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Stephen A, Nair S, Joshi A, Aggarwal S, Adhikari T, Diwan V, Devi KR, Mishra BK, Yadav GK, Sahu D, Gulati BK, Sharma S, Yadav J, Ovung S, Duggal C, Sharma M, Bangar SD, Rebecca PB, Rani S, Selvaraj P, Xavier GG, Peter V, Watson B, Kannan T, Asmathulla KSMD, Bhattacharya D, Turuk J, Palo SK, Kanungo S, Behera AK, Pandey AK, Zaman K, Misra B, Kumar N, Behera S, Singh R, Narain K, Kant R, Sahay S, Tiwari R, Thomas BE, Karikalan N, Panda S, Vardhana Rao MV, Ujagare D, Chinchore S. Gender differences in COVID-19 knowledge, risk perception, and public stigma among the general community: Findings from a nationwide cross-sectional study in India. Int J Disaster Risk Reduct 2023; 93:103776. [PMID: 37303828 PMCID: PMC10229202 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2023.103776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Individual and community characteristics predictive of knowledge, perception, and attitude on COVID-19, specifically on gender, have not been adequately explored. Objective To examine the gender differences in COVID-19 knowledge, self-risk perception and public stigma among the general community and to understand other socio-demographic factors which were predictive of them. Method A nationally representative cross-sectional multi-centric survey was conducted among adult individuals(≥18 yrs) from the community member (N = 1978) from six states and one union territory of India between August 2020 to February 2021. The participants were selected using systematic random sampling. The data were collected telephonically using pilot-tested structured questionnaires and were analyzed using STATA. Gender-segregated multivariable analysis was conducted to identify statistically significant predictors (p < 0.05) of COVID-19-related knowledge, risk perception, and public stigma in the community. Results Study identified significant differences between males and females in their self-risk perception (22.0% & 18.2% respectively) and stigmatizing attitude (55.3% & 47.1% respectively). Highly educated males and females had higher odds of having COVID-19 knowledge (aOR: 16.83: p < 0.05) than illiterates. Highly educated women had higher odds of having self-risk perception (aOR: 2.6; p < 0.05) but lower public stigma [aOR: 0.57; p < 0.05]. Male rural residents had lower odds of having self-risk perception and knowledge [aOR: 0.55; p < 0.05 & aOR: 0.72; p < 0.05] and female rural residents had higher odds of having public stigma [aOR: 1.36; p < 0.05]. Conclusion Our study findings suggest the importance of considering thegender differentials and their background, education status and residential status in designing effective interventions to improve knowledge and reduce risk perception and stigma in the community about COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Stephen
- Department of Social and Behavioral Research, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - Saritha Nair
- ICMR-National Institute of Medical Statistics, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Aparna Joshi
- School of Human Ecology, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai, India
| | - Sumit Aggarwal
- Division of Epidemiology & Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Tulsi Adhikari
- ICMR-National Institute of Medical Statistics, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Vishal Diwan
- Division of Environmental Monitoring & Exposure Assessment (Water & Soil), ICMR- National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India
| | - Kangjam Rekha Devi
- Divison of Enteric Disease, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, NE Region, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Bijaya Kumar Mishra
- Department of Medical, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | | | - Damodar Sahu
- ICMR-National Institute of Medical Statistics, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Bal Kishan Gulati
- ICMR-National Institute of Medical Statistics, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Saurabh Sharma
- ICMR-National Institute of Medical Statistics, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Jeetendra Yadav
- ICMR-National Institute of Medical Statistics, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Senthanro Ovung
- ICMR-National Institute of Medical Statistics, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Chetna Duggal
- School of Human Ecology, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai, India
| | - Moina Sharma
- Department of Environmental Health & Epidemiology, ICMR- National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India
| | - Sampada Dipak Bangar
- Divisions of Epidemiology and Statistics, ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pricilla B Rebecca
- Department of Social and Behavioral Research, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - S Rani
- Department of Social and Behavioral Research, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - Pradeep Selvaraj
- Office of District Non-Communicable Disease, Directorate of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Chennai, India
| | | | - Vanessa Peter
- Informational & Resource Centre for the Deprived Urban Communities, Chennai, India
| | - Basilea Watson
- Electronic Data Processing Unit, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - T Kannan
- Electronic Data Processing Unit, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
- Epidemiology and Statistics Unit, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - K S M D Asmathulla
- Integrated People Development Project Trust, Krishnagiri, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Debdutta Bhattacharya
