by the end of the surge in India. Vaccines against COVID-19 are a potent tool to control and end the pandemic in addition to other control measures. India rolled out its vaccination programme on January 16, 2021, initially with two vaccines that were given emergency authorization-Covaxin (BBV152) and Covishield (ChAdOx1 nCoV- 19). Vaccination was initially started for the elderly (60+) and front-line workers and then gradually opened to different age groups. The second wave hit when vaccination was picking up pace in India. There were instances of vaccinated people (fully and partially) getting infected, and reinfections were also reported. We undertook a survey of staff (front line health care workers and supporting) of 15 medical colleges and research institutes across India to assess the vaccination coverage, incidence of breakthrough infections, and reinfections among them from June 2 to July 10, 2021. A total of 1876 staff participated, and 1484 forms were selected for analysis after removing duplicates and erroneous entries (n = 392). We found that among the respondents at the time of response, 17.6% were unvaccinated, 19.8% were partially vaccinated (received the first dose), and 62.5% were fully vaccinated (received both doses). Incidence of breakthrough infections was 8.7% among the 801 individuals (70/801) tested at least 14 days after the 2nd dose of vaccine. Eight participants reported reinfection in the overall infected group and reinfection incidence rate was 5.1%. Out of (N = 349) infected individuals 243 (69.6%) were unvaccinated and 106 (30.3%) were vaccinated. Our findings reveal the protective effect of vaccination and its role as an essential tool in the struggle against this pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manju Rahi
- Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Chander Prakash Yadav
- ICMR- National Institute of Cancer Prevention & Research, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
- New Delhi and its Field Units (FUs), ICMR- National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Sundus Shafat Ahmad
- New Delhi and its Field Units (FUs), ICMR- National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Payal Das
- Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Shweta Sharma
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
- New Delhi and its Field Units (FUs), ICMR- National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajendra Kumar Baharia
- New Delhi and its Field Units (FUs), ICMR- National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Pradeep Deshmukh
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, Maharshtra, India
| | - Amey Dhatrak
- Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sandeep Dogra
- Government Medical College, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Alex Eapen
- New Delhi and its Field Units (FUs), ICMR- National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Pawan Goel
- Shaheed Hasan Khan Mewati Government Medical College, Mewat, Haryana, India
| | - Nafis Faizi
- Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Siraj A Khan
- Regional Medical Research Centre, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | | | - Aditya Kochar
- Sardar Patel Medical College, Bikaner, Rajasthan, India
| | | | - Anuj Mundra
- Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rahul Narang
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bibinagar, Telangana, India
| | - Kanwar Narain
- Regional Medical Research Centre, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Krishna Pandey
- Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar, India
| | | | - Pankaja Raghav
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Ritesh Ranjha
- New Delhi and its Field Units (FUs), ICMR- National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Salman Shah
- Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kuldeep Singh
- New Delhi and its Field Units (FUs), ICMR- National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Piyoosh Kumar Singh
- New Delhi and its Field Units (FUs), ICMR- National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Raj Kumar Singh
- New Delhi and its Field Units (FUs), ICMR- National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Uragayala Sreehari
- New Delhi and its Field Units (FUs), ICMR- National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Sumit Malhotra
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Amit Sharma
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
- New Delhi and its Field Units (FUs), ICMR- National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
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8
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Adhikari T, Aggarwal S, Nair S, Joshi A, Diwan V, Stephen A, Devi KR, Kumar Mishra B, Yadav GK, Bangar SD, Sahu D, Yadav J, Ovung S, Gulati BK, Sharma S, Singh C, Duggal C, Sharma M, Ujagare D, Padmakar Chinchore S, Rebecca PB, Rani S, Selvaraj P, Xavier GG, Peter V, Watson B, Kannan T, Asmathulla KSM, Bhattacharya D, Turuk J, Palo SK, Kanungo S, Kumar Behera A, Pandey AK, Zaman K, Misra BR, Kumar N, Behera SP, Singh R, Narain K, Kant R, Sahay S, Tiwari RR, Thomas BE, Rao MVV. Factors associated with COVID-19 stigma during the onset of the global pandemic in India: A cross-sectional study. Front Public Health 2022; 10:992046. [PMID: 36311615 PMCID: PMC9615248 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.992046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To assess factors associated with COVID-19 stigmatizing attitudes in the community and stigma experiences of COVID-19 recovered individuals during first wave of COVID-19 pandemic in India. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in 18 districts located in 7 States in India during September 2020 to January 2021 among adults > 18 years of age selected through systematic random sampling. Data on socio demographic and COVID-19 knowledge were collected from 303 COVID-19 recovered and 1,976 non-COVID-19 infected individuals from community using a survey questionnaire. Stigma was assessed using COVID-19 Stigma Scale and Community COVID-19 Stigma Scale developed for the study. Informed consent was sought from the participants. Univariate and multivariate binary logistic regression analysis were conducted. Results Half of the participants (51.3%) from the community reported prevalence of severe stigmatizing attitudes toward COVID-19 infected while 38.6% of COVID-19 recovered participants reported experiencing severe stigma. Participants from the community were more likely to report stigmatizing attitudes toward COVID-19 infected if they were residents of high prevalent COVID-19 zone (AOR: 1.5; CI: 1.2-1.9), staying in rural areas (AOR: 1.5; CI:1.1-1.9), belonged to the age group of 18-30 years (AOR: 1.6; CI 1.2-2.0), were male (AOR: 1.6; CI: 1.3-1.9), illiterate (AOR: 2.7; CI: 1.8-4.2), or living in Maharashtra (AOR: 7.4; CI: 4.8-11.3). COVID-19 recovered participants had higher odds of experiencing stigma if they had poor knowledge about COVID-19 transmission (AOR: 2.8; CI: 1.3-6.3), were staying for 6-15 years (AOR: 3.24; CI: 1.1-9.4) in the current place of residence or belonged to Delhi (AOR: 5.3; CI: 1.04-26.7). Conclusion Findings indicated presence of stigmatizing attitudes in the community as well as experienced stigma among COVID-19 recovered across selected study sites in India during the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic. Study recommends timely dissemination of factual information to populations vulnerable to misinformation and psychosocial interventions for individuals affected by stigma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tulsi Adhikari
- ICMR-National Institute of Medical Statistics, New Delhi, India
| | - Sumit Aggarwal
- Division of Epidemiology and Communicable Diseases (ECD), Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Saritha Nair
- ICMR-National Institute of Medical Statistics, New Delhi, India,*Correspondence: Saritha Nair
| | - Aparna Joshi
- School of Human Ecology, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vishal Diwan
- Division of Environmental Monitoring and Exposure Assessment (Water and Soil), ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - A. Stephen
- Department of Social and Behavioral Research, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K. Rekha Devi
- Enteric Disease Division, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Center, NE Region, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Bijaya Kumar Mishra
- Medical Department, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Center, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | | | - Sampada Dipak Bangar
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Damodar Sahu
- ICMR-National Institute of Medical Statistics, New Delhi, India
| | - Jeetendra Yadav
- ICMR-National Institute of Medical Statistics, New Delhi, India
| | - Senthanro Ovung
- ICMR-National Institute of Medical Statistics, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Saurabh Sharma
- ICMR-National Institute of Medical Statistics, New Delhi, India
| | - Charan Singh
- ICMR-National Institute of Medical Statistics, New Delhi, India
| | - Chetna Duggal
- School of Human Ecology, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Moina Sharma
- Department of Environmental Health and Epidemiology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Dhammasagar Ujagare
- Division of Social and Behavioral Research, ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sneha Padmakar Chinchore
- Division of Social and Behavioral Research, ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pricilla B. Rebecca
- Department of Social and Behavioral Research, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S. Rani
- Department of Social and Behavioral Research, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Pradeep Selvaraj
- Office of District Non-Communicable Disease, Directorate of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Vanessa Peter
- Information and Resource Center for the Deprived Urban Communities, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Basilea Watson
- Electronic Data Processing Unit (EDP), ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - T. Kannan
- Epidemiology Statistics Unit, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Debdutta Bhattacharya
- Department of Microbiology, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Center, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Jyotirmayee Turuk
- Department of Microbiology, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Center, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Subrata Kumar Palo
- Department of Epidemiology, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Center, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Srikanta Kanungo
- Department of Epidemiology, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Center, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Ajit Kumar Behera
- Clinical Department, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Center, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | | | - Kamran Zaman
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Center, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Brij Ranjan Misra
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Center, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Niraj Kumar
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Center, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Rajeev Singh
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Center, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kanwar Narain
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Center, NE Region, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Rajni Kant
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Center, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India,Research Management, Policy, Planning and Coordination Cell, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Seema Sahay
- Division of Social and Behavioral Research, ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rajnarayan R. Tiwari
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Beena Elizabeth Thomas
- Department of Social and Behavioral Research, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Ooi SZY, Dada OE, Bukenya GW, Kenfack YJ, Chi L, Ohonba E, Adeyemo E, Narain K, Awad AK, Barrie U, Sichimba D, Ogunfolaji O, Kitonga LM, Oriaku AJ, Bamimore MA, Okor DE, Rominiyi O. O021 Evaluating the impact of neurosurgical rotation experience in Africa on the interest and perception of medical students towards a career in neurosurgery: a continental, multi-centre, cross-sectional study. Br J Surg 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/bjs/znac242.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
Africa has the second-highest neurosurgical workforce deficit globally, and many medical students in Africa lack exposure to the field. This study aims to assess the impact of a neurosurgical rotation during medical school in shaping the perception and interest of students towards a career in neurosurgery.
Methods
This is a continental, multi-centre, cross-sectional study. A Google Form e-survey was disseminated to African clinical medical students between February 21st and March 20th, 2021. Data was analysed using descriptive statistics and adjusted logistic regression modelling.
Results
Data was received from 539 students in 30 African countries (n=30/54, 55.6%). The majority of participants were male (n=289/539, 53.6%) and were from Kenya (n=83/539, 15.4%). Most students had undertaken a clinical neurosurgery rotation (n=278/539, 51.6%); the majority reported a rotation length of four weeks or less (n=181/278, 65.1%). Students with clinical experience were less likely to pursue the specialty (p=0.02) and had a stronger perception that it is more difficult for women to pursue neurosurgery (p=0.0001) when compared to those without clinical experience. However, after adjusting for other factors, students with greater than four weeks of neurosurgical exposure were more likely to express a career interest in neurosurgery (odds ratio [OR]=1.75, p<0.04) and men were more likely to express interest in a neurosurgical career compared to women (OR=3.22, p<0.001).
Conclusion
Our findings support standardised, continent-wide, curriculum development, and advocacy supporting improved gender inclusivity in education and policy-making to improve the quality of neurosurgical exposure during medical school and tackle the workforce deficit across Africa.
Take-home message
A continent-wide, standardised curriculum guide to neurosurgical rotations, and advocacy for gender inclusivity in education and policy-making efforts across the African continent is required to shape the perception and interest of medical students towards a career in neurosurgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- SZY Ooi
- Cardiff University School of Medicine
| | - OE Dada
- College of Medicine, University of Ibadan , Ibadan , Nigeria
| | - GW Bukenya
- Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland Ohio
| | - YJ Kenfack
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Texas
| | - L Chi
- Vanderbilt School of Medicine , USA
| | - E Ohonba
- Department of Health , North West Province , South Africa
| | - E Adeyemo
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Texas
| | - K Narain
- Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal
| | - AK Awad
- Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University , Cairo , Egypt
| | - U Barrie
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Texas
| | - D Sichimba
- Michael Chilufya Sata School of Medicine, Copperbelt University , Kitwe , Zambia
| | - O Ogunfolaji
- College of Medicine, University of Ibadan , Ibadan , Nigeria
| | - LM Kitonga
- College of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nairobi , Kenya
| | | | - MA Bamimore
- School of Medicine, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine , Philadelphia
| | - DE Okor
- Department of Neurosurgery, Garki Hospital , Abuja , Nigeria
| | - O Rominiyi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Sheffield
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10
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Swargam S, Kumari I, Kumar A, Pradhan D, Alam A, Singh H, Jain A, Devi KR, Trivedi V, Sarma J, Hanif M, Narain K, Ehtesham NZ, Hasnain SE, Ahmad S. MycoVarP: Mycobacterium Variant and Drug Resistance Prediction Pipeline for Whole-Genome Sequence Data Analysis. Front Bioinform 2022; 1:805338. [PMID: 36303799 PMCID: PMC9580932 DOI: 10.3389/fbinf.2021.805338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) provides a comprehensive tool to analyze the bacterial genomes for genotype–phenotype correlations, diversity of single-nucleotide variant (SNV), and their evolution and transmission. Several online pipelines and standalone tools are available for WGS analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) complex (MTBC). While they facilitate the processing of WGS data with minimal user expertise, they are either too general, providing little insights into bacterium-specific issues such as gene variations, INDEL/synonymous/PE-PPE (IDP family), and drug resistance from sample data, or are limited to specific objectives, such as drug resistance. It is understood that drug resistance and lineage-specific issues require an elaborate prioritization of identified variants to choose the best target for subsequent therapeutic intervention. Mycobacterium variant pipeline (MycoVarP) addresses these specific issues with a flexible battery of user-defined and default filters. It provides an end-to-end solution for WGS analysis of Mtb variants from the raw reads and performs two quality checks, viz, before trimming and after alignments of reads to the reference genome. MycoVarP maps the annotated variants to the drug-susceptible (DS) database and removes the false-positive variants, provides lineage identification, and predicts potential drug resistance. We have re-analyzed the WGS data reported by Advani et al. (2019) using MycoVarP and identified some additional variants not reported so far. We conclude that MycoVarP will help in identifying nonsynonymous, true-positive, drug resistance–associated variants more effectively and comprehensively, including those within the IDP of the PE-PPE/PGRS family, than possible from the currently available pipelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Swargam
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Interdisciplinary Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Indu Kumari
- Inflammation Biology and Cell Signalling Lab, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, ICMR National Institute of Pathology, New Delhi, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- ICMR Computational Genomics Centre, Informatics Systems and Research Management (ISRM) Division, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), New Delhi, India
| | - Dibyabhaba Pradhan
- ICMR Computational Genomics Centre, Informatics Systems and Research Management (ISRM) Division, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), New Delhi, India
| | - Anwar Alam
- Inflammation Biology and Cell Signalling Lab, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, ICMR National Institute of Pathology, New Delhi, India
| | - Harpreet Singh
- ICMR Computational Genomics Centre, Informatics Systems and Research Management (ISRM) Division, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), New Delhi, India
| | - Anuja Jain
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Vishal Trivedi
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati, Guwahati, India
| | - Jogesh Sarma
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Guwahati, India
| | | | - Kanwar Narain
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Dibrugarh, India
| | - Nasreen Zafar Ehtesham
- Inflammation Biology and Cell Signalling Lab, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, ICMR National Institute of Pathology, New Delhi, India
| | - Seyed Ehtesham Hasnain
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India
- Department of Life Sciences, Sharda University, Greater NOIDA, India
| | - Shandar Ahmad
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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11
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Nirmolia T, Ahmed MA, Sathishkumar V, Sarma NP, Bhattacharyya DR, Mohapatra PK, Bansal D, Bharti PK, Sehgal R, Mahanta J, Sultan AA, Narain K, Patgiri SJ. Genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum AMA-1 antigen from the Northeast Indian state of Tripura and comparison with global sequences: implications for vaccine development. Malar J 2022; 21:62. [PMID: 35193607 PMCID: PMC8861999 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04081-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria continues to be a major public health problem in the Northeastern part of India despite the implementation of vector control measures and changes in drug policies. To develop successful vaccines against malaria, it is important to assess the diversity of vaccine candidate antigens in field isolates. This study was done to assess the diversity of Plasmodium falciparum AMA-1 vaccine candidate antigen in a malaria-endemic region of Tripura in Northeast India and compare it with previously reported global isolates with a view to assess the feasibility of developing a universal vaccine based on this antigen. Methods Patients with fever and malaria-like illness were screened for malaria and P. falciparum positive cases were recruited for the current study. The diversity of PfAMA-1 vaccine candidate antigen was evaluated by nested PCR and RFLP. A selected number of samples were sequenced using the Sanger technique. Results Among 56 P. falciparum positive isolates, Pfama-1 was successfully amplified in 75% (n = 42) isolates. Allele frequencies of PfAMA-1 antigen were 16.6% (n = 7) for 3D7 allele and 33.3% (n = 14) in both K1 and HB3 alleles. DNA sequencing revealed 13 haplotypes in the Pfama-1 gene including three unique haplotypes not reported earlier. No unique amino-acid substitutions were found. Global analysis with 2761 sequences revealed 435 haplotypes with a very complex network composition and few clusters. Nucleotide diversity for Tripura (0.02582 ± 0.00160) showed concordance with South-East Asian isolates while recombination parameter (Rm = 8) was lower than previous reports from India. Population genetic structure showed moderate differentiation. Conclusions Besides documenting all previously reported allelic forms of the vaccine candidate PfAMA-1 antigen of P. falciparum, new haplotypes not reported earlier, were found in Tripura. Neutrality tests indicate that the Pfama-1 population in Tripura is under balancing selection. This is consistent with global patterns. However, the high haplotype diversity observed in the global Pfama-1 network analysis indicates that designing a universal vaccine based on this antigen may be difficult. This information adds to the existing database of genetic diversity of field isolates of P. falciparum and may be helpful in the development of more effective vaccines against the parasite. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12936-022-04081-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tulika Nirmolia
- ICMR - Regional Medical Research Centre, North East Region, Dibrugarh, Assam, 786001, India
| | - Md Atique Ahmed
- ICMR - Regional Medical Research Centre, North East Region, Dibrugarh, Assam, 786001, India
| | - Vinayagam Sathishkumar
- ICMR - Regional Medical Research Centre, North East Region, Dibrugarh, Assam, 786001, India
| | - Nilanju P Sarma
- ICMR - Regional Medical Research Centre, North East Region, Dibrugarh, Assam, 786001, India.,SRL Reference Laboratory, Mumbai, 400060, India
| | - Dibya R Bhattacharyya
- ICMR - Regional Medical Research Centre, North East Region, Dibrugarh, Assam, 786001, India
| | - Pradyumna K Mohapatra
- ICMR - Regional Medical Research Centre, North East Region, Dibrugarh, Assam, 786001, India
| | - Devendra Bansal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine - Qatar, Cornell University, Doha, Qatar.,Ministry of Public Health, Doha, Qatar
| | - Praveen K Bharti
- ICMR - National Institute for Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, 482003, India
| | - Rakesh Sehgal
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, Punjab, 160012, India
| | - Jagadish Mahanta
- ICMR - Regional Medical Research Centre, North East Region, Dibrugarh, Assam, 786001, India
| | - Ali A Sultan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine - Qatar, Cornell University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Kanwar Narain
- ICMR - Regional Medical Research Centre, North East Region, Dibrugarh, Assam, 786001, India
| | - Saurav J Patgiri
- ICMR - Regional Medical Research Centre, North East Region, Dibrugarh, Assam, 786001, India.
