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Alves PGV, Menezes RDP, Silva NBS, Faria GDO, Bessa MADS, de Araújo LB, Aguiar PADF, Penatti MPA, Pedroso RDS, Röder DVDDB. Virulence factors, antifungal susceptibility and molecular profile in Candida species isolated from the hands of health professionals before and after cleaning with 70% ethyl alcohol-based gel. J Mycol Med 2024; 34:101482. [PMID: 38763122 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2024.101482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Fungal infections in neonatal intensive care units (NICU) are mainly related to Candida species, with high mortality rates. They are predominantly of endogenous origin, however, cross-infection transmitted by healthcare professionals' hands has occurred. The aim of this study was to identify Candida species isolated from the hands of healthcare professionals in a NICU before and after hygiene with 70% ethanol-based gel and evaluate virulence factors DNase, phospholipase, proteinase, hemolysin, biofilm biomass production, and metabolic activity. In vitro antifungal susceptibility testing and similarity by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) were also performed. C. parapsilosis complex was the most frequent species (57.1%); all isolates presented at least one virulence factor; three isolates (Candida parapsilosis complex) were resistant to amphotericin B, two (Candida famata [currently Debaryomyces hansenii] and Candida guilliermondii [currently Meyerozyma guilliermondii]) was resistant to micafungin, and six (Candida parapsilosis complex, Candida guilliermondii [=Meyerozyma guilliermondii], Candida viswanathi, Candida catenulata [currently Diutina catenulata] and Candida lusitaniae [currently Clavispora lusitaniae]) were resistant to fluconazole. Molecular analysis by RAPD revealed two clusters of identical strains that were in the hands of distinct professionals. Candida spp. were isolated even after hygiene with 70% ethanol-based gel, highlighting the importance of stricter basic measures for hospital infection control to prevent nosocomial transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Guerino Vilela Alves
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Medicine, Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ralciane de Paula Menezes
- Technical School of Health, Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Nagela Bernadelli Sousa Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Applied Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | - Lúcio Borges de Araújo
- Clinical Hospital, Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Musinguzi B, Akampurira A, Derick H, Mwesigwa A, Mwebesa E, Mwesigye V, Kabajulizi I, Sekulima T, Ocheng F, Itabangi H, Mboowa G, Sande OJ, Achan B. In Vitro Evaluation of the Virulence Attributes of Oropharyngeal Candida Species Isolated from People Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus with Oropharyngeal Candidiasis on Antiretroviral Therapy. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4371952. [PMID: 38766148 PMCID: PMC11100903 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4371952/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Background Oropharyngeal Candida species are part commensal microflora in the the oral cavity of health individuals. Commensal Candida species can become opportunist and transition to pathogenic causes of oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC) in individuals with impaired immunity through ecological cues and expression of virulence factors. Limited studies have evaluated virulence attributes of oropharyngeal Candida species among people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLHIV) with OPC on antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Uganda. Objective Evaluation of the Virulence Attributes of Oropharyngeal Candida Species Isolated from People Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus with Oropharyngeal Candidiasis on Antiretroviral Therapy. Methods Thirty-five (35) Candida isolates from PLHIV with OPC on ART were retrieved from sample repository and evaluated for phospholipase activity using the egg yolk agar method, proteinase activity using the bovine serum albumin agar method, hemolysin activity using the blood agar plate method, esterase activity using the Tween 80 opacity test medium method, coagulase activity using the classical tube method and biofilm formation using the microtiter plate assay method in vitro. Results Phospholipase and proteinase activities were detected in 33/35 (94.3%) and 31/35 (88.6%) of the strains, respectively. Up to 25/35 (71.4%) of the strains exhibited biofilm formation while esterase activity was demonstrated in 23/35 (65.7%) of the strains. Fewer isolates 21/35 (60%) of the strains produced hemolysin and coagulase production was the least virulence activity detected in 18/35 (51.4%). Conclusion Phospholipase and proteinase activities were the strongest virulence attributes of oropharyngeal Candida species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benson Musinguzi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Muni University, P. O. Box 725, Arua, Uganda
| | - Andrew Akampurira
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 7072, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Hope Derick
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Muni University, P. O. Box 725, Arua, Uganda
| | - Alex Mwesigwa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, P.O Box 317, Kabale University Kabale, Uganda
| | - Edson Mwebesa
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Muni University, P. O. Box 725, Arua, Uganda
| | - Vicent Mwesigye
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 1410, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Immaculate Kabajulizi
- Mycology Unit, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 1410, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Tahalu Sekulima