- Department of Microbiology, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Jyotirmayee Turuk
- Department of Microbiology, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Subrata Kumar Palo
- Department of Microbiology, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
- Department of Epidemiology, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Srikanta Kanungo
- Department of Microbiology, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
- Department of Epidemiology, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Ajit Kumar Behera
- Department of Clinical, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | | | - Kamran Zaman
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - BrijRanjan Misra
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Niraj Kumar
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Rajeev Singh
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kanwar Narain
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, NE Region, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Rajni Kant
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Research Management, Policy, Planning and Coordination Cell, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Seema Sahay
- Social &Behavioral Research, ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | | | - Beena Elizabeth Thomas
- Department of Social and Behavioral Research, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - N Karikalan
- Department of Social and Behavioral Research, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - Samiran Panda
- Division of Epidemiology & Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - M Vishnu Vardhana Rao
- ICMR-National Institute of Medical Statistics, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Dhammsagar Ujagare
- Social &Behavioral Research, ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sneha Chinchore
- Social &Behavioral Research, ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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Adhikari T, Aggarwal S, Nair S, Joshi A, Diwan V, Stephen A, Devi KR, Kumar Mishra B, Yadav GK, Bangar SD, Sahu D, Yadav J, Ovung S, Gulati BK, Sharma S, Singh C, Duggal C, Sharma M, Ujagare D, Padmakar Chinchore S, Rebecca PB, Rani S, Selvaraj P, Xavier GG, Peter V, Watson B, Kannan T, Asmathulla KSM, Bhattacharya D, Turuk J, Palo SK, Kanungo S, Kumar Behera A, Pandey AK, Zaman K, Misra BR, Kumar N, Behera SP, Singh R, Narain K, Kant R, Sahay S, Tiwari RR, Thomas BE, Rao MVV. Factors associated with COVID-19 stigma during the onset of the global pandemic in India: A cross-sectional study. Front Public Health 2022; 10:992046. [PMID: 36311615 PMCID: PMC9615248 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.992046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To assess factors associated with COVID-19 stigmatizing attitudes in the community and stigma experiences of COVID-19 recovered individuals during first wave of COVID-19 pandemic in India. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in 18 districts located in 7 States in India during September 2020 to January 2021 among adults > 18 years of age selected through systematic random sampling. Data on socio demographic and COVID-19 knowledge were collected from 303 COVID-19 recovered and 1,976 non-COVID-19 infected individuals from community using a survey questionnaire. Stigma was assessed using COVID-19 Stigma Scale and Community COVID-19 Stigma Scale developed for the study. Informed consent was sought from the participants. Univariate and multivariate binary logistic regression analysis were conducted. Results Half of the participants (51.3%) from the community reported prevalence of severe stigmatizing attitudes toward COVID-19 infected while 38.6% of COVID-19 recovered participants reported experiencing severe stigma. Participants from the community were more likely to report stigmatizing attitudes toward COVID-19 infected if they were residents of high prevalent COVID-19 zone (AOR: 1.5; CI: 1.2-1.9), staying in rural areas (AOR: 1.5; CI:1.1-1.9), belonged to the age group of 18-30 years (AOR: 1.6; CI 1.2-2.0), were male (AOR: 1.6; CI: 1.3-1.9), illiterate (AOR: 2.7; CI: 1.8-4.2), or living in Maharashtra (AOR: 7.4; CI: 4.8-11.3). COVID-19 recovered participants had higher odds of experiencing stigma if they had poor knowledge about COVID-19 transmission (AOR: 2.8; CI: 1.3-6.3), were staying for 6-15 years (AOR: 3.24; CI: 1.1-9.4) in the current place of residence or belonged to Delhi (AOR: 5.3; CI: 1.04-26.7). Conclusion Findings indicated presence of stigmatizing attitudes in the community as well as experienced stigma among COVID-19 recovered across selected study sites in India during the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic. Study recommends timely dissemination of factual information to populations vulnerable to misinformation and psychosocial interventions for individuals affected by stigma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tulsi Adhikari
- ICMR-National Institute of Medical Statistics, New Delhi, India
| | - Sumit Aggarwal
- Division of Epidemiology and Communicable Diseases (ECD), Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Saritha Nair
- ICMR-National Institute of Medical Statistics, New Delhi, India,*Correspondence: Saritha Nair
| | - Aparna Joshi
- School of Human Ecology, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vishal Diwan
- Division of Environmental Monitoring and Exposure Assessment (Water and Soil), ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - A. Stephen