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12
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Narain K, Devi KR, Borbora D, Upadhyay N, Goswami D, Rajguru SK. High prevalence of neurocysticercosis among patients with epilepsy in a tertiary care hospital of Assam, India. Trop Parasitol 2022; 12:15-20. [PMID: 35923269 PMCID: PMC9341139 DOI: 10.4103/tp.tp_72_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is a parasitic disease of the central nervous system, which is caused by the metacestode of the pork tapeworm, Taenia solium. The present unicentric, hospital-based, cross-sectional study was undertaken to assess the contribution of NCC as a cause of active epilepsy among patients attending a tertiary health care center in Assam, India. Materials and Methods: Over a period of 2 years, 152 active epilepsy patients were investigated based on clinical, epidemiological, neuroimaging (contrast-enhanced computerized tomography), and immunological techniques to establish the diagnosis of NCC. A precoded questionnaire was administered to patients and/or guardians to collect detailed medical history. Results: Ninety-three cases (61.2%) fulfilled either definitive or probable diagnostic criteria for NCC. Anti-cysticercus immunoglobulin G antibodies were detected by ELISA and enzyme electro-immune transfer blot in 69 (45.4%) active epilepsy patients. Seroprevalence was higher in males, 46.6% (54/116); than in females, 41.7% (15/36), and increased significantly with age; peaking in the 20–39 years age group (36/76; χ2 = 5.64; P = 0.02). Among the seropositive cases, 54 (78.3%) were diagnosed with NCC. A significantly higher number of seropositive individuals were diagnosed with NCC in the 20–39 years age group as compared to the 40 years and above age group (χ2 = 6.28; P = 0.01). The association between seropositivity for NCC, and the number of lesions in the brain was statistically significant (χ2 = −8.33; P = 0.003). Conclusions: This study indicates that NCC is a major cause of active epilepsy in Assam. A high prevalence of pediatric NCC is also a major concern.
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13
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Nair S, Joshi A, Aggarwal S, Adhikari T, Mahajan N, Diwan V, Stephen A, Devi KR, Mishra BK, Yadav GK, Kohli R, Sahu D, Gulati BK, Sharma S, Yadav J, Ovung S, Duggal C, Sharma M, Bangar SD, Andhalkar R, Rebecca PB, Rani S, Selvaraj P, Xavier GG, Peter V, Watson B, Kannan T, Md Asmathulla KS, Bhattacharya D, Turuk J, Palo SK, Kanungo S, Behera AK, Pandey AK, Zaman K, Misra BR, Kumar N, Behera SP, Singh R, Sarkar AH, Narain K, Kant R, Sahay S, Tiwari RR, Thomas BE, Panda S, Vardhana Rao MV. Development & validation of scales to assess stigma related to COVID-19 in India. Indian J Med Res 2022; 155:156-164. [PMID: 35859441 PMCID: PMC9552373 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_2455_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives COVID-19 pandemic has triggered social stigma towards individuals affected and their families. This study describes the process undertaken for the development and validation of scales to assess stigmatizing attitudes and experiences among COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 participants from the community. Methods COVID-19 Stigma Scale and Community COVID-19 Stigma Scale constituting 13 and six items, respectively, were developed based on review of literature and news reports, expert committee evaluation and participants' interviews through telephone for a multicentric study in India. For content validity, 61 (30 COVID-19-recovered and 31 non-COVID-19 participants from the community) were recruited. Test-retest reliability of the scales was assessed among 99 participants (41 COVID-19 recovered and 58 non-COVID-19). Participants were administered the scale at two-time points after a gap of 7-12 days. Cronbach's alpha, overall percentage agreement and kappa statistics were used to assess internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Results Items in the scales were relevant and comprehensible. Both the scales had Cronbach's α above 0.6 indicating moderate-to-good internal consistency. Test-retest reliability assessed using kappa statistics indicated that for the COVID-19 Stigma Scale, seven items had a moderate agreement (0.4-0.6). For the Community COVID-19 Stigma Scale, four items had a moderate agreement. Interpretation & conclusions Validity and reliability of the two stigma scales indicated that the scales were comprehensible and had moderate internal consistency. These scales could be used to assess COVID-19 stigma and help in the development of appropriate stigma reduction interventions for COVID-19 infected, and mitigation of stigmatizing attitudes in the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saritha Nair
- ICMR-National Institute of Medical Statistics, New Delhi, India
| | - Aparna Joshi
- School of Human Ecology, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sumit Aggarwal
- Division of Epidemiology & Communicable Diseases, Planning and Coordination Cell, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Tulsi Adhikari
- ICMR-National Institute of Medical Statistics, New Delhi, India
| | - Nupur Mahajan
- Division of Epidemiology & Communicable Diseases, Planning and Coordination Cell, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Vishal Diwan
- Division of Environmental Monitoring & Exposure Assessment (Water & Soil), ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - A Stephen
- Department of Social and Behavioral Research, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K Rekha Devi
- Divison of Enteric Disease, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, NE Region, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Bijaya Kumar Mishra
- Department of Medical, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | | | - Rewa Kohli
- Division of Social & Behavioral Research, ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Damodar Sahu
- ICMR-National Institute of Medical Statistics, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Saurabh Sharma
- ICMR-National Institute of Medical Statistics, New Delhi, India
| | - Jeetendra Yadav
- ICMR-National Institute of Medical Statistics, New Delhi, India
| | - Senthanro Ovung
- ICMR-National Institute of Medical Statistics, New Delhi, India
| | - Chetna Duggal
- School of Human Ecology, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Moina Sharma
- Department of Environmental Health & Epidemiology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Sampada Dipak Bangar
- Division of Epidemiology and Statistics, ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rushikesh Andhalkar
- Division of Epidemiology and Statistics, ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pricilla B Rebecca
- Department of Social and Behavioral Research, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Rani
- Department of Social and Behavioral Research, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Pradeep Selvaraj
- Office of District Non-Communicable Disease, Directorate of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Loyala College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Gladston G Xavier
- Department of Social Work, Loyala College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vanessa Peter
- Informational & Resource Centre for the Deprived Urban Communities, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Basilea Watson
- Electronic Data Processing Unit, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - T Kannan
- Epidemiology and Statistics Unit, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K S Md Asmathulla
- Integrated People Development Project Trust, Krishnagiri, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Debdutta Bhattacharya
- Department of Microbiology, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Jyotirmayee Turuk
- Department of Microbiology, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Subrata Kumar Palo
- Department of Epidemiology, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Srikanta Kanungo
- Department of Epidemiology, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Ajit Kumar Behera
- Department of Clinical, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | | | - Kamran Zaman
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Brij Ranjan Misra
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Niraj Kumar
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Rajeev Singh
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Abu Hasan Sarkar
- Divison of Enteric Disease, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, NE Region, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Kanwar Narain
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, NE Region, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Rajni Kant
- Research Management, Policy, Planning and Coordination Cell, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi; ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Seema Sahay
- Division of Social & Behavioral Research, ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | | | - Beena Elizabeth Thomas
- Department of Social and Behavioral Research, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Samiran Panda
- Division of Epidemiology & Communicable Diseases, Planning and Coordination Cell, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
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14
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Khatonier R, Ahmed G, Sarmah P, Narain K, Khan AM. Immunomodulatory role of Th17 pathway in experimental visceral leishmaniasis. Immunobiology 2021; 226:152148. [PMID: 34773853 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2021.152148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) or Kala-azar is a vector borne protozoan infection caused by Leishmania donovani in the Indian subcontinent mainly India, Nepal and Bangladesh. It is a major public health problem in these countries mostly affecting the socio-economically poor population. Leishmaniasis ranks the third most important disease after malaria and filariasis but is still considered as one of the neglected tropical diseases of the world. For development of better therapeutic agents and effective vaccine against VL, there is a need to understand host immunological changes that play a vital role during course of infection. Therefore, we investigated the role of Th17 pathway in Balb/c mice during Leishmania donovani infection and treatment with amphotericin B. Mice were divided in four groups i.e. Control, Infected, Uninfected treated and Infected treated. The cytokine levels were estimated in the spleen of Balb/c mice on days 1, 3, 7, 14, 17, 21, 28, 35, 45 and 60 post infection and during course of treatment. The mRNA levels of the Th17 pathway during active Leishmania donovani infection and after treatment were determined by real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and protein levels by flow cytometry and ELISA. Results of our study revealed that active infection was associated with low levels of Th17 cytokines IL-17, IL-22 and IL-23 and elevated levels of IL-6, IL-1β and TGF-β. Amphotericin B treatment restored production of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-17 and IL-22. The levels of transcription factor RORγt were found to correlate with the levels of IL-17 during infection and also after chemotherapy whereas STAT3 levels were elevated during infection and vice versa after treatment. The findings of this study suggest that Th17 cytokines IL-17 and IL-22 are associated with protection against VL infection and development of any interventions or chemotherapeutic agents targeting Th17 pathway could be an important approach for VL treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmita Khatonier
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, North-eastern Region, Post Box No-105, Dibrugarh 786001, Assam, India
| | - Giasuddin Ahmed
- Department of Biotechnology, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Pallab Sarmah
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, North-eastern Region, Post Box No-105, Dibrugarh 786001, Assam, India
| | - Kanwar Narain
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, North-eastern Region, Post Box No-105, Dibrugarh 786001, Assam, India
| | - Abdul Mabood Khan
- Division of Epidemiology and Communicable Diseases (ECD), Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India.