- Department of Biotechnical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Francis Ocheng
- Department of Dentistry, School of Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Herbert Itabangi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Busitema University, P.O Box 1460, Mbale, Uganda
| | - Gerald Mboowa
- African Centre of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Data-Intensive Sciences, Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O Box 22418, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Obondo James Sande
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Beatrice Achan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 7072, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
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Ramezanalipour Z, Hashemi SJ, Daie Ghazvini R, Shenagari M, Sharifdini M, Salehiniya H, Keivanlou MH, Ashrafi K, Roostaei D, Mansour Ghanaei F, Sasani E, Rafat Z. Assessment of species distribution and virulence factors of oral fungal carriage among hospitalized patients with COVID-19: a case-control study. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2024; 86:2458-2466. [PMID: 38694283 PMCID: PMC11060290 DOI: 10.1097/ms9.0000000000001956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the need to study oral fungal carriage and its potential impact. In oral fungal environments, factors like changes in respiratory epithelium, increased pathogen attachment, local inflammation, and virulence factors could influence COVID-19 severity. The authors conducted a study to explore oral fungal carriage in COVID-19 patients and compare it to a healthy control group. Methods The authors executed a case-control investigation including 144 COVID-19 patients and an equivalent number of 144 healthy controls. The matching criteria encompassed age, sex, body mass index, and the history of antibiotic and antiviral medication intake. This research was performed over a span of 12 months from May 2021 to May 2022. The mouth area was sampled with a cotton-tipped swab. Subsequently, all the samples underwent fungal culture and PCR-sequencing procedures. Results In COVID-19 patients, oral fungal carriage was three times higher compared to healthy controls. Candida was the exclusive genus found in both groups, with Candida albicans being the most frequently isolated species (90.79%). Among COVID-19 patients, Candida species showed significantly higher esterase, proteinase, and hemolysin activity compared to healthy individuals. Both groups exhibited elevated levels of C. albicans virulence factors compared to non-albicans species. Conclusions It is crucial to understand the way that virulence factors of oral fungal carriage act in COVID-19 patients in order to come up with novel antifungal medications, identify the contributing factors to drug resistance, and manage clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Ramezanalipour
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran
| | - Seyed Jamal Hashemi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran
| | - Roshanak Daie Ghazvini
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran
| | | | | | - Hamid Salehiniya
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand
| | | | | | | | - Fariborz Mansour Ghanaei
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center
- GI Cancer Screening and Prevention Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht
| | - Elahe Sasani
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
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Aisy DUR, Adawiyah R, Rozaliyani A, Estuningtyas A, Fadilah F. The Antifungal Activities of Syzygium aromaticum and Alpinia purpurata Extracts Against Candida krusei: Bioactivity Tests, Molecular Modeling, and Toxicity Tests. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2023; 24:3403-3409. [PMID: 37898844 PMCID: PMC10770677 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2023.24.10.3403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Candida krusei is the cause of the fungal infection candidiasis, which has a high mortality rate. Intrinsic resistance to fluconazole can cause the failure of Krusei candidiasis treatment. Therefore, it is necessary to find alternative drugs to eliminate the fungus. Extracts of Syzygium aromaticum and Alpinia purpurata have been proven to be alternative solutions for treating Candida krusei resistance. OBJECTIVE This study aims to explore the active compounds Syzygium aromaticum and Alpinia purpurata as treatments against Candida krusei through bioactivity tests, molecular modeling, and toxicity tests. METHODS Determination of antifungal activity with the agar well diffusion and microbroth dilution method. Molecular modeling was conducted using the following software: Marvin Sketch, LigandScout 4.4.5, AutoDock ver 4.2.6, PyMOL, LigPlus, MOE ver 2008. RESULT Bioactivity test results of the two natural extracts against C. krusei ATCC 6258, it was found that the S. aromaticum and A. purpurata extracts have MIC50 values of 0.031 μg/mL and 1.435x105 μg/mL. The molecular modeling found that the compounds Benzotriazole, 1-(4-methyl-3-nitrobenzoyl)-, 1,3,4-Eugenol Acetate, Stigmasta-5,22-dien-3-ol, acetate (3 beta)- and Farnesyl acetate from the two natural extracts, interacts with the active site of the enzyme lanosterol-14-α-demethylase with a binding energy of -8.91, -6.04, -13.53, and -7.15 kcal/mol. The oral acute toxicity test of S. aromaticum and A. purpurata extracts proved that the LD50 was >6000 mg/kg BW and >8000 mg/kg BW. The acute dermal toxicity test of the two extracts showed that the LD50 was >6000 mg/kg BW. CONCLUSION S. aromaticum and A. purpurata extracts have been proven to be alternative solutions for treating Candida krusei resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robiatul Adawiyah
- Master Program in Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia.