- Department of Social and Behavioral Research, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K. Rekha Devi
- Enteric Disease Division, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Center, NE Region, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Bijaya Kumar Mishra
- Medical Department, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Center, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | | | - Sampada Dipak Bangar
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Damodar Sahu
- ICMR-National Institute of Medical Statistics, New Delhi, India
| | - Jeetendra Yadav
- ICMR-National Institute of Medical Statistics, New Delhi, India
| | - Senthanro Ovung
- ICMR-National Institute of Medical Statistics, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Saurabh Sharma
- ICMR-National Institute of Medical Statistics, New Delhi, India
| | - Charan Singh
- ICMR-National Institute of Medical Statistics, New Delhi, India
| | - Chetna Duggal
- School of Human Ecology, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Moina Sharma
- Department of Environmental Health and Epidemiology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Dhammasagar Ujagare
- Division of Social and Behavioral Research, ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sneha Padmakar Chinchore
- Division of Social and Behavioral Research, ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pricilla B. Rebecca
- Department of Social and Behavioral Research, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S. Rani
- Department of Social and Behavioral Research, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Pradeep Selvaraj
- Office of District Non-Communicable Disease, Directorate of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Vanessa Peter
- Information and Resource Center for the Deprived Urban Communities, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Basilea Watson
- Electronic Data Processing Unit (EDP), ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - T. Kannan
- Epidemiology Statistics Unit, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Debdutta Bhattacharya
- Department of Microbiology, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Center, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Jyotirmayee Turuk
- Department of Microbiology, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Center, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Subrata Kumar Palo
- Department of Epidemiology, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Center, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Srikanta Kanungo
- Department of Epidemiology, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Center, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Ajit Kumar Behera
- Clinical Department, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Center, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | | | - Kamran Zaman
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Center, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Brij Ranjan Misra
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Center, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Niraj Kumar
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Center, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Rajeev Singh
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Center, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kanwar Narain
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Center, NE Region, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Rajni Kant
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Center, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India,Research Management, Policy, Planning and Coordination Cell, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Seema Sahay
- Division of Social and Behavioral Research, ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rajnarayan R. Tiwari
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Beena Elizabeth Thomas
- Department of Social and Behavioral Research, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Nair S, Joshi A, Aggarwal S, Adhikari T, Mahajan N, Diwan V, Stephen A, Devi KR, Mishra BK, Yadav GK, Kohli R, Sahu D, Gulati BK, Sharma S, Yadav J, Ovung S, Duggal C, Sharma M, Bangar SD, Andhalkar R, Rebecca PB, Rani S, Selvaraj P, Xavier GG, Peter V, Watson B, Kannan T, Md Asmathulla KS, Bhattacharya D, Turuk J, Palo SK, Kanungo S, Behera AK, Pandey AK, Zaman K, Misra BR, Kumar N, Behera SP, Singh R, Sarkar AH, Narain K, Kant R, Sahay S, Tiwari RR, Thomas BE, Panda S, Vardhana Rao MV. Development & validation of scales to assess stigma related to COVID-19 in India. Indian J Med Res 2022; 155:156-164. [PMID: 35859441 PMCID: PMC9552373 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_2455_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives COVID-19 pandemic has triggered social stigma towards individuals affected and their families. This study describes the process undertaken for the development and validation of scales to assess stigmatizing attitudes and experiences among COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 participants from the community. Methods COVID-19 Stigma Scale and Community COVID-19 Stigma Scale constituting 13 and six items, respectively, were developed based on review of literature and news reports, expert committee evaluation and participants' interviews through telephone for a multicentric study in India. For content validity, 61 (30 COVID-19-recovered and 31 non-COVID-19 participants from the community) were recruited. Test-retest reliability of the scales was assessed among 99 participants (41 COVID-19 recovered and 58 non-COVID-19). Participants were administered