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15
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Pal Bhowmick I, Chutia D, Chouhan A, Nishant N, Raju PLN, Narain K, Kaur H, Pebam R, Debnath J, Tripura R, Gogoi K, Ch Nag S, Nath A, Tripathy D, Debbarma J, Das N, Sarkar U, Debbarma R, Roy R, Debnath B, Dasgupta D, Debbarma S, Joy Tripura K, Reang G, Sharma A, Rahi M, Chhibber-Goel J. Validation of a Mobile Health Technology Platform (FeverTracker) for Malaria Surveillance in India: Development and Usability Study. JMIR Form Res 2021; 5:e28951. [PMID: 34757321 PMCID: PMC8663496 DOI: 10.2196/28951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A surveillance system is the foundation for disease prevention and control. Malaria surveillance is crucial for tracking regional and temporal patterns in disease incidence, assisting in recorded details, timely reporting, and frequency of analysis. Objective In this study, we aim to develop an integrated surveillance graphical app called FeverTracker, which has been designed to assist the community and health care workers in digital surveillance and thereby contribute toward malaria control and elimination. Methods FeverTracker uses a geographic information system and is linked to a web app with automated data digitization, SMS text messaging, and advisory instructions, thereby allowing immediate notification of individual cases to district and state health authorities in real time. Results The use of FeverTracker for malaria surveillance is evident, given the archaic paper-based surveillance tools used currently. The use of the app in 19 tribal villages of the Dhalai district in Tripura, India, assisted in the surveillance of 1880 suspected malaria patients and confirmed malaria infection in 93.4% (114/122; Plasmodium falciparum), 4.9% (6/122; P vivax), and 1.6% (2/122; P falciparum/P vivax mixed infection) of cases. Digital tools such as FeverTracker will be critical in integrating disease surveillance, and they offer instant data digitization for downstream processing. Conclusions The use of this technology in health care and research will strengthen the ongoing efforts to eliminate malaria. Moreover, FeverTracker provides a modifiable template for deployment in other disease systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ipsita Pal Bhowmick
- Regional Medical Research Centre-Northeastern Region, Indian Council of Medical Research, Dibrugarh, India
| | | | | | - Nilay Nishant
- North Eastern Space Applications Centre, Umaim, India
| | - P L N Raju
- North Eastern Space Applications Centre, Umaim, India
| | - Kanwar Narain
- Regional Medical Research Centre-Northeastern Region, Indian Council of Medical Research, Dibrugarh, India
| | | | - Rocky Pebam
- North Eastern Space Applications Centre, Umaim, India
| | - Jayanta Debnath
- Regional Medical Research Centre-Northeastern Region, Indian Council of Medical Research, Dibrugarh, India
| | - Rabindra Tripura
- Regional Medical Research Centre-Northeastern Region, Indian Council of Medical Research, Dibrugarh, India
| | - Kongkona Gogoi
- Regional Medical Research Centre-Northeastern Region, Indian Council of Medical Research, Dibrugarh, India
| | - Suman Ch Nag
- Regional Medical Research Centre-Northeastern Region, Indian Council of Medical Research, Dibrugarh, India
| | - Aatreyee Nath
- North Eastern Space Applications Centre, Umaim, India
| | - Debabrata Tripathy
- Regional Medical Research Centre-Northeastern Region, Indian Council of Medical Research, Dibrugarh, India
| | - Jotish Debbarma
- Regional Medical Research Centre-Northeastern Region, Indian Council of Medical Research, Dibrugarh, India
| | - Nirapada Das
- Regional Medical Research Centre-Northeastern Region, Indian Council of Medical Research, Dibrugarh, India
| | - Ujjwal Sarkar
- Regional Medical Research Centre-Northeastern Region, Indian Council of Medical Research, Dibrugarh, India
| | - Rislyn Debbarma
- Regional Medical Research Centre-Northeastern Region, Indian Council of Medical Research, Dibrugarh, India
| | - Rajashree Roy
- Regional Medical Research Centre-Northeastern Region, Indian Council of Medical Research, Dibrugarh, India
| | - Bishal Debnath
- Regional Medical Research Centre-Northeastern Region, Indian Council of Medical Research, Dibrugarh, India
| | - Dipanjan Dasgupta
- Regional Medical Research Centre-Northeastern Region, Indian Council of Medical Research, Dibrugarh, India
| | - Suraj Debbarma
- Regional Medical Research Centre-Northeastern Region, Indian Council of Medical Research, Dibrugarh, India
| | - Kamal Joy Tripura
- Regional Medical Research Centre-Northeastern Region, Indian Council of Medical Research, Dibrugarh, India
| | - Guneram Reang
- Regional Medical Research Centre-Northeastern Region, Indian Council of Medical Research, Dibrugarh, India
| | - Amit Sharma
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Indian Council of Medical Research, Dwarka, Delhi, India.,International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Manju Rahi
- Indian Council of Medical Research, Delhi, India
| | - Jyoti Chhibber-Goel
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
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Bhowmick IP, Nirmolia T, Pandey A, Subbarao SK, Nath A, Senapati S, Tripathy D, Pebam R, Nag S, Roy R, Dasgupta D, Debnath J, Gogoi K, Gogoi K, Borah L, Chanda R, Borgohain A, Mog C, Sarkar U, Gogoi P, Debnath B, Debbarma J, Ranjan Bhattacharya D, Joshi PL, Kaur H, Narain K. Dry Post Wintertime Mass Surveillance Unearths a Huge Burden of P. vivax, and Mixed Infection with P. vivax P. falciparum, a Threat to Malaria Elimination, in Dhalai, Tripura, India. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10101259. [PMID: 34684207 PMCID: PMC8541100 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10101259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
With India aiming to achieve malaria elimination by 2030, several strategies have been put in place. With that aim, mass surveillance is now being conducted in some malaria-endemic pockets. As dry season mass surveillance has been shown to have its importance in targeting the reservoir, a study was undertaken to assess the parasite load by a sensitive molecular method during one of the mass surveys conducted in the dry winter period. It was executed in two malaria-endemic villages of Dhalai District, Tripura, in northeast India, also reported as P. falciparum predominated area. The present study found an enormous burden of Rapid Diagnostic Test negative malaria cases with P. vivax along with P. vivax and P. falciparum mixed infections during the mass surveillance from febrile and afebrile cases in dry winter months (February 2021–March 2021). Of the total 150 samples tested, 72 (48%) were positive and 78 (52%) negative for malaria by PCR. Out of the 72 positives, 6 (8.33%) were P. falciparum, 40 (55.55%) P. vivax, and 26 (36.11%) mixed infections. Out of 78 malaria negative samples, 6 (7.7%) were with symptoms, while among the total malaria positive, 72 cases 7 (9.8%) were with symptoms, and 65 (90.2%) were asymptomatic. Out of 114 samples tested by both microscopy and PCR, 42 samples turned out to be submicroscopic with 4 P. falciparum, 23 P. vivax, and 15 mixed infections. Although all P. vivax submicroscopic infections were asymptomatic, three P. falciparum cases were found to be febrile. Evidence of malaria transmission was also found in the vectors in the winter month. The study ascertained the use of molecular diagnostic techniques in detecting the actual burden of malaria, especially of P. vivax, in mass surveys. As Jhum cultivators in Tripura are at high risk, screening for the malarial reservoirs in pre-Jhum months can help with malaria control and elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ipsita Pal Bhowmick
- Regional Medical Research Center-Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, India; (T.N.); (S.S.); (D.T.); (S.N.); (R.R.); (D.D.); (J.D.); (K.G.); (K.G.); (L.B.); (C.M.); (U.S.); (P.G.); (B.D.); (J.D.); (D.R.B.); (K.N.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Tulika Nirmolia
- Regional Medical Research Center-Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, India; (T.N.); (S.S.); (D.T.); (S.N.); (R.R.); (D.D.); (J.D.); (K.G.); (K.G.); (L.B.); (C.M.); (U.S.); (P.G.); (B.D.); (J.D.); (D.R.B.); (K.N.)
| | - Apoorva Pandey
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Ramalingaswami Bhavan, Delhi 110029, India; (A.P.); (H.K.)
| | - Sarala K. Subbarao
- Formerly National Institute of Malaria Research-ICMR, Delhi 110077, India;
| | - Aatreyee Nath
- Northeastern Space Applications Centre, Department of Space, Government of India, Umiam 793103, India; (A.N.); (R.P.); (A.B.)
| | - Susmita Senapati
- Regional Medical Research Center-Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, India; (T.N.); (S.S.); (D.T.); (S.N.); (R.R.); (D.D.); (J.D.); (K.G.); (K.G.); (L.B.); (C.M.); (U.S.); (P.G.); (B.D.); (J.D.); (D.R.B.); (K.N.)
| | - Debabrata Tripathy
- Regional Medical Research Center-Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, India; (T.N.); (S.S.); (D.T.); (S.N.); (R.R.); (D.D.); (J.D.); (K.G.); (K.G.); (L.B.); (C.M.); (U.S.); (P.G.); (B.D.); (J.D.); (D.R.B.); (K.N.)
| | - Rocky Pebam
- Northeastern Space Applications Centre, Department of Space, Government of India, Umiam 793103, India; (A.N.); (R.P.); (A.B.)
| | - Suman Nag
- Regional Medical Research Center-Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, India; (T.N.); (S.S.); (D.T.); (S.N.); (R.R.); (D.D.); (J.D.); (K.G.); (K.G.); (L.B.); (C.M.); (U.S.); (P.G.); (B.D.); (J.D.); (D.R.B.); (K.N.)
| | - Rajashree Roy
- Regional Medical Research Center-Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, India; (T.N.); (S.S.); (D.T.); (S.N.); (R.R.); (D.D.); (J.D.); (K.G.); (K.G.); (L.B.); (C.M.); (U.S.); (P.G.); (B.D.); (J.D.); (D.R.B.); (K.N.)
| | - Dipanjan Dasgupta
- Regional Medical Research Center-Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, India; (T.N.); (S.S.); (D.T.); (S.N.); (R.R.); (D.D.); (J.D.); (K.G.); (K.G.); (L.B.); (C.M.); (U.S.); (P.G.); (B.D.); (J.D.); (D.R.B.); (K.N.)
| | - Jayanta Debnath
- Regional Medical Research Center-Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, India; (T.N.); (S.S.); (D.T.); (S.N.); (R.R.); (D.D.); (J.D.); (K.G.); (K.G.); (L.B.); (C.M.); (U.S.); (P.G.); (B.D.); (J.D.); (D.R.B.); (K.N.)
| | - Kongkona Gogoi
- Regional Medical Research Center-Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, India; (T.N.); (S.S.); (D.T.); (S.N.); (R.R.); (D.D.); (J.D.); (K.G.); (K.G.); (L.B.); (C.M.); (U.S.); (P.G.); (B.D.); (J.D.); (D.R.B.); (K.N.)
| | - Karuna Gogoi
- Regional Medical Research Center-Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, India; (T.N.); (S.S.); (D.T.); (S.N.); (R.R.); (D.D.); (J.D.); (K.G.); (K.G.); (L.B.); (C.M.); (U.S.); (P.G.); (B.D.); (J.D.); (D.R.B.); (K.N.)
| | - Lakhyajit Borah
- Regional Medical Research Center-Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, India; (T.N.); (S.S.); (D.T.); (S.N.); (R.R.); (D.D.); (J.D.); (K.G.); (K.G.); (L.B.); (C.M.); (U.S.); (P.G.); (B.D.); (J.D.); (D.R.B.); (K.N.)
| | | | - Arup Borgohain
- Northeastern Space Applications Centre, Department of Space, Government of India, Umiam 793103, India; (A.N.); (R.P.); (A.B.)
| | - Chelapro Mog
- Regional Medical Research Center-Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, India; (T.N.); (S.S.); (D.T.); (S.N.); (R.R.); (D.D.); (J.D.); (K.G.); (K.G.); (L.B.); (C.M.); (U.S.); (P.G.); (B.D.); (J.D.); (D.R.B.); (K.N.)
| | - Ujjwal Sarkar
- Regional Medical Research Center-Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, India; (T.N.); (S.S.); (D.T.); (S.N.); (R.R.); (D.D.); (J.D.); (K.G.); (K.G.); (L.B.); (C.M.); (U.S.); (P.G.); (B.D.); (J.D.); (D.R.B.); (K.N.)
| | - Phiroz Gogoi
- Regional Medical Research Center-Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, India; (T.N.); (S.S.); (D.T.); (S.N.); (R.R.); (D.D.); (J.D.); (K.G.); (K.G.); (L.B.); (C.M.); (U.S.); (P.G.); (B.D.); (J.D.); (D.R.B.); (K.N.)
| | - Bishal Debnath
- Regional Medical Research Center-Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, India; (T.N.); (S.S.); (D.T.); (S.N.); (R.R.); (D.D.); (J.D.); (K.G.); (K.G.); (L.B.); (C.M.); (U.S.); (P.G.); (B.D.); (J.D.); (D.R.B.); (K.N.)
| | - Jyotish Debbarma
- Regional Medical Research Center-Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, India; (T.N.); (S.S.); (D.T.); (S.N.); (R.R.); (D.D.); (J.D.); (K.G.); (K.G.); (L.B.); (C.M.); (U.S.); (P.G.); (B.D.); (J.D.); (D.R.B.); (K.N.)
| | - Dibya Ranjan Bhattacharya
- Regional Medical Research Center-Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, India; (T.N.); (S.S.); (D.T.); (S.N.); (R.R.); (D.D.); (J.D.); (K.G.); (K.G.); (L.B.); (C.M.); (U.S.); (P.G.); (B.D.); (J.D.); (D.R.B.); (K.N.)
| | - Pyare Lal Joshi
- Formerly National Vector Borne Disease Control Program (NVBDCP), Delhi 110054, India;
| | - Harpreet Kaur
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Ramalingaswami Bhavan, Delhi 110029, India; (A.P.); (H.K.)
| | - Kanwar Narain
- Regional Medical Research Center-Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, India; (T.N.); (S.S.); (D.T.); (S.N.); (R.R.); (D.D.); (J.D.); (K.G.); (K.G.); (L.B.); (C.M.); (U.S.); (P.G.); (B.D.); (J.D.); (D.R.B.); (K.N.)
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17
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Murhekar MV, Bhatnagar T, Thangaraj JWV, Saravanakumar V, Kumar MS, Selvaraju S, Rade K, Kumar CPG, Sabarinathan R, Turuk A, Asthana S, Balachandar R, Bangar SD, Bansal AK, Chopra V, Das D, Deb AK, Devi KR, Dhikav V, Dwivedi GR, Khan SMS, Kumar MS, Laxmaiah A, Madhukar M, Mahapatra A, Rangaraju C, Turuk J, Yadav R, Andhalkar R, Arunraj K, Bharadwaj DK, Bharti P, Bhattacharya D, Bhat J, Chahal AS, Chakraborty D, Chaudhury A, Deval H, Dhatrak S, Dayal R, Elantamilan D, Giridharan P, Haq I, Hudda RK, Jagjeevan B, Kalliath A, Kanungo S, Krishnan NN, Kshatri JS, Kumar A, Kumar N, Kumar VGV, Lakshmi GGJN, Mehta G, Mishra NK, Mitra A, Nagbhushanam K, Nimmathota A, Nirmala AR, Pandey AK, Prasad GV, Qurieshi MA, Reddy SD, Robinson A, Sahay S, Saxena R, Sekar K, Shukla VK, Singh HB, Singh PK, Singh P, Singh R, Srinivasan N, Varma DS, Viramgami A, Wilson VC, Yadav S, Yadav S, Zaman K, Chakrabarti A, Das A, Dhaliwal RS, Dutta S, Kant R, Khan AM, Narain K, Narasimhaiah S, Padmapriyadarshini C, Pandey K, Pati S, Patil S, Rajkumar H, Ramarao T, Sharma YK, Singh S, Panda S, Reddy DCS, Bhargava B. SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence among the general population and healthcare workers in India, December 2020-January 2021. Int J Infect Dis 2021; 108:145-155. [PMID: 34022338 PMCID: PMC8132496 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Earlier serosurveys in India revealed seroprevalence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) of 0.73% in May-June 2020 and 7.1% in August-September 2020. A third serosurvey was conducted between December 2020 and January 2021 to estimate the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection among the general population and healthcare workers (HCWs) in India. METHODS The third serosurvey was conducted in the same 70 districts as the first and second serosurveys. For each district, at least 400 individuals aged ≥10 years from the general population and 100 HCWs from subdistrict-level health facilities were enrolled. Serum samples from the general population were tested for the presence of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies against the nucleocapsid (N) and spike (S1-RBD) proteins of SARS-CoV-2, whereas serum samples from HCWs were tested for anti-S1-RBD. Weighted seroprevalence adjusted for assay characteristics was estimated. RESULTS Of the 28,598 serum samples from the general population, 4585 (16%) had IgG antibodies against the N protein, 6647 (23.2%) had IgG antibodies against the S1-RBD protein, and 7436 (26%) had IgG antibodies against either the N protein or the S1-RBD protein. Weighted and assay-characteristic-adjusted seroprevalence against either of the antibodies was 24.1% [95% confidence interval (CI) 23.0-25.3%]. Among 7385 HCWs, the seroprevalence of anti-S1-RBD IgG antibodies was 25.6% (95% CI 23.5-27.8%). CONCLUSIONS Nearly one in four individuals aged ≥10 years from the general population as well as HCWs in India had been exposed to SARS-CoV-2 by December 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj V Murhekar
- ICMR National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Tarun Bhatnagar
- ICMR National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - V Saravanakumar
- ICMR National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Sriram Selvaraju
- ICMR National Institute of Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kiran Rade
- WHO Country Office for India, New Delhi, India
| | - C P Girish Kumar
- ICMR National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R Sabarinathan
- ICMR National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Alka Turuk
- Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Smita Asthana
- ICMR National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, NOIDA, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rakesh Balachandar
- ICMR National Institute of Occupational Health, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | | | - Avi Kumar Bansal
- ICMR National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vishal Chopra
- State TB Training and Demonstration Centre, Patiala, Punjab, India
| | - Dasarathi Das
- ICMR Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Alok Kumar Deb
- ICMR National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Kangjam Rekha Devi
- ICMR Regional Medical Research Centre, N.E. Region, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Vikas Dhikav
- ICMR National Institute for Implementation Research on Non-Communicable Diseases, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | | | | | - M Sunil Kumar
- State TB Training and Demonstration Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Avula Laxmaiah
- ICMR National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Major Madhukar
- ICMR Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar, India
| | | | - Chethana Rangaraju
- National Tuberculosis Institute, Bangalore and Lady Willingdon State TB Centre, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Rajiv Yadav
- ICMR National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Rushikesh Andhalkar
- ICMR National Institute of Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K Arunraj
- ICMR National Institute of Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Pravin Bharti
- ICMR National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | | | - Jyothi Bhat
- ICMR National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | | | - Debjit Chakraborty
- ICMR National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Anshuman Chaudhury
- ICMR National Institute of Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Hirawati Deval
- ICMR Regional Medical Research Centre, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sarang Dhatrak
- ICMR National Institute of Occupational Health, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Rakesh Dayal
- State TB Training and Demonstration Centre, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - D Elantamilan
- ICMR National Institute for Implementation Research on Non-Communicable Diseases, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | | | - Inaamul Haq
- Government Medical College Srinagar, Srinagar, Jammu, India
| | - Ramesh Kumar Hudda
- ICMR National Institute for Implementation Research on Non-Communicable Diseases, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Babu Jagjeevan
- ICMR National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Arshad Kalliath
- State TB Training and Demonstration Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Srikanta Kanungo
- ICMR Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | | | | | - Alok Kumar
- ICMR National Institute of Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Niraj Kumar
- ICMR Regional Medical Research Centre, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - V G Vinoth Kumar
- ICMR National Institute of Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Ganesh Mehta
- ICMR National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Nandan Kumar Mishra
- ICMR National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anindya Mitra
- State TB Training and Demonstration Centre, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - K Nagbhushanam
- ICMR National Institute of Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - A R Nirmala
- National Tuberculosis Institute, Bangalore and Lady Willingdon State TB Centre, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | | | | | | | | | - Aby Robinson
- ICMR National Institute of Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Seema Sahay
- ICMR National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rochak Saxena
- State TB Training and Demonstration Centre, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Krithikaa Sekar
- ICMR National Institute of Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Hari Bhan Singh
- ICMR National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Prashant Kumar Singh
- ICMR National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, NOIDA, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pushpendra Singh
- ICMR National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Rajeev Singh
- ICMR Regional Medical Research Centre, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Nivetha Srinivasan
- ICMR National Institute of Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Ankit Viramgami
- ICMR National Institute of Occupational Health, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | | | - Surabhi Yadav
- ICMR National Institute of Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Suresh Yadav
- ICMR National Institute for Implementation Research on Non-Communicable Diseases, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Kamran Zaman
- ICMR Regional Medical Research Centre, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Amit Chakrabarti
- ICMR National Institute of Occupational Health, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Aparup Das
- ICMR National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - R S Dhaliwal
- ICMR National Institute for Implementation Research on Non-Communicable Diseases, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Shanta Dutta
- ICMR National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Rajni Kant
- ICMR Regional Medical Research Centre, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - A M Khan
- Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Kanwar Narain
- ICMR Regional Medical Research Centre, N.E. Region, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Somashekar Narasimhaiah
- National Tuberculosis Institute, Bangalore and Lady Willingdon State TB Centre, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Krishna Pandey
- ICMR Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Sanghamitra Pati
- ICMR Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Shripad Patil
- ICMR National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | | | - Y K Sharma
- State TB Training and Demonstration Centre, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Shalini Singh
- ICMR National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, NOIDA, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Samiran Panda
- Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - D C S Reddy
- Independent Consultant, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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18
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Devi KR, Pradhan J, Bhutia R, Dadul P, Sarkar A, Gohain N, Narain K. Molecular diversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in Sikkim, India and prediction of dominant spoligotypes using artificial intelligence. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7365. [PMID: 33795751 PMCID: PMC8016865 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86626-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In India, tuberculosis is an enormous public health problem. This study provides the first description of molecular diversity of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) from Sikkim, India. A total of 399 Acid Fast Bacilli sputum positive samples were cultured on Lőwenstein-Jensen media and genetic characterisation was done by spoligotyping and 24-loci MIRU-VNTR typing. Spoligotyping revealed the occurrence of 58 different spoligotypes. Beijing spoligotype was the most dominant type constituting 62.41% of the total isolates and was associated with Multiple Drug Resistance. Minimum Spanning tree analysis of 249 Beijing strains based on 24-loci MIRU-VNTR analysis identified 12 clonal complexes (Single Locus Variants). The principal component analysis was used to visualise possible grouping of MTBC isolates from Sikkim belonging to major spoligotypes using 24-MIRU VNTR profiles. Artificial intelligence-based machine learning (ML) methods such as Random Forests (RF), Support Vector Machines (SVM) and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) were used to predict dominant spoligotypes of MTBC using MIRU-VNTR data. K-fold cross-validation and validation using unseen testing data set revealed high accuracy of ANN, RF, and SVM for predicting Beijing, CAS1_Delhi, and T1 Spoligotypes (93-99%). However, prediction using the external new validation data set revealed that the RF model was more accurate than SVM and ANN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangjam Rekha Devi
- grid.420069.90000 0004 1803 0080N.E. Region, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-Regional Medical Research Centre, Post Box #105, Dibrugarh, Assam 786 001 India
| | - Jagat Pradhan
- National Tuberculosis Elimination Programme (NTEP), Gangtok, Sikkim India
| | - Rinchenla Bhutia
- National Tuberculosis Elimination Programme (NTEP), Gangtok, Sikkim India
| | - Peggy Dadul
- Department of Health Care, Human Services and Family Welfare, State Tuberculosis Control Society, Gangtok, Sikkim India
| | - Atanu Sarkar
- grid.420069.90000 0004 1803 0080N.E. Region, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-Regional Medical Research Centre, Post Box #105, Dibrugarh, Assam 786 001 India
| | - Nitumoni Gohain
- grid.420069.90000 0004 1803 0080N.E. Region, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-Regional Medical Research Centre, Post Box #105, Dibrugarh, Assam 786 001 India
| | - Kanwar Narain
- grid.420069.90000 0004 1803 0080N.E. Region, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-Regional Medical Research Centre, Post Box #105, Dibrugarh, Assam 786 001 India
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Devi KR, Borbora D, Upadhyay N, Goswami D, Rajguru SK, Narain K. Neurocysticercosis in patients with active epilepsy in the tea garden community of Assam, Northeast India. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7433. [PMID: 33795818 PMCID: PMC8016991 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86823-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurocysticercosis is a significant cause of epilepsy in the tropics. The present cross-sectional survey was conducted in the socioeconomically backward tea garden community of Assam to gauge the prevalence of neurocysticercosis in patients with active epilepsy and to determine the associated risk factors. In a door to door survey, a total of 1028 individuals from every fifth household of the study Teagarden were enrolled to identify self-reported seizure cases, followed by a neurological examination to confirm the diagnosis of active epilepsy. Patients with active epilepsy underwent clinical, epidemiological, neuroimaging (contrast-enhanced computerized tomography) and immunological evaluations to establish the diagnosis of neurocysticercosis. Clinically confirmed 53 (5.16%) active epilepsy were identified; 45 agreed to further assessment for neurocysticercosis and 19 (42.2%) cases fulfilled either definitive or probable diagnostic criteria for neurocysticercosis. Patients with epilepsy due to neurocysticercosis were more likely to suffer from taeniasis (20.0% vs 0.0%), rear pigs (57.9% vs 15.4%) or have pigs in their neighbourhood (78.9% vs 53.8%) relative to epileptic patients without neurocysticercosis. Rearing pigs (aOR 14.35, 95% CI: 3.98–51.75) or having pigs in the neighbourhood (aOR 12.34, 95% CI: 2.53–60.31) were independent risk factors of neurocysticercosis. In this community, the prevalence of taeniasis (adult worm infection) was 6.6% based on microscopy. The study reports a high prevalence of active epilepsy in the tea garden community of Assam and neurocysticercosis as its primary cause. The high prevalence of taeniasis is also a significant concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Rekha Devi
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, N. E. Region, Dibrugarh, Assam, 786001, India
| | - Debasish Borbora
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, N. E. Region, Dibrugarh, Assam, 786001, India.,Department of Biotechnology, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam, 781014, India
| | - Narayan Upadhyay
- Department of Neurology, Assam Medical College and Hospital, Dibrugarh, Assam, 786002, India
| | - Dibyajyoti Goswami
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, N. E. Region, Dibrugarh, Assam, 786001, India
| | - S K Rajguru
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, N. E. Region, Dibrugarh, Assam, 786001, India
| | - Kanwar Narain
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, N. E. Region, Dibrugarh, Assam, 786001, India.
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20
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Murhekar MV, Bhatnagar T, Selvaraju S, Rade K, Saravanakumar V, Vivian Thangaraj JW, Kumar MS, Shah N, Sabarinathan R, Turuk A, Anand PK, Asthana S, Balachandar R, Bangar SD, Bansal AK, Bhat J, Chakraborty D, Rangaraju C, Chopra V, Das D, Deb AK, Devi KR, Dwivedi GR, Salim Khan SM, Haq I, Kumar MS, Laxmaiah A, (Major) Madhukar, Mahapatra A, Mitra A, Nirmala A, Pagdhune A, Qurieshi MA, Ramarao T, Sahay S, Sharma Y, Shrinivasa MB, Shukla VK, Singh PK, Viramgami A, Wilson VC, Yadav R, Girish Kumar C, Luke HE, Ranganathan UD, Babu S, Sekar K, Yadav PD, Sapkal GN, Das A, Das P, Dutta S, Hemalatha R, Kumar A, Narain K, Narasimhaiah S, Panda S, Pati S, Patil S, Sarkar K, Singh S, Kant R, Tripathy S, Toteja G, Babu GR, Kant S, Muliyil J, Pandey RM, Sarkar S, Singh SK, Zodpey S, Gangakhedkar RR, Reddy D, Bhargava B. Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in India: Findings from the national serosurvey, May-June 2020. Indian J Med Res 2020; 152:48-60. [PMID: 32952144 PMCID: PMC7853249 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_3290_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES Population-based seroepidemiological studies measure the extent of SARS-CoV-2 infection in a country. We report the findings of the first round of a national serosurvey, conducted to estimate the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection among adult population of India. METHODS From May 11 to June 4, 2020, a randomly sampled, community-based survey was conducted in 700 villages/wards, selected from the 70 districts of the 21 States of India, categorized into four strata based on the incidence of reported COVID-19 cases. Four hundred adults per district were enrolled from 10 clusters with one adult per household. Serum samples were tested for IgG antibodies using COVID Kavach ELISA kit. All positive serum samples were re-tested using Euroimmun SARS-CoV-2 ELISA. Adjusting for survey design and serial test performance, weighted seroprevalence, number of infections, infection to case ratio (ICR) and infection fatality ratio (IFR) were calculated. Logistic regression was used to determine the factors associated with IgG positivity. RESULTS Total of 30,283 households were visited and 28,000 individuals were enrolled. Population-weighted seroprevalence after adjusting for test performance was 0.73 per cent [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.34-1.13]. Males, living in urban slums and occupation with high risk of exposure to potentially infected persons were associated with seropositivity. A cumulative 6,468,388 adult infections (95% CI: 3,829,029-11,199,423) were estimated in India by the early May. The overall ICR was between 81.6 (95% CI: 48.3-141.4) and 130.1 (95% CI: 77.0-225.2) with May 11 and May 3, 2020 as plausible reference points for reported cases. The IFR in the surveyed districts from high stratum, where death reporting was more robust, was 11.72 (95% CI: 7.21-19.19) to 15.04 (9.26-24.62) per 10,000 adults, using May 24 and June 1, 2020 as plausible reference points for reported deaths. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 was low among the adult population in India around the beginning of May 2020. Further national and local serosurveys are recommended to better inform the public health strategy for containment and mitigation of the epidemic in various parts of the country.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tarun Bhatnagar
- ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention & Research, Noida, India
| | | | - Kiran Rade
- WHO Country Office for India, New Delhi, India
| | - V. Saravanakumar
- Division of Epidemiology & Bio-Statistics, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | | | | | - R. Sabarinathan
- Division of Epidemiology & Bio-Statistics, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Alka Turuk
- Division of Epidemiology & Communicable Diseases, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Smita Asthana
- Division of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Noida, India
| | | | | | | | - Jyothi Bhat
- Division of Communicable Diseases, ICMR-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Debjit Chakraborty
- Division of Epidemiology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera & Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Chethana Rangaraju
- Division of Advocacy, Communication & Social Mobilisation, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Vishal Chopra
- State TB Training & Demonstration Centre, Patiala, Punjab, India
| | - Dasarathi Das
- ICMRRegional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Alok Kumar Deb
- Division of Epidemiology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera & Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Kangjam Rekha Devi
- Division of Enteric Diseases, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Northeast Region, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | | | - S. Muhammad Salim Khan
- Department of Community Medicine, Government Medical College, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Inaamul Haq
- Department of Community Medicine, Government Medical College, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - M. Sunil Kumar
- State TB Training & Demonstration Centre Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Avula Laxmaiah
- Division of Public Health Nutrition, ICMRNational Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - (Major) Madhukar
- Division of Clinical Medicine, ICMR-Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar, India
| | | | - Anindya Mitra
- State TB Training & Demonstration Centre Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - A.R. Nirmala
- Lady Willingdon State TB Centre, Government of Karnataka, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Mariya Amin Qurieshi
- Department of Community Medicine, Government Medical College, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | | | - Seema Sahay
- Social and Behavioural Research Sciences, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Y.K. Sharma
- Directorate Health Services, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | | | | | - Prashant Kumar Singh
- Division of Preventive Oncology, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention & Research, Noida, India
| | - Ankit Viramgami
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | | | - Rajiv Yadav
- Division of Communicable Diseases, ICMR-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - C.P. Girish Kumar
- Laboratory Division, ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Uma Devi Ranganathan
- Immunology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - Subash Babu
- NIH-ICER (International Centers for Excellence in Research) Program, Chennai, India
| | | | | | - Gajanan N. Sapkal
- Diagnostic Virology Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Aparup Das
- ICMR-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Pradeep Das
- ICMR-Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Shanta Dutta
- ICMR-National Institute of Cholera & Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | | | - Ashwani Kumar
- ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre, Puducherry, India
| | - Kanwar Narain
- ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre, Puducherry, India
| | | | - Samiran Panda
- ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Sanghamitra Pati
- ICMRRegional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Shripad Patil
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Northeast Region, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Kamalesh Sarkar
- ICMR-National Institute of Occupational Health, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Shalini Singh
- ICMR-National JALMA Institute for Leprosy & Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Agra, India
| | - Rajni Kant
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Gorakhpur, India
| | - Srikanth Tripathy
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - G.S. Toteja
- ICMR-National Institute for Implementation Research on Non-Communicable Diseases, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | | | - Shashi Kant
- Centre for Community Medicine, New Delhi, India
| | - J.P. Muliyil
- Independent Consultant, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ravindra Mohan Pandey
- Department of Biostatistics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Swarup Sarkar
- Division of Epidemiology & Communicable Diseases, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Raman R. Gangakhedkar
- Division of Epidemiology & Communicable Diseases, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - D.C.S. Reddy
- Independent Consultant, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Rahi M, Anvikar AR, Singh OP, Jambulingam P, Vijayachari P, Das A, Pati S, Narain K, Gangakhedkar RR, Dhingra N, Bhargava B. MERA India: Malaria Elimination Research Alliance India. J Vector Borne Dis 2019; 56:1-3. [PMID: 31070158 DOI: 10.4103/0972-9062.257766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Manju Rahi
- Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | | | - O P Singh
- ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
| | - P Jambulingam
- ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre, Puducherry, India
| | - P Vijayachari
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Port Blair, India
| | - Aparup Das
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, India
| | | | - Kanwar Narain
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Dibrugarh, India
| | | | - Neeraj Dhingra
- National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme, Delhi, India
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Borbora D, Dutta HK, Devi KR, Mahanta J, Medhi P, Narain K. Long telomeres cooperate with p53, MDM2, and p21 polymorphisms to raise pediatric solid tumor risk. Pediatr Int 2019; 61:759-767. [PMID: 31211452 DOI: 10.1111/ped.13915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While leukocyte telomere length has been linked with altered risk in adult cancer, limited information is available on its association with risk in pediatric solid tumors. We investigated the association of telomeric alterations with risk of pediatric solid tumors. We also investigated whether altered telomeres cooperated with the TP53 rs1042522, MDM2 rs2279744 and CDKN1A (p21cip1 ) rs1059234 single-nucleotide polymorphisms to modify cancer risk. METHODS A total of 101 tumor patients and 202 controls were recruited for this age- and gender-matched case-control study. Relative telomere length (RTL) was determined in peripheral blood leukocytes using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and the polymorphisms were genotyped using PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism. RESULTS Using median RTL in the healthy controls as a cut-off, children with longer telomeres were at an increased risk of developing a solid tumor (OR, 2.70; P < 0.01). When participants were categorized according to control RTL quartiles, a significant dose-response relationship was observed (χ2 = 10.95; P < 0.001). The risk for tumors increased nearly threefold (P = 0.001) for the triple interaction RTL × TP53 rs1042522 × p21cip1 rs1059234 compared with the maximum effect of any single factor, although the interaction effect was less than additive. The MDM2 rs2279744 GG genotype reduced pediatric solid tumor risk significantly (OR, 0.51). CONCLUSION Combined analysis of telomeres and genetic polymorphisms in the TP53 pathway can provide important clues to understanding pediatric solid tumor etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debasish Borbora
- Regional Medical Research Centre, NE Region (ICMR), Dibrugarh, Assam, India.,Centre for Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, India.,Department of Biotechnology, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Hemonta K Dutta
- Department of Pediatric surgery, Assam Medical College and Hospital, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Kangjam Rekha Devi
- Regional Medical Research Centre, NE Region (ICMR), Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Jagadish Mahanta
- Regional Medical Research Centre, NE Region (ICMR), Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Pronita Medhi
- Department of Pathology, Assam Medical College and Hospital, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Kanwar Narain
- Regional Medical Research Centre, NE Region (ICMR), Dibrugarh, Assam, India
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23
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Rahi M, Das P, Jambulingam P, Vijayachari P, Das A, Pati S, Narain K, Kumar A, Gangakhedkar RR, Valecha N. ICMR research initiatives enabling malaria elimination in India. J Vector Borne Dis 2019; 56:4-10. [PMID: 31070159 DOI: 10.4103/0972-9062.257772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Manju Rahi
- Indian Council of Medical Research, Puducherry, India
| | - Payal Das
- Indian Council of Medical Research, Puducherry, India
| | - P Jambulingam
- ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre, Puducherry, India
| | - P Vijayachari
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Port Blair, India
| | - Aparup Das
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, India
| | | | - Kanwar Narain
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Dibrugarh, India
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Neena Valecha
- ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
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24
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Oey H, Zakrzewski M, Narain K, Devi KR, Agatsuma T, Nawaratna S, Gobert GN, Jones MK, Ragan MA, McManus DP, Krause L. Whole-genome sequence of the oriental lung fluke Paragonimus westermani. Gigascience 2019; 8:5232231. [PMID: 30520948 PMCID: PMC6329441 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giy146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Foodborne infections caused by lung flukes of the genus Paragonimus are a significant and widespread public health problem in tropical areas. Approximately 50 Paragonimus species have been reported to infect animals and humans, but Paragonimus westermani is responsible for the bulk of human disease. Despite their medical and economic importance, no genome sequence for any Paragonimus species is available. Results We sequenced and assembled the genome of P. westermani, which is among the largest of the known pathogen genomes with an estimated size of 1.1 Gb. A 922.8 Mb genome assembly was generated from Illumina and Pacific Biosciences (PacBio) sequence data, covering 84% of the estimated genome size. The genome has a high proportion (45%) of repeat-derived DNA, particularly of the long interspersed element and long terminal repeat subtypes, and the expansion of these elements may explain some of the large size. We predicted 12,852 protein coding genes, showing a high level of conservation with related trematode species. The majority of proteins (80%) had homologs in the human liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini, with an average sequence identity of 64.1%. Assembly of the P. westermani mitochondrial genome from long PacBio reads resulted in a single high-quality circularized 20.6 kb contig. The contig harbored a 6.9 kb region of non-coding repetitive DNA comprised of three distinct repeat units. Our results suggest that the region is highly polymorphic in P. westermani, possibly even within single worm isolates. Conclusions The generated assembly represents the first Paragonimus genome sequence and will facilitate future molecular studies of this important, but neglected, parasite group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Oey
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, 37 Kent St, Translational Research Institute (TRI), Wooloongabba, QLD 4102
- Correspondence address. Harald Oey, Address: The university of Queensland Diamantina Institute, 37 Kent St, Translational Research Institute (TRI), Wooloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia. E-mail:
| | - Martha Zakrzewski
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Immunology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Kanwar Narain
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Dibrugarh - 786010, Assam, India
| | - K Rekha Devi
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Dibrugarh - 786010, Assam, India
| | - Takeshi Agatsuma
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Kochi University, Kohasu, Oko, Nankoku City 783–8505, Japan
| | - Sujeevi Nawaratna
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Immunology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, QLD 4006, Australia
- School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Geoffrey N Gobert
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Immunology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, QLD 4006, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT9 5DL, United Kingdom
| | - Malcolm K Jones
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
| | - Mark A Ragan
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Donald P McManus
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Immunology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Lutz Krause
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, 37 Kent St, Translational Research Institute (TRI), Wooloongabba, QLD 4102
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Immunology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, QLD 4006, Australia
- Correspondence address. Lutz Krause, Address: The university of Queensland Diamantina Institute, 37 Kent St, Translational Research Institute (TRI), Wooloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia. E-mail:
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25
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Devi U, Paine SK, Narain K, Barman N, Mahanta J. Microbial architecture of pregnant women: A culture independent pilot study. Indian J Med Res 2018; 148:232-234. [PMID: 30381547 PMCID: PMC6206762 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_604_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Utpala Devi
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, NE Region, Dibrugarh 786 001, Assam, India
| | - Suman Kalyan Paine
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, NE Region, Dibrugarh 786 001, Assam, India
| | - Kanwar Narain
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, NE Region, Dibrugarh 786 001, Assam, India
| | | | - Jagadish Mahanta
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, NE Region, Dibrugarh 786 001, Assam, India
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26
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Devi KR, Mukherjee K, Chelleng PK, Kalita S, Das U, Narain K. Association of VDR gene polymorphisms and 22 bp deletions in the promoter region of TLR2Δ22 (-196-174) with increased risk of pulmonary tuberculosis: A case-control study in tea garden communities of Assam. J Clin Lab Anal 2018; 32:e22562. [PMID: 29727015 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.22562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A high number of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) cases have been reported from tea garden communities of Assam. Till date, no molecular epidemiological study was performed to investigate the association of candidate gene(s) with the risk PTB in this region. The present case-control study was aimed to investigate the association of vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene polymorphisms and 22 bp deletion in the promoter region of toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) gene with the risk of PTB in tea garden communities of Assam. METHODS Genotyping of VDR polymorphisms and TLR2Δ22 (-196-174) gene was carried out for 169 PTB cases and 227 apparently healthy community controls using blood samples by PCR-RFLP followed by DNA sequencing. For association study, both univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed. RESULTS This study has shown that BsmI and FokI polymorphisms of VDR gene significantly associated with an increased risk of PTB (AOR = 3.58, 95% CI = 1.64-7.80, P < .01 for B/b genotype of BsmI and AOR = 2.44, 95% CI = 1.40-4.24, P < .01 for F/f genotype of FokI polymorphism). No significant association of TaqI and ApaI polymorphism of VDR gene was found with the risk of PTB. Moreover, this study has revealed that person carrying deletion allele in their TLR2Δ22 (-196-174) gene is significantly associated with an increased risk of PTB having b/b or F/f genotypes in BsmI or FokI polymorphisms of VDR gene. CONCLUSION This study has revealed that BsmI and FokI polymorphisms of VDR gene significantly associated with an increased risk of PTB.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Simanta Kalita
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Upasana Das
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Kanwar Narain
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
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Phukan RK, Borkakoty BJ, Phukan SK, Bhandari K, Mahanta J, Tawsik S, Bhandari S, Rai A, Narain K. Association of processed food, synergistic effect of alcohol and HBV with Hepatocellular Carcinoma in a high incidence region of India. Cancer Epidemiol 2018; 53:35-41. [PMID: 29360624 DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary factors, tobacco, and alcohol use have been identified as important factors of rising various cancer incidence in several northeastern states of India. However, little is known about the factors associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in this region. The aim of the paper was to identify the factors associated with HCC in the northeast region. METHODS A case-control study was conducted in Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim, two northeastern states of India, including 104 histologically-confirmed cases of HCC and same number (104) of age and sex matched control enrolled. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the factors associated with HCC. RESULTS A statistically significant association was demonstrated between HCC and alcohol consumption, consumption of 'Sai-mod' (OR 2.77, CI 1.57-4.87) a homemade alcohol beverage, and with HBV (OR 7.97, CI 3.36-18.94). Positive synergism index (S = 3.04) was observed between HBV and alcohol consumption to risk of HCC. Higher intake of processed meat (OR 2.56, CI 1.09-6.03) and processed fish (OR 2.24, CI 1.02-4.95) were found associated with increased risk of HCC; and decreased risk of HCC with fresh fish, fruits, and milk. CONCLUSIONS Strong relationship between different dietary factors, alcohol beverage with HCC suggests that control on dietary and drinking habit will be an important strategy to combat HCC in this region. Risk factors identified in this study will help to plan more effectively targeted risk reduction strategies and programs in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rup Kumar Phukan
- ICMR - Regional Medical Research Centre (RMRC), N.E. Region, Post Box No. 105, Dibrugarh, 786 001, Assam, India.
| | - Biswa Jyoti Borkakoty
- ICMR - Regional Medical Research Centre (RMRC), N.E. Region, Post Box No. 105, Dibrugarh, 786 001, Assam, India.
| | - Sanjib Kumar Phukan
- ICMR - Regional Medical Research Centre (RMRC), N.E. Region, Post Box No. 105, Dibrugarh, 786 001, Assam, India.
| | - Kumar Bhandari
- Department of Health Care, Health Service and Family Welfare, Govt. of Sikkim, Sikkim, India.
| | - Jagdish Mahanta
- ICMR - Regional Medical Research Centre (RMRC), N.E. Region, Post Box No. 105, Dibrugarh, 786 001, Assam, India.
| | - Sopai Tawsik
- Tomo Riba State Hospital, Naharlagun, Arunachal Pradesh, India.
| | - Sangita Bhandari
- Sir Thodup Namgyal Memorial Hospital (STNM), Gangtok, 737 101, Sikkim, India.
| | - Ashish Rai
- Sir Thodup Namgyal Memorial Hospital (STNM), Gangtok, 737 101, Sikkim, India.
| | - Kanwar Narain
- ICMR - Regional Medical Research Centre (RMRC), N.E. Region, Post Box No. 105, Dibrugarh, 786 001, Assam, India.
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Dutta H, Borbora D, Baruah M, Narain K. Anterior Encephalocele and Its Association with MTHFR Polymorphisms: A Case-Control Study. IJNS 2017. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1606821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neural tube defects (NTDs) are thought to be associated with genetic defects and environmental factors. This study aims to determine the association of MTHFR gene polymorphisms and maternal body mass index (BMI) with anterior encephalocele (AE).
Methods Blood samples of 20 patients (out of 41 children) were available for genetic analysis. Genomic DNA was extracted from whole blood samples using Wizard genomic DNA purification kit. The MTHFR C677T and A1298C polymorphisms genotyping protocols were adapted from Cicek et al. Eighty-two age- (1–14 years) and sex-matched apparently healthy children were taken as controls. We assessed the nutritional status of all the volunteers by measuring their BMI and then classified according to WHO BMI cutoff points.
Results Nasofrontal AE was seen mostly among the female cases while among males, nasoethmoidal AE was predominant. We observed a weak association between MTHFR 677CT genotype and AE. In the case of MTHFR A1298C, both the 1298AC and 1298CC genotypes increased the risk of acquiring AE by several folds. Multivariate analysis revealed that both 1298AC and 1298CC genotypes increased the risk of acquiring AE. However, only 1298AC was significantly associated with the risk of AE. The study also showed significantly low BMI among the children and their mothers.
Conclusion There is a strong association between MTHFR A1298C polymorphism and the risk of anterior encephalocele in this community. The C677T polymorphism, however, did not constitute a genetic risk factor in this study. Children with AE also had significantly low BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemonta Dutta
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Assam Medical College & Hospital, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Debasish Borbora
- Department of Biotechnology, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Mauchumi Baruah
- Department of Physiology, Assam Medical College, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Kanwar Narain
- Regional Medical Research Laboratory, ICMR, Lahowal, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
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Devi KR, Ahmed J, Narain K, Mukherjee K, Majumdar G, Chenkual S, Zonunmawia JC. DNA Repair Mechanism Gene, XRCC1A ( Arg194Trp) but not XRCC3 ( Thr241Met) Polymorphism Increased the Risk of Breast Cancer in Premenopausal Females: A Case-Control Study in Northeastern Region of India. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2017; 16:1150-1159. [PMID: 29332455 PMCID: PMC5762082 DOI: 10.1177/1533034617736162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
X-ray repair cross complementary group gene is one of the most studied candidate gene involved in different types of cancers. Studies have shown that X-ray repair cross complementary genes are significantly associated with increased risk of breast cancer in females. Moreover, studies have revealed that X-ray repair cross complementary gene polymorphism significantly varies between and within different ethnic groups globally. The present case–control study was aimed to investigate the association of X-ray repair cross complementary 1A (Arg194Trp) and X-ray repair cross complementary 3 (Thr241Met) polymorphism with the risk of breast cancer in females from northeastern region of India. The present case–control study includes histopathologically confirmed and newly diagnosed 464 cases with breast cancer and 534 apparently healthy neighborhood community controls. Information on sociodemographic factors and putative risk factors were collected from each study participant by conducting face-to-face interviews. Genotyping of X-ray repair cross complementary 1A (Arg194Trp) and X-ray repair cross complementary 3 (Thr241Met) was carried out by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. For statistical analysis, both univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed. We also performed stratified analysis to find out the association of X-ray repair cross complementary genes with the risk of breast cancer stratified based on menstrual status. This study revealed that tryptophan allele (R/W-W/W genotype) in X-ray repair cross complementary 1A (Arg194Trp) gene significantly increased the risk of breast cancer (adjusted odds ratio = 1.44, 95% confidence interval = 1.06-1.97, P < .05 for R/W-W/W genotype). Moreover, it was found that tryptophan allele (W/W genotype) at codon 194 of X-ray repair cross complementary 1A (Arg194Trp) gene significantly increased the risk of breast cancer in premenopausal females (crude odds ratio = 1.66, 95% confidence interval = 1.11-2.46, P < .05 for R/W-W/W genotype). The present study did not reveal any significant association of X-ray repair cross complementary 3 (Thr241Met) polymorphism with the risk of breast cancer. The present study has explored that X-ray repair cross complementary 1A (Arg194Trp) gene polymorphism is significantly associated with the increased risk of breast cancer in premenopausal females from northeastern region of India which may be beneficial for prognostic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Rekha Devi
- 1 Regional Medical Research Centre, NE Region, Indian Council of Medical Research, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Jishan Ahmed
- 2 Assam Medical College and Hospital, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Kanwar Narain
- 1 Regional Medical Research Centre, NE Region, Indian Council of Medical Research, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Kaustab Mukherjee
- 1 Regional Medical Research Centre, NE Region, Indian Council of Medical Research, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
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Anjana RM, Deepa M, Pradeepa R, Mahanta J, Narain K, Das HK, Adhikari P, Rao PV, Saboo B, Kumar A, Bhansali A, John M, Luaia R, Reang T, Ningombam S, Jampa L, Budnah RO, Elangovan N, Subashini R, Venkatesan U, Unnikrishnan R, Das AK, Madhu SV, Ali MK, Pandey A, Dhaliwal RS, Kaur T, Swaminathan S, Mohan V. Prevalence of diabetes and prediabetes in 15 states of India: results from the ICMR-INDIAB population-based cross-sectional study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2017; 5:585-596. [PMID: 28601585 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(17)30174-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 403] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have not adequately captured the heterogeneous nature of the diabetes epidemic in India. The aim of the ongoing national Indian Council of Medical Research-INdia DIABetes study is to estimate the national prevalence of diabetes and prediabetes in India by estimating the prevalence by state. METHODS We used a stratified multistage design to obtain a community-based sample of 57 117 individuals aged 20 years or older. The sample population represented 14 of India's 28 states (eight from the mainland and six from the northeast of the country) and one union territory. States were sampled in a phased manner: phase I included Tamil Nadu, Chandigarh, Jharkhand, and Maharashtra, sampled between Nov 17, 2008, and April 16, 2010; phase II included Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Karnataka, and Punjab, sampled between Sept 24, 2012, and July 26, 2013; and the northeastern phase included Assam, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh, Tripura, Manipur, and Meghalaya, with sampling done between Jan 5, 2012, and July 3, 2015. Capillary oral glucose tolerance tests were used to diagnose diabetes and prediabetes in accordance with WHO criteria. Our methods did not allow us to differentiate between type 1 and type 2 diabetes. The prevalence of diabetes in different states was assessed in relation to socioeconomic status (SES) of individuals and the per-capita gross domestic product (GDP) of each state. We used multiple logistic regression analysis to examine the association of various factors with the prevalence of diabetes and prediabetes. FINDINGS The overall prevalence of diabetes in all 15 states of India was 7·3% (95% CI 7·0-7·5). The prevalence of diabetes varied from 4·3% in Bihar (95% CI 3·7-5·0) to 10·0% (8·7-11·2) in Punjab and was higher in urban areas (11·2%, 10·6-11·8) than in rural areas (5·2%, 4·9-5·4; p<0·0001) and higher in mainland states (8·3%, 7·9-8·7) than in the northeast (5·9%, 5·5-6·2; p<0·0001). Overall, 1862 (47·3%) of 3938 individuals identified as having diabetes had not been diagnosed previously. States with higher per-capita GDP seemed to have a higher prevalence of diabetes (eg, Chandigarh, which had the highest GDP of US$ 3433, had the highest prevalence of 13·6%, 12.8-15·2). In rural areas of all states, diabetes was more prevalent in individuals of higher SES. However, in urban areas of some of the more affluent states (Chandigarh, Maharashtra, and Tamil Nadu), diabetes prevalence was higher in people with lower SES. The overall prevalence of prediabetes in all 15 states was 10·3% (10·0-10·6). The prevalence of prediabetes varied from 6·0% (5·1-6·8) in Mizoram to 14·7% (13·6-15·9) in Tripura, and the prevalence of impaired fasting glucose was generally higher than the prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance. Age, male sex, obesity, hypertension, and family history of diabetes were independent risk factors for diabetes in both urban and rural areas. INTERPRETATION There are large differences in diabetes prevalence between states in India. Our results show evidence of an epidemiological transition, with a higher prevalence of diabetes in low SES groups in the urban areas of the more economically developed states. The spread of diabetes to economically disadvantaged sections of society is a matter of great concern, warranting urgent preventive measures. FUNDING Indian Council of Medical Research and Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjit Mohan Anjana
- Dr Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non Communicable Diseases Prevention and Control, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, ICMR Centre for Advanced Research on Diabetes, Chennai, India
| | - Mohan Deepa
- Dr Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non Communicable Diseases Prevention and Control, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, ICMR Centre for Advanced Research on Diabetes, Chennai, India
| | - Rajendra Pradeepa
- Dr Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non Communicable Diseases Prevention and Control, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, ICMR Centre for Advanced Research on Diabetes, Chennai, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Banshi Saboo
- Dia Care-Diabetes Care and Hormone Clinic, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Diabetes Care and Research Centre, Patna, India
| | - Anil Bhansali
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Mary John
- Christian Medical College, Ludhiana, India
| | | | - Taranga Reang
- Agartala Government Medical College, Agartala, India
| | | | | | | | - Nirmal Elangovan
- Dr Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non Communicable Diseases Prevention and Control, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, ICMR Centre for Advanced Research on Diabetes, Chennai, India
| | - Radhakrishnan Subashini
- Dr Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non Communicable Diseases Prevention and Control, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, ICMR Centre for Advanced Research on Diabetes, Chennai, India
| | - Ulagamathesan Venkatesan
- Dr Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non Communicable Diseases Prevention and Control, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, ICMR Centre for Advanced Research on Diabetes, Chennai, India
| | - Ranjit Unnikrishnan
- Dr Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non Communicable Diseases Prevention and Control, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, ICMR Centre for Advanced Research on Diabetes, Chennai, India
| | - Ashok Kumar Das
- Pondicherry Institute of Medical Sciences, Puducherry, India
| | - Sri Venkata Madhu
- University College of Medical Sciences and GTB Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohammed K Ali
- Dr Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non Communicable Diseases Prevention and Control, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, ICMR Centre for Advanced Research on Diabetes, Chennai, India
| | - Arvind Pandey
- National Institute of Medical Statistics, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Tanvir Kaur
- Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Viswanathan Mohan
- Dr Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non Communicable Diseases Prevention and Control, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, ICMR Centre for Advanced Research on Diabetes, Chennai, India.
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Dutta HK, Borbora D, Baruah M, Narain K. Evidence of gene-gene interactions between MTHFD1 and MTHFR in relation to anterior encephalocele susceptibility in Northeast India. Birth Defects Res 2017; 109:432-444. [PMID: 28398708 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.23607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anterior encephalocele (AE) is a rare congenital anomaly of the central nervous system which is thought to be associated with genetic defects in folate metabolism. METHODS This case-control study investigated the interactions of methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase 1 (MTHFD1)-1958G>A (rs2236225) and the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) - 677C>T (rs1801133) and 1298A>C (rs1801131) polymorphisms with the risk of AE in the Northeast Indian population. A total of 40 AE cases and 80 controls were investigated using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism technique. RESULTS MTHFR 1298CC was significantly associated with AE risk (odds ratio [OR] 4.21; p = 0.01). The MTHFR haplotypes 677C-1298C/677T-1298A (OR, 2.50) and 677T-1298C (OR, 2.86) conferred risk in a progressive manner (χ2 = 9.82; p < 0.01). MTHFD1 1958G>A was not associated with disease susceptibility. Children with the rs2236225 GA and the rs1801131 CC genotypes were at an increased risk as compared to the reference genotype of rs2236225 GG and rs1801131 AA (OR, 14.4; p = 0.02). Children with the rs2236225 GG and rs1801133 CT genotypes were also at an elevated risk (OR, 4.76; p = 0.01). The MTHFD1 polymorphism together with the MTHFR haplotypes elevated risk in a progressive manner (χ2 = 6.29; p = 0.01). CONCLUSION The data support our hypothesis of gene-gene interaction between MTHFD1 and MTHFR and the risk of AE. Together with the MTHFR haplotypes, MTHFD1 elevates risk in a progressive manner. The minor allelic frequencies of the MTHFD1 1958G>A and MTHFR 1298A>C in our populations were similar to those reported from Southeast Asian population, suggesting a possible explanation for the prevalence of this malformation in these regions. Birth Defects Research 109:432-444, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemonta Kr Dutta
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Assam Medical College & Hospital, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Debasish Borbora
- Department of Biotechnology, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Mauchumi Baruah
- Department of Physiology, Assam Medical College, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Kanwar Narain
- Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR) Dibrugarh, Assam, India
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Das M, Doleckova K, Shenoy R, Mahanta J, Narain K, Devi KR, Konyak T, Mansoor H, Isaakidis P. Paragonimiasis in tuberculosis patients in Nagaland, India. Glob Health Action 2016; 9:32387. [PMID: 27667815 PMCID: PMC5035771 DOI: 10.3402/gha.v9.32387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background One of the infections that mimic tuberculosis (TB) is paragonimiasis (PRG), a foodborne parasitic disease caused by lung flukes of the genus Paragonimus. In the northeastern states of India, TB and PRG are endemic; however, PRG is rarely included in the differential diagnosis of TB. Objective To address limited evidence on the dual burden of TB and PRG in northeastern India, we aimed to document the prevalence of PRG among TB patients using sputum smear, stool examination for children <15 years and ELISA. Design A cross-sectional study of patients receiving TB treatment in the Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF)-supported TB programme in Mon district, in collaboration with the Regional Medical Research Centre (RMRC), Dibrugarh, Assam, between November 2012 and December 2013. Results Of 96 patients screened between November 2012 and December 2013, three (3%) had pulmonary PRG and were successfully treated with praziquantel. Conclusions PRG should be considered in the TB diagnostic algorithms in PRG–TB dual burden areas. In case of TB–PRG co-infection, it is preferable to treat PRG first followed by anti-TB treatment a few days later.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katerina Doleckova
- Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), Mon, Nagaland, India.,Department of Biological Chemistry, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Science of HUJI, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Rahul Shenoy
- Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), Mon, Nagaland, India
| | - Jagadish Mahanta
- Regional Medical Research Centre (RMRC), Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Kanwar Narain
- Regional Medical Research Centre (RMRC), Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - K Rekha Devi
- Regional Medical Research Centre (RMRC), Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | | | | | - Petros Isaakidis
- Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), Delhi, India.,Médecins Sans Frontières, Operational Research Unit, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
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Narain K, Devi KR, Bhattacharya S, Negmu K, Rajguru SK, Mahanta J. Declining prevalence of pulmonary paragonimiasis following treatment & community education in a remote tribal population of Arunachal Pradesh, India. Indian J Med Res 2016; 141:648-52. [PMID: 26139784 PMCID: PMC4510765 DOI: 10.4103/0971-5916.159570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives: In India, human pulmonary paragonimiasis is an important public health problem in the northeastern (NE) region. In 2005 we reported a hyperendemic focus of paragonimiasis in a remote tribal village in the hills of Changlang district in Arunachal Pradesh. The community was made aware of the disease and all active cases were treated. This study was aimed to assess the decline in the prevelance of paragonimiasis in the same area after a re-survey done in 2011 after a gap of six years. Methods: Re-surveys were carried to determine the reduction in the prevalence of paragonimiasis. Community education was given to the villagers to raise their awareness about paragonimiasis. A total of 624 individuals including 301 children (age < 15 yr) were included in the study. Sputum and stool samples were examined for eggs of lung flukes. Serum samples were screened for IgG antibodies against lung fluke antigen by ELISA. Results: A significant (P<0.001) decline in the prevalence of paragonimiasis was found. There was decline in both ELISA positivity and egg positivity. Antibody positivity against excretory-secretary (ES) antigen in children (age ≤ 15 yr) fell down from earlier 51.7 to 15.9 per cent and in individuals 16 - 30 yr of age the serological prevalence fell down from 22.4 to 8.2 per cent and in individuals aged ≥ 31 yr, the decline in prevalence was from 15.3 to 3.7 per cent. Gender-wise analysis revealed that the decline in ELISA positivity was similar in both genders and fell down from 33.9 to 11.5 per cent in males and from 29.8 to 10.7 per cent in females. Similarly, there was a significant decline rate in egg positivity also. Interpretation & conclusions: The strategy of hotspot targeted active paragonimiasis case detection and treatment of infected cases together with community education appears to be feasible methods to achieve control of paragonimiasis in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanwar Narain
- Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR), Dibrugarh, Assam, India
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Mukherjee D, Devi KR, Deka M, Malakar M, Kaur T, Barua D, Mahanta J, Narain K. Association of toll-like receptor 2 ∆22 and risk for gastric cancer considering main effects and interactions with smoking: a matched case-control study from Mizoram, India. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:10821-6. [PMID: 26880585 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-4982-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are evolutionary conserved cell surface receptors of the innate immune system. Smoking has significant immunological effects which are mediated via TLRs on various receptor-mediated innate response pathways. Polymorphisms of TLR genes are associated with susceptibility toward various malignancies. The present study was undertaken to examine the association between TLR2 ∆22 and gastric cancer. In this study, we also investigated the interaction between TLR2 ∆22 and smoking. A total of 133 histologically confirmed gastric cancer cases and 266 age-sex-matched controls were selected for this study. TLR2 ∆22 genotypes were determined by allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Binary conditional logistic regression analysis was used to find the association of TLR2 ∆22 with risk of gastric cancer. Logistic regression using hierarchically well-formulated models was used for interaction analysis between smoking and TLR2 ∆22. Persons having TLR2 ∆22 heterozygous genotype had two times increased risk of gastric cancer in multivariate logistic regression model. The interaction analysis using hierarchical logistic regression models between smoking and TLR2 ∆22 by calculating separate X (2) for interaction model and only main effect model, the difference of X (2) 57.68-47.70 = 9.98 and degrees of freedom (df) 5-3 = 2, revealed significant (α = 0.05, df = 2) omnibus interaction. Our present study revealed TLR2 ∆22 to be significantly and independently associated with gastric cancer risk in Mizoram, and there is also evidence of significant interaction between smoking and TLR2 ∆22 with risk of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debdutta Mukherjee
- Regional Medical Research Centre, N.E. Region (Indian Council of Medical Research), Post Box #105, Dibrugarh, 786 001, Assam, India
| | - Kangjam Rekha Devi
- Regional Medical Research Centre, N.E. Region (Indian Council of Medical Research), Post Box #105, Dibrugarh, 786 001, Assam, India
| | - Manab Deka
- Department of Biological Sciences, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Mridul Malakar
- Regional Medical Research Centre, N.E. Region (Indian Council of Medical Research), Post Box #105, Dibrugarh, 786 001, Assam, India
| | - Tanvir Kaur
- Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Jagadish Mahanta
- Regional Medical Research Centre, N.E. Region (Indian Council of Medical Research), Post Box #105, Dibrugarh, 786 001, Assam, India
| | - Kanwar Narain
- Regional Medical Research Centre, N.E. Region (Indian Council of Medical Research), Post Box #105, Dibrugarh, 786 001, Assam, India.
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Devi KR, Bhutia R, Bhowmick S, Mukherjee K, Mahanta J, Narain K. Genetic Diversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Isolates from Assam, India: Dominance of Beijing Family and Discovery of Two New Clades Related to CAS1_Delhi and EAI Family Based on Spoligotyping and MIRU-VNTR Typing. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145860. [PMID: 26701129 PMCID: PMC4689458 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the major public health concerns in Assam, a remote state located in the northeastern (NE) region of India. The present study was undertaken to explore the circulating genotypes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) in this region. A total of 189 MTBC strains were collected from smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis cases from different designated microscopy centres (DMC) from various localities of Assam. All MTBC isolates were cultured on Lowenstein-Jensen (LJ) media and subsequently genotyped using spoligotyping and 24-loci mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units-variable number of tandem repeats (MIRU-VNTR) typing. Spoligotyping of MTBC isolates revealed 89 distinct spoligo patterns. The most dominant MTBC strain belonged to Beijing lineage and was represented by 35.45% (n = 67) of total isolates, followed by MTBC strains belonging to Central Asian-Delhi (CAS/Delhi) lineage and East African Indian (EAI5) lineage. In addition, in the present study 43 unknown spoligo patterns were detected. The discriminatory power of spoligotyping was found to be 0.8637 based on Hunter Gaston Discriminatory Index (HGDI). On the other hand, 24-loci MIRU-VNTR typing revealed that out of total 189 MTBC isolates from Assam 185 (97.9%) isolates had unique MIRU-VNTR profiles and 4 isolates grouped into 2 clusters. Phylogenetic analysis of 67 Beijing isolates based on 24-loci MIRU-VNTR typing revealed that Beijing isolates from Assam represent two major groups, each comprising of several subgroups. Neighbour-Joining (NJ) phylogenetic tree analysis based on combined spoligotyping and 24-loci MIRU-VNTR data of 78 Non-Beijing isolates was carried out for strain lineage identification as implemented by MIRU-VNTRplus database. The important lineages of MTBC identified were CAS/CAS1_Delhi (41.02%, n = 78) and East-African-Indian (EAI, 33.33%). Interestingly, phylogenetic analysis of orphan (23.28%) MTBC spoligotypes revealed that majority of these orphan isolates from Assam represent two new sub-clades Assam/EAI and Assam/CAS. The prevalence of multidrug resistance (MDR) in Beijing and Non-Beijing strains was found to be 10.44% and 9.01% respectively. In conclusion, the present study has shown the predominance of Beijing isolates in Assam which is a matter of great concern because Beijing strains are considered to be ecologically more fit enabling wider dissemination of M. tuberculosis. Other interesting finding of the present study is the discovery of two new clades of MTBC isolates circulating in Assam. More elaborate longitudinal studies are required to be undertaken in this region to understand the transmission dynamics of MTBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangjam Rekha Devi
- Regional Medical Research Centre, N.E. Region (Indian Council of Medical Research), Post Box #105, Dibrugarh 786 001, Assam, India
| | - Rinchenla Bhutia
- Regional Medical Research Centre, N.E. Region (Indian Council of Medical Research), Post Box #105, Dibrugarh 786 001, Assam, India
| | - Shovonlal Bhowmick
- Regional Medical Research Centre, N.E. Region (Indian Council of Medical Research), Post Box #105, Dibrugarh 786 001, Assam, India
| | - Kaustab Mukherjee
- Regional Medical Research Centre, N.E. Region (Indian Council of Medical Research), Post Box #105, Dibrugarh 786 001, Assam, India
| | - Jagadish Mahanta
- Regional Medical Research Centre, N.E. Region (Indian Council of Medical Research), Post Box #105, Dibrugarh 786 001, Assam, India
| | - Kanwar Narain
- Regional Medical Research Centre, N.E. Region (Indian Council of Medical Research), Post Box #105, Dibrugarh 786 001, Assam, India
- * E-mail:
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Malakar M, Devi KR, Phukan RK, Kaur T, Deka M, Puia L, Sailo L, Lalhmangaihi T, Barua D, Rajguru SK, Mahanta J, Narain K. p53 codon 72 polymorphism interactions with dietary and tobacco related habits and risk of stomach cancer in Mizoram, India. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15:717-23. [PMID: 24568485 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.2.717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was carried out to investigate the interaction of p53 codon 72 polymorphism, dietary and tobacco habits with reference to risk of stomach cancer in Mizoram, India. A total of 105 histologically confirmed stomach cancer cases and 210 age, sex and ethnicity matched healthy population controls were included in this study. MATERIALS AND METHODS The p53 codon 72 polymorphism was detected by PCR-RFLP and sequencing. H. pylori infection status was determined by ELISA. Information on various dietary and tobacco related habits was recorded with a standard questionnaire. RESULTS This study revealed that overall, the Pro/ Pro genotype was significantly associated with a higher risk of stomach cancer (OR, 2.54; 95%CI, 1.01-6.40) as compared to the Arg/Arg genotype. In gender stratified analysis, the Pro/Pro genotype showed higher risk (OR, 7.50; 95%CI, 1.20-47.0) than the Arg/Arg genotype among females. Similarly, the Pro/Pro genotype demonstrated higher risk of stomach cancer (OR, 6.30; 95%CI, 1.41-28.2) among older people (>60 years). However, no such associations were observed in males and in individuals <60 years of age. Smoke dried fish and preserved meat (smoke dried/sun dried) consumers were at increased risk of stomach cancer (OR, 4.85; 95%CI, 1.91-12.3 and OR, 4.22; 95%CI, 1.46-12.2 respectively) as compared to non-consumers. Significant gene-environment interactions exist in terms of p53 codon 72 polymorphism and stomach cancer in Mizoram. Tobacco smokers with Pro/Pro and Arg/Pro genotypes were at higher risk of stomach cancer (OR, 16.2; 95%CI, 1.72-153.4 and OR, 9.45; 95%CI, 1.09-81.7 respectively) than the non-smokers Arg/Arg genotype carriers. The combination of tuibur user and Arg/Pro genotype also demonstrated an elevated risk association (OR, 4.76; 95%CI, 1.40-16.21). CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, this study revealed that p53 codon 72 polymorphism and dietary and tobacco habit interactions influence stomach cancer development in Mizoram, India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mridul Malakar
- Regional Medical Research Centre, NE Region (Indian Council of Medical Research), Dibrugarh, India E-mail :
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Chelleng P, Devi KR, Borbora D, Chetia M, Saikia A, Mahanta J, Narain K. Risk factors of pulmonary tuberculosis in tea garden communities of Assam, India. Indian J Med Res 2014; 140:138-41. [PMID: 25222789 PMCID: PMC4181147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- P.K. Chelleng
- Regional Medical Research Centre, N.E. Region (ICMR), Dibrugarh 786 001, Assam, India
| | - K. Rekha Devi
- Regional Medical Research Centre, N.E. Region (ICMR), Dibrugarh 786 001, Assam, India
| | - Debasish Borbora
- Regional Medical Research Centre, N.E. Region (ICMR), Dibrugarh 786 001, Assam, India
| | - M. Chetia
- Regional Medical Research Centre, N.E. Region (ICMR), Dibrugarh 786 001, Assam, India
| | - Avinash Saikia
- Silchar Medical College & Hospital, Ghungoor, Silchar 788 014, Assam, India
| | - Jagadish Mahanta
- Regional Medical Research Centre, N.E. Region (ICMR), Dibrugarh 786 001, Assam, India
| | - Kanwar Narain
- Regional Medical Research Centre, N.E. Region (ICMR), Dibrugarh 786 001, Assam, India,For correspondence:
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Malakar M, Devi KR, Phukan RK, Kaur T, Deka M, Puia L, Baruah D, Mahanta J, Narain K. CYP2E1 genetic polymorphism with dietary, tobacco, alcohol habits, H. pylori infection status and susceptibility to stomach cancer in Mizoram, India. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15:8815-22. [PMID: 25374213 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.20.8815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of stomach cancer in India is highest in the state of Mizoram. In this population based matched case-control study, we evaluated the relationship between CYP450 2E1 RsaI polymorphism and risk of stomach cancer taking into considering various important dietary habits along with tobacco, alcohol consumption and H. pylori infection status. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 105 histologically confirmed stomach cancer cases and 210 matched healthy population controls were recruited. CYP2E1 RsaI genotypes were determined by PCR-RFLP and H. pylori infection status by ELISA. Information on various dietary, tobacco and alcohol habits was recorded in a standard questionnaire. RESULTS Our study revealed no significant association between the CYP2E1 RsaI polymorphism and overall risk of stomach cancer in Mizoram. However, we observed a non-significant protective effect of the variant allele (A) of CYP2E1 against stomach cancer. Tobacco smokers carrying C/C genotype have three times more risk of stomach cancer, as compared to non-smokers carrying C/C genotype. Both Meiziol and cigarette current and past smokers who smoked for more than 10 times per day and carrying the (C/C) genotype are more prone to develop stomach cancer. Smoke dried fish and preserved meat (smoked/sun dried) consumers carrying C/C genotype possesses higher risk of stomach cancer. No significant association between H. pylori infection and CYP2E1 RsaI polymorphism in terms of stomach cancer was observed. CONCLUSIONS Although no direct association between the CYP2E1 RsaI polymorphism and stomach cancer was observed, relations with different tobacco and dietary risk habits in terms of developing stomach cancer exist in this high risk population of north-eastern part of India. Further in-depth study recruiting larger population is required to shed more light on this important problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mridul Malakar
- Regional Medical Research Centre, NE Region (Indian Council of Medical Research), Dibrugarh, Assam, India E-mail :
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Rekha Devi K, Narain K, Mahanta J, Deori R, Lego K, Goswami D, Kumar Rajguru S, Agatsuma T. Active detection of tuberculosis and paragonimiasis in the remote areas in North-Eastern India using cough as a simple indicator. Pathog Glob Health 2013; 107:153-6. [PMID: 23683370 DOI: 10.1179/2047773213y.0000000086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the essential steps in targeting tuberculosis (TB) intervention is early diagnosis and treatment of patients by reducing the reservoir of infection in the community. In the North-Eastern (NE) region of India pulmonary TB and paragonimiasis are overlapping public health issues. We performed a cross-sectional study in 63 remote villages from the two states Arunachal Pradesh (AP) and Assam to determine the prevalence of undiagnosed TB and paragonimiasis cases using cough as a simple indicator. In AP, 2961 individuals aged five years and above were examined and 1108 (37·4%) were found to have cough for one week or more. Of the 417 individuals who provided sputum, 11 (2·64%) were smear positive for acid-fast bacilli (AFB). All these cases were yet undiagnosed, thus the prevalence of new smear positive TB in AP was 0·37%. In Assam on the other hand 331 (23·5%) subjects out of 1410 individuals who were examined had a cough for one week or more and of the 112 individuals who provided sputum, 13 (11·6%) were smear positive for AFB. The prevalence of new smear positive TB cases was 0·78% in Assam. Sero-positivity of paragonimiasis in coughers of AP was 7·6% (n = 1091), which was significantly higher (p < 0·01) as compared to that in Assam (1·2%, n = 321). The findings of the present study suggest that TB remains a major public health concern in the NE region of India especially in the remote places and there is need to strengthen early case detection of TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangjam Rekha Devi
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Kochi Medical School, Kochi, Japan
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Bhutia R, Narain K, Devi KR, Singh TSK, Mahanta J. Direct and early detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and rifampicin resistance from sputum smears. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2013; 17:258-61. [PMID: 23317964 DOI: 10.5588/ijtld.12.0452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
SETTING Four district DOTS centres in Sikkim, India. OBJECTIVE Direct and early detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and rifampicin (RMP) susceptibility using the INNO-LiPA Rif.TB assay. DESIGN DNA was extracted from 44 inactivated acid-fast bacilli-positive sputum slides using the Gen Elute bacterial genomic DNA kit. Eluted DNA were ethanol precipitated. The LiPA kit detected RMP susceptibility by detection of mutation in the 81 base pair (bp) rpoB gene. Culture of sputum from the same person was used for drug susceptibility testing for RMP using the proportion method. RESULTS Amplification of 88.6% (39 slides) was achieved from DNA extracted using kits (66.7% for 1+, 81.8% for 2+ and 100% for 3+ slides). Hybridisation using the LiPA kit was applied to 31 amplified products. There was a concordance of 96.8% (24 RMP-resistant and 6 RMP-susceptible samples) and discordance of 3.2% (one sample resistant using the proportion method and susceptible on LiPA) between LiPA and the proportion method. CONCLUSION LiPA proved useful on DNA extracted from smear-positive slides. Appropriate treatment regimen could be decided early. Slide smear preparation could replace sputum transport in cetylpyridinium chloride, reducing biohazard and thereby controlling the transmission of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bhutia
- Regional Medical Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, North Eastern Region, Dibrugarh, India
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Malakar M, Devi KR, Phukan RK, Kaur T, Deka M, Puia L, Barua D, Mahanta J, Narain K. Genetic polymorphism of glutathione S-transferases M1 and T1, tobacco habits and risk of stomach cancer in Mizoram, India. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013; 13:4725-32. [PMID: 23167410 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.9.4725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The incidence of stomach cancer in Mizoram is highest in India. We have conducted a population based matched case-control study to identify environmental and genetic risk factors in this geographical area. METHODS A total of 102 histologically confirmed stomach cancer cases and 204 matched healthy population controls were recruited. GSTM1 and GSTT1 genotypes were determined by PCR and H. pylori infections were determined by ELISA. RESULTS Tobacco-smoking was found to be an important risk factor for high incidence of stomach cancer in Mizoram. Meiziol (local cigarette) smoking was a more important risk factor than other tobacco related habits. Cigarette, tuibur (tobacco smoke infused water) and betel nut consumption synergistically increased the risk of stomach cancer. Polymorphisms of GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes were not found to be directly associated with stomach cancer in Mizoram. However, they appeared to be effect modifiers. Persons habituated with tobacco smoking and/or tuibur habit had increased risk of stomach cancer if they carried the GSTM1 null genotype and GSTT1 non-null genotype. CONCLUSION Tobacco smoking, especially meiziol is the important risk factor for stomach cancer in Mizoram. GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes modify the effect of tobacco habits. This study is a first step in understanding the epidemiology of stomach cancer in Mizoram, India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mridul Malakar
- Regional Medical Research Centre, NE Region (Indian Council of Medical Research), Assam, India
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Devi U, Ayyagari A, Devi KR, Narain K, Patgiri DK, Sharma A, Mahanta J. Serotype distribution & sensitivity pattern of nasopharyngeal colonizing Streptococcus pneumoniae among rural children of eastern India. Indian J Med Res 2012; 136:495-8. [PMID: 23041746 PMCID: PMC3510899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Utpala Devi
- Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR), Dibrugarh, India
| | - Archana Ayyagari
- Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | | | - Kanwar Narain
- Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR), Dibrugarh, India
| | | | - Arunima Sharma
- Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR), Dibrugarh, India
| | - Jagadish Mahanta
- Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR), Dibrugarh, India,For correspondence: Dr Jagadish Mahanta, Director, Regional Medical Research Centre, N.E. Region (ICMR), Post Box 105, Dibrugarh 786 001, Assam, India e-mail:
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Sharma SK, Narain K, Devi KR, Mohapatra PK, Phukana RK, Mahanta J. Haemoglobinopathies - major associating determinants in prevalence of anaemia among adolescent girl students of Assam, India. WHO South East Asia J Public Health 2012; 1:299-308. [PMID: 28615556 DOI: 10.4103/2224-3151.207026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Prevalence of anaemia among adolescent girl students of Assam, a north-eastern state of India, was evaluated along with its associating determinants. The present study revealed that anaemia is a major public health problem among adolescent girl students of Assam. The overall prevalence of anaemia among adolescent girl students of Assam is as high as 71.5%. Non-nutritional factors such as infection due to helminths was substantially low (24.71%). Ascaris lumbricoides was the most frequent infection (10.6%), followed by Trichuris trichiura (6.2%), and hookworm infestations (3.9%). Polyparasitic infection (A. lumbricoides, T. trichiura and hookworm) was observed in 0.5% of the study subjects. While coinfection due to A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura was 2.3%, A. lumbricoides and hookworm was 1.1% and T. trichiura and hookworm was 0.9%. Serum ferritin level in a subgroup of samples was in the lower normal range. Malaria parasite was not detected in any of the slides. We have observed a gene frequency of 0.188 for βE-globin gene among the adolescent girl students of Assam. The gene frequency for βE-globin gene ranged from 0.071 to 0.266. Statistically significant difference (F=3.471; P=0.001) of mean haemoglobin level was observed in different types of haemoglobin variants. Multiple regression analysis, in a sub-set of samples having information on Hb levels (g/dl), helminthic infestation (A. lumbricoides, T. trichuria and hookworm), haemoglobin type, revealed haemoglobin type (Hb E) was the important determinant of anaemia among adolescent girl students in the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santanu K Sharma
- Regional Medical Research Centre, N E Region (Indian Council of Medical Research), Post Box No: 105, Dibrugarh-786001, Assam, India
| | - Kanwar Narain
- Regional Medical Research Centre, N E Region (Indian Council of Medical Research), Post Box No: 105, Dibrugarh-786001, Assam, India
| | - Kangjam R Devi
- Regional Medical Research Centre, N E Region (Indian Council of Medical Research), Post Box No: 105, Dibrugarh-786001, Assam, India
| | - Padyumna K Mohapatra
- Regional Medical Research Centre, N E Region (Indian Council of Medical Research), Post Box No: 105, Dibrugarh-786001, Assam, India
| | - Rup K Phukana
- Regional Medical Research Centre, N E Region (Indian Council of Medical Research), Post Box No: 105, Dibrugarh-786001, Assam, India
| | - Jagadish Mahanta
- Regional Medical Research Centre, N E Region (Indian Council of Medical Research), Post Box No: 105, Dibrugarh-786001, Assam, India
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Thakar MR, Abraham PR, Arora S, Balakrishnan P, Bandyopadhyay B, Joshi AA, Devi KR, Vasanthapuram R, Vajpayee M, Desai A, Mohanakrishnan J, Narain K, Ray K, Patil SS, Singh R, Singla A, Paranjape RS. Establishment of reference CD4+ T cell values for adult Indian population. AIDS Res Ther 2011; 8:35. [PMID: 21967708 PMCID: PMC3198876 DOI: 10.1186/1742-6405-8-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD4+ T lymphocyte counts are the most important indicator of disease progression and success of antiretroviral treatment in HIV infection in resource limited settings. The nationwide reference range of CD4+ T lymphocytes was not available in India. This study was conducted to determine reference values of absolute CD4+ T cell counts and percentages for adult Indian population. METHODS A multicentric study was conducted involving eight sites across the country. A total of 1206 (approximately 150 per/centre) healthy participants were enrolled in the study. The ratio of male (N = 645) to female (N = 561) of 1.14:1. The healthy status of the participants was assessed by a pre-decided questionnaire. At all centers the CD4+ T cell count, percentages and absolute CD3+ T cell count and percentages were estimated using a single platform strategy and lyse no wash technique. The data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Scientist (SPSS), version 15) and Prism software version 5. RESULTS The absolute CD4+ T cell counts and percentages in female participants were significantly higher than the values obtained in male participants indicating the true difference in the CD4+ T cell subsets. The reference range for absolute CD4 count for Indian male population was 381-1565 cells/μL and for female population was 447-1846 cells/μL. The reference range for CD4% was 25-49% for male and 27-54% for female population. The reference values for CD3 counts were 776-2785 cells/μL for Indian male population and 826-2997 cells/μL for female population. CONCLUSION The study used stringent procedures for controlling the technical variation in the CD4 counts across the sites and thus could establish the robust national reference ranges for CD4 counts and percentages. These ranges will be helpful in staging the disease progression and monitoring antiretroviral therapy in HIV infection in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhuri R Thakar
- Department of Immunology, National AIDS Research Institute, G-73, MIDC, Bhosari, Pune, 411026, India
| | - Philip R Abraham
- Department of Immunology, National AIDS Research Institute, G-73, MIDC, Bhosari, Pune, 411026, India
| | - Sunil Arora
- Department of Immunopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical education & Research, Sector:12, Chandigarh-160012, India
| | - Pachamuthu Balakrishnan
- Infectious Diseases Laboratory, YRG Centre for AIDS Research and Education, Rajiv Gandhi Salai, Taramani, Chennai-600113, India
| | - Bhaswati Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Virology, School of Tropical Medicine, C.R.Avenue, Kolkata-700073, West Bengal, India
| | - Ameeta A Joshi
- Department of Microbiology, Grant Medical College & Sir J J Hospital, Byculla, Mumbai-400008, India
| | - K Rekha Devi
- Division of Enteric Diseases, Regional Medical Research Centre, N.E.Region, Indian Council of Medical Research, Dibrugarh-786001, Assam, India
| | - Ravi Vasanthapuram
- Department of Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences Hosur Road, Bangalore-560029, India
| | - Madhu Vajpayee
- Laboratory Head, HIV & Immunology division, Department of Microbiology,All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi-110029 India
| | - Anita Desai
- Department of Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences Hosur Road, Bangalore-560029, India
| | - Janardhanan Mohanakrishnan
- Infectious Diseases Laboratory, YRG Centre for AIDS Research and Education, Rajiv Gandhi Salai, Taramani, Chennai-600113, India
| | - Kanwar Narain
- Division of Enteric Diseases, Regional Medical Research Centre, N.E.Region, Indian Council of Medical Research, Dibrugarh-786001, Assam, India
| | - Krishnangshu Ray
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology, School of Tropical Medicine, C.R.Avenue, Kolkata-700073, West Bengal, India
| | - Shilpa S Patil
- Department of Microbiology, Grant Medical College & Sir J J Hospital, Byculla, Mumbai-400008, India
| | - Ravinder Singh
- Laboratory Head, HIV & Immunology division, Department of Microbiology,All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi-110029 India
| | - Anuj Singla
- Department of Immunopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical education & Research, Sector:12, Chandigarh-160012, India
| | - Ramesh S Paranjape
- Department of Immunology, National AIDS Research Institute, G-73, MIDC, Bhosari, Pune, 411026, India
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Mahajan R, Narain K, Mahanta J. Anaemia & expression levels of CD35, CD55 & CD59 on red blood cells in Plasmodium falciparum malaria patients from India. Indian J Med Res 2011; 133:662-4. [PMID: 21727667 PMCID: PMC3135996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES Severe anaemia in Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) associated malaria is a leading cause of death despite low levels of parasitaemia. In an effort to understand the pathogenesis of anaemia we studied expression level of RBC complement regulatory proteins, CR1 (CD35), CD55 and CD59 with haemoglobin status in a group of malaria cases from Assam, Goa and Chennai, and in healthy controls. METHODS Flowcytometry was used to study expression of CR1, CD55 and CD59 in 50 Pf cases and 30 normal healthy volunteers. Giemsa stained thick and thin blood films were used for microscopic detection and identification of malarial parasites and parasite count. RESULTS No correlation was found between degree of expression of RBC surface receptors CR1, CD55 and CD59 with haemoglobin level. However, expression of CD55 was less in malaria cases than in healthy controls. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS The present findings indicate that malaria infection changes the expression profile of complement regulatory protein CD55 irrespective of severity status of anaemia. Further studies are needed to explore the pathophysiology of anaemia in malaria cases in Assam where expression of RBC complement receptors appears to be low even in normal healthy population.
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Affiliation(s)
- R.C. Mahajan
- Department of Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India,Reprint requests: Prof. R.C. Mahajan, Emeritus Professor, Department of Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh 160 012, India e-mail:
| | - K. Narain
- Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR), Dibrugarh, India
| | - J. Mahanta
- Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR), Dibrugarh, India
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Devi KR, Narain K, Agatsuma T, Blair D, Nagataki M, Wickramasinghe S, Yatawara L, Mahanta J. Morphological and molecular characterization of Paragonimus westermani in northeastern India. Acta Trop 2010; 116:31-8. [PMID: 20493821 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2010.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2009] [Revised: 05/04/2010] [Accepted: 05/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Evidence for the presence of lung flukes of the Paragonimus westermani in India remains scant. In particular, evidence based on morphology of adult worms is lacking. Metacercariae of the genus Paragonimus, recovered from crabs in two regions of northeastern India, were raised to adulthood in laboratory rats. Morphologically, these worms appear to be P. westermani. DNA sequences from the second internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) and a portion of the ribosomal large subunit gene (28S) of the nuclear ribosomal RNA gene repeat, as well as fragments of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (nad1) genes, all supported this identification. Molecular phylogenetic methods were used for studying the relatedness of these Indian flukes with counterparts from southeast and far-east Asia. Molecular data showed that Indian representatives of the P. westermani complex represent a distinct lineage. It is unclear whether the Indian form can cause disease in humans as some members of the complex do elsewhere.
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Abstract
Small, white, thread-like, motile worms were recovered from the conjunctival sac of a 13-year-old girl and a 50-year-old woman from Dibrugarh district, Assam, India. They were identified as thelazia species. These two cases have been reported due to their rarity in India and elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reema Nath
- Department of Microbiology, Assam Medical College, Dibrugarh, India.
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Devi KR, Narain K, Bhattacharya S, Negmu K, Agatsuma T, Blair D, Wickramashinghe S, Mahanta J. Pleuropulmonary paragonimiasis due to Paragonimus heterotremus: molecular diagnosis, prevalence of infection and clinicoradiological features in an endemic area of northeastern India. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2007; 101:786-92. [PMID: 17467757 DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2007.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2006] [Revised: 02/21/2007] [Accepted: 02/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In the northeastern region of India, paragonimiasis is emerging as an important public health problem. However, until now the identity of the species causing human infection has been uncertain and there has been little information on the prevalence and clinicoradiological features of infection in the community. Parasitological and immunological surveys revealed that paragonimiasis was hyperendemic in parts of Arunachal Pradesh. Egg positivity in the sputum was 20.9% and 4.1% in children (age </=15 years) and adults (age >15 years), respectively. Antibody positivity against excretory-secretory antigen of the adult worm in children and adults was 51.7% and 18.7%, respectively. Chronic cough (97.2%) and haemoptysis (83.3%) were common respiratory symptoms among egg-positive cases. Chest radiography (n=68) images from egg-positive cases showed that air space consolidation (75%), cavitary lesions (14.7%) and mediastinal adenopathy (11.8%) were very frequent. Less frequent findings were nodular lesions, bronchiectasis, mediastinal adenopathy, pleural thickening and pleural effusion. DNA extracted from eggs from the sputum of patients from Arunachal Pradesh was sequenced. Analyses of the second internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) of nuclear rDNA revealed that the species responsible is Paragonimus heterotremus.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Rekha Devi
- Regional Medical Research Centre, N.E. Region, Indian Council of Medical Research, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
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Campbell P, Baruah S, Narain K, Rogers CC. A randomized trial comparing the efficacy of four treatment regimens for uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Assam state, India. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2005; 100:108-18. [PMID: 16289651 DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2005.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2003] [Revised: 06/28/2005] [Accepted: 06/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A four-arm drug sensitivity study compared chloroquine, sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP), mefloquine and mefloquine-artesunate in Sonitpur and Karbi Anglong districts in Assam state, India. Two criteria were used to ascertain outcome: success of clinical treatment and parasitologic cure. In Sonitpur, at 14 days, there were 36/56 early and late treatment failures plus late parasitologic failures to chloroquine and 16/56 for SP. In Karbi Anglong, combined treatment failure at 14 days was 16/56 to chloroquine and 8/60 to SP. Mefloquine and mefloquine-artesunate demonstrated 93.9% and 93.6% sustained responses respectively at 42 days. High failure rates to both chloroquine and SP preclude the use of these drugs as first-line treatment for uncomplicated falciparum malaria in this region. A mefloquine-artesunate combination presents an effective alternative utilizing the currently recommended higher dose of mefloquine.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Campbell
- Medecins sans Frontieres-Holland, India Section, R.G. Baruah Road, Guwahati, Assam 781024, India.
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Abstract
The incidence of stomach cancer in India is lower than that of any other country around the world. However, in Mizoram, one of the north-eastern state of India, a very high age-adjusted incidence of stomach cancer is recorded. A hospital-based case-control study was carried out to identify the influence of tobacco use on the risk of developing stomach cancer in Mizoram. Among the cases, the risk of stomach cancer was significantly elevated among current smokers [odds ratio (OR), 2.3; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.4-8.4] but not among ex-smokers. Higher risks were seen for meiziol (a local cigarette) smokers (OR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.3-9.3). The increased risk was apparent among subjects who had smoked for >or=30 years. The increased risk was significant with 2-fold increase in risk among the subjects who smoked for >or=11 pack-years. The risk increased with increasing cumulative dose of tobacco smoked (mg). Tuibur (tobacco smoke-infused water), used mainly in Mizoram, was seemed to increased the risk of stomach cancer among current users in both univariate and multivariate models (OR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.3-3.1). Tobacco chewer alone (OR, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.1-4.2) showed significant risk. Tobacco use in any form [smoking and smokeless (tuibur and chewing)] increased the risk of stomach cancer in Mizoram independently after adjusting for confounding variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rup Kumar Phukan
- Regional Medical Research Centre, N.E. Region (ICMR), PO Box 105, Dibrugarh 786 001, Assam, India
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