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia.
- Study Program of Clinical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia.
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Research Center (IDIRC), Indonesian Medical Education and Research Institute (IMERI), Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.
| | - Anna Rozaliyani
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia.
| | - Ari Estuningtyas
- Farmacology department, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.
| | - Fadilah Fadilah
- Master Program in Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia.
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.
- Bioinformatics Core Facilities, IMERI, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.
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Kountchou CL, Noubom M, Ndezo Bisso B, Ngouana Kammalac T, Ekpo AI, Ngueguim Dougue A, Nangwat C, Oyono M, Ranque S, Dzoyem JP. Antifungal Resistance Profile, Biofilm Formation, and Virulence Factor Production in Candida krusei Isolates From HIV-Infected Patients in Cameroon. Cureus 2023; 15:e44213. [PMID: 37767258 PMCID: PMC10521937 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.44213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Fungal infections mainly caused by Candida krusei are increasing rapidly and represent a serious public health problem in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients. This study aimed to investigate the antifungal susceptibility profile and virulence factors in C. krusei isolated from HIV-infected patients. Methodology Isolates were identified by biochemical and molecular methods. The antifungal resistance profile was established based on the antifungal susceptibility test performed using the Sensititre YeastOne™ (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA) microdilution technique. The production of phospholipase and proteinase was detected by standard methods. Biofilm formation was performed by the microtiter plate method. Results A total of 73 isolates of C. krusei were recovered from stool, oral swabs, vaginal swabs, and urine samples. The highest number of C. krusei isolates (49, 67.05%)was recovered from stool samples. A total of 32.56% of the C. krusei isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR). The patients living with HIV and not receiving antiretroviral treatment displayed the highest number of C. krusei isolates (29, 39.76%), whereas the patients living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy exhibited the lowest number of C. krusei isolates (2, 2.72%). All isolates were categorized as strong biofilm producers. Among the production of hydrolytic enzymes, 25 (58.13%) and 24 (55.81%) of C. krusei isolates were classified as strong phospholipase and proteinase producers, respectively. Conclusion The C. krusei isolates obtained in this study were MDR and strongly expressed biofilm formation and both phospholipase and proteinase hydrolytic enzymes. The results show how pathogenic C. krusei is in the HIV-infected population and will contribute toward the management of C. krusei-related infections, which may help improve the life quality of people living with HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michel Noubom
- Department of Microbiology, Hematology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Dschang, Dschang, CMR
| | | | | | - Alfred Itor Ekpo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Buea, Buea, CMR
| | - Aude Ngueguim Dougue
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, CMR
| | - Claude Nangwat
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Dschang, Dschang, CMR
| | - Martin Oyono
- Laboratoire de Biologie Humaine, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies, Yaounde, CMR
| | - Stéphane Ranque
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, Vecteurs et Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, FRA
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Marseille, FRA
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Ramos‐Pardo A, Castro‐Álvarez R, Quindós G, Eraso E, Sevillano E, Kaberdin VR. Assessing pH-dependent activities of virulence factors secreted by Candida albicans. Microbiologyopen 2023; 12:e1342. [PMID: 36825882 PMCID: PMC9808488 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is an opportunistic pathogen that can thrive under adverse conditions including suboptimal pH, nutrient scarcity, and low levels of oxygen. Its pathogenicity is associated with the production of virulence factors such as extracellular hydrolytic enzymes and toxins. This study was aimed at determining the effect of external pH, substrate nature, and strain origin on protease, lipase, and hemolysin production. To achieve this objective, agar plate assays were performed at pH 5.0, 6.5, and 7.5 with substrates suitable for the detection of each family of enzymes. Moreover, the study was conducted with 20 clinical C. albicans isolates from blood, oral cavity, skin, urine, and vagina. The hydrolytic zones formed around the colonies were further measured to calculate the Ez (enzymatic zone) indexes. We found that detection of proteases in skim milk agar plates was possible for most isolates only at pH 5 (80%) and pH 6.5 (75%), whereas BSA plates could confer protease detection exclusively at pH 5 (80%). Similarly, the percentage of isolates possessing lipolytic activities was higher at pH 5 (90%) than at pH 6.5 (70%) and pH 7.5 (35%). In contrast, hemolytic activities were detected in all isolates at pH 6.5 and 7.5 but not at pH 5. Further analysis revealed that some differences in the detected activities could potentially be attributed to the anatomical origin of these isolates. Collectively, these findings suggest that the pH of the site of infection might be critical for mimicking the microenvironment employed to experimentally discover the key virulence factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asier Ramos‐Pardo
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and ParasitologyUniversity of the Basque Country UPV/EHULeioaSpain
| | - Rocío Castro‐Álvarez
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and ParasitologyUniversity of the Basque Country UPV/EHULeioaSpain
| | - Guillermo Quindós
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and ParasitologyUniversity of the Basque Country UPV/EHULeioaSpain
| | - Elena Eraso
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and ParasitologyUniversity of the Basque Country UPV/EHULeioaSpain
| | - Elena Sevillano
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and ParasitologyUniversity of the Basque Country UPV/EHULeioaSpain
| | - Vladimir R. Kaberdin
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and ParasitologyUniversity of the Basque Country UPV/EHULeioaSpain,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for ScienceBilbaoSpain,Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PIE‐UPV/EHU)PlentziaSpain
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Similarities and Differences among Species Closely Related to Candida albicans: C. tropicalis, C. dubliniensis, and C. auris. Cell Microbiol 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/2599136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Although Candida species are widespread commensals of the microflora of healthy individuals, they are also among the most important human fungal pathogens that under certain conditions can cause diseases (candidiases) of varying severity ranging from mild superficial infections of the mucous membranes to life-threatening systemic infections. So far, the vast majority of research aimed at understanding the molecular basis of pathogenesis has been focused on the most common species—Candida albicans. Meanwhile, other closely related species belonging to the CTG clade, namely, Candida tropicalis and Candida dubliniensis, are becoming more important in clinical practice, as well as a relatively newly identified species, Candida auris. Despite the close relationship of these microorganisms, it seems that in the course of evolution, they have developed distinct biochemical, metabolic, and physiological adaptations, which they use to fit to commensal niches and achieve full virulence. Therefore, in this review, we describe the current knowledge on C. tropicalis, C. dubliniensis, and C. auris virulence factors, the formation of a mixed species biofilm and mutual communication, the environmental stress response and related changes in fungal cell metabolism, and the effect of pathogens on host defense response and susceptibility to antifungal agents used, highlighting differences with respect to C. albicans. Special attention is paid to common diagnostic problems resulting from similarities between these species and the emergence of drug resistance mechanisms. Understanding the different strategies to achieve virulence, used by important opportunistic pathogens of the genus Candida, is essential for proper diagnosis and treatment.
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Fanou BA, Klotoe JR, Dougnon V, Monteiro A, Koudokpon CH, Loko F. [Prevalence and factors associated with vulvovaginal candidiasis in women admitted to the Zone Hospital of Mènontin (Bénin)]. Pan Afr Med J 2022; 42:215. [PMID: 36845234 PMCID: PMC9949275 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2022.42.215.28984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) are cosmopolitan affections, very frequent and recurrent, condition due to disruption in vaginal balance and local immunity system. The purpose of this study is to determine the prevalence and factors associated with VVCs in women admitted to the Mènontin Hospital. Methods we conducted a cross-sectional, descriptive and analytical study in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology over the period March - August 2020. Sociodemographic, medical and gynecological data were collected from the medical records of 1336 subjects. Candida species were identified by conventional microbiological tests. Results the prevalence of candidiasis was 56.25% in women with leucorrhea. It was not associated with sociodemographic factors such as age, marital status and BMI. Gestational age; the colour of the cervix and the amount and consistency of leucorrhoea were related to the occurrence of candidiasis. The most common species included Candida dubliniensis (36.11%) and Candida albicans (29.17%). Conclusion eight species of candida are responsible for VVC in southern Benin. Knowing the associated factors allows for the implementation of appropriate control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brice Armand Fanou
- Unité de Recherche en Microbiologie Appliquée et Pharmacologie des Substances Naturelles (URMAPha), Laboratoire de Recherche en Biologie Appliquée (LARBA), Ecole Polytechnique d’Abomey-Calavi (EPAC), Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Bénin
| | - Jean-Robert Klotoe
- Unité de Recherche en Microbiologie Appliquée et Pharmacologie des Substances Naturelles (URMAPha), Laboratoire de Recherche en Biologie Appliquée (LARBA), Ecole Polytechnique d’Abomey-Calavi (EPAC), Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Bénin,,Ecole Normale Supérieure de Natitingou, Université Nationale des Sciences, Technologie, Ingénierie et Mathématiques, Natitingou, Bénin,,Corresponding author: Jean-Robert Klotoe, Unité de Recherche en Microbiologie Appliquée et Pharmacologie des Substances Naturelles (URMAPha), Laboratoire de Recherche en Biologie Appliquée (LARBA), Ecole Polytechnique d’Abomey-Calavi (EPAC), Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Bénin.
| | - Victorien Dougnon
- Unité de Recherche en Microbiologie Appliquée et Pharmacologie des Substances Naturelles (URMAPha), Laboratoire de Recherche en Biologie Appliquée (LARBA), Ecole Polytechnique d’Abomey-Calavi (EPAC), Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Bénin
| | | | - Charles Hornel Koudokpon
- Unité de Recherche en Microbiologie Appliquée et Pharmacologie des Substances Naturelles (URMAPha), Laboratoire de Recherche en Biologie Appliquée (LARBA), Ecole Polytechnique d’Abomey-Calavi (EPAC), Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Bénin
| | - Frédéric Loko
- Unité de Recherche en Microbiologie Appliquée et Pharmacologie des Substances Naturelles (URMAPha), Laboratoire de Recherche en Biologie Appliquée (LARBA), Ecole Polytechnique d’Abomey-Calavi (EPAC), Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Bénin
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Fanou BA, Klotoe JR, Dougnon V, Assogba P, Agbodjento E, Koudokpon CH, Fah L, Sintondji K, Kpoze R, Loko F. Efficacy of Extracts of Cyanthillium Cinereum, Khaya senegalensis and Lippia multiflora on Candida Strains Isolated From Urine Samples in Benin (West Africa). FRONTIERS IN TROPICAL DISEASES 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fitd.2022.890296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The search for new bioactive molecules with antifungal properties to combat resistance to classical antifungals represents a great challenge. This study aimed to explore the virulence factors and resistance profile of Candida species isolated from urine samples in Benin and the in vitro efficacy of organic extracts of Cyanthillium cinereum (L.) H.Rob., Lippia multiflora Moldenke and Khaya senegalensis (Desv.) A.Juss. on the growth of these Candida spp. The study focused on Candida strains isolated from urine samples collected from patients admitted to the bacteriological analysis laboratories of hospitals in Southern Benin. The sensitivity of these strains to classical antifungal agents was determined by the simple diffusion method. Their pathogenicity was investigated via several virulence factors (gelatinase, hemolysin, hydrophobicity, adhesin, biofilm and lecithinase). The in vitro efficacy of the aqueous, ethanolic and hydro-ethanolic extracts of the plants on Candida albicans ATCC 90028 and on six clinical strains was evaluated by the method of determination of the inhibition diameters. The results obtained showed that 51 different Candida strains were isolated from the collected urine samples with a respective predominance of Candida albicans (52.94%) and Candida glabrata (17.64%) species. All identified species were sensitive to amphotericin B and nystatin but 20% are resistant to fluconazole and present 15 different resistance profiles. Six different virulence factors were identified with a high frequency of hydrophobicity (96.08%) and adhesin (94.12%). Antifungal tests revealed that at 100 mg/mL the plant extracts were active on the tested strains with better activity for Cyanthilium cinereum and Khaya senegalensis. Cyanthilium cinereum, Khaya senegalensis and Lippia multiflora showed antifungal activity on virulent Candida strains suggesting the possibility to explore them further for the discovery of new antifungal molecules.
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Antifungal activity of Ocimum gratissimum L., Lantana camara L. & Pteleopsis suberosa Engl. & Dies used in the treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis in Benin. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s43094-021-00383-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Vulvovaginal candidiasis is a widespread mycotic infection that affects a large proportion of women of childbearing age. Its management in traditional medicine is based on the use of medicinal plants. This study aimed to evaluate the antifungal activity of Ocimum gratissimum L., Lantana camara L. and Pteleopsis suberosa Engl. & Diels used in the treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis in Benin.
Results
The data obtained from the in vitro antifungal test show that the strains tested (ATCC 90028 and two clinical strains: 1MA and 3MA) were more sensitive to aqueous extracts with a better effect for Pteleopsis suberosa. This potential of the tested extracts correlated with their richness in total polyphenols. The extract of the Pteleopsis suberosa was very active on the inhibition of the reference strain ATCC 