the scale at two-time points after a gap of 7-12 days. Cronbach's alpha, overall percentage agreement and kappa statistics were used to assess internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Results Items in the scales were relevant and comprehensible. Both the scales had Cronbach's α above 0.6 indicating moderate-to-good internal consistency. Test-retest reliability assessed using kappa statistics indicated that for the COVID-19 Stigma Scale, seven items had a moderate agreement (0.4-0.6). For the Community COVID-19 Stigma Scale, four items had a moderate agreement. Interpretation & conclusions Validity and reliability of the two stigma scales indicated that the scales were comprehensible and had moderate internal consistency. These scales could be used to assess COVID-19 stigma and help in the development of appropriate stigma reduction interventions for COVID-19 infected, and mitigation of stigmatizing attitudes in the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saritha Nair
- ICMR-National Institute of Medical Statistics, New Delhi, India
| | - Aparna Joshi
- School of Human Ecology, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sumit Aggarwal
- Division of Epidemiology & Communicable Diseases, Planning and Coordination Cell, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Tulsi Adhikari
- ICMR-National Institute of Medical Statistics, New Delhi, India
| | - Nupur Mahajan
- Division of Epidemiology & Communicable Diseases, Planning and Coordination Cell, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Vishal Diwan
- Division of Environmental Monitoring & Exposure Assessment (Water & Soil), ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - A Stephen
- Department of Social and Behavioral Research, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K Rekha Devi
- Divison of Enteric Disease, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, NE Region, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Bijaya Kumar Mishra
- Department of Medical, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | | | - Rewa Kohli
- Division of Social & Behavioral Research, ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Damodar Sahu
- ICMR-National Institute of Medical Statistics, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Saurabh Sharma
- ICMR-National Institute of Medical Statistics, New Delhi, India
| | - Jeetendra Yadav
- ICMR-National Institute of Medical Statistics, New Delhi, India
| | - Senthanro Ovung
- ICMR-National Institute of Medical Statistics, New Delhi, India
| | - Chetna Duggal
- School of Human Ecology, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Moina Sharma
- Department of Environmental Health & Epidemiology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Sampada Dipak Bangar
- Division of Epidemiology and Statistics, ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rushikesh Andhalkar
- Division of Epidemiology and Statistics, ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pricilla B Rebecca
- Department of Social and Behavioral Research, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Rani
- Department of Social and Behavioral Research, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Pradeep Selvaraj
- Office of District Non-Communicable Disease, Directorate of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Loyala College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Gladston G Xavier
- Department of Social Work, Loyala College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vanessa Peter
- Informational & Resource Centre for the Deprived Urban Communities, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Basilea Watson
- Electronic Data Processing Unit, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - T Kannan
- Epidemiology and Statistics Unit, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K S Md Asmathulla
- Integrated People Development Project Trust, Krishnagiri, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Debdutta Bhattacharya
- Department of Microbiology, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Jyotirmayee Turuk
- Department of Microbiology, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Subrata Kumar Palo
- Department of Epidemiology, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Srikanta Kanungo
- Department of Epidemiology, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Ajit Kumar Behera
- Department of Clinical, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | | | - Kamran Zaman
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Brij Ranjan Misra
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Niraj Kumar
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Rajeev Singh
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Abu Hasan Sarkar
- Divison of Enteric Disease, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, NE Region, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Kanwar Narain
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, NE Region, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Rajni Kant
- Research Management, Policy, Planning and Coordination Cell, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi; ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Seema Sahay
- Division of Social & Behavioral Research, ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | | | - Beena Elizabeth Thomas
- Department of Social and Behavioral Research, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Samiran Panda
- Division of Epidemiology & Communicable Diseases, Planning and Coordination Cell, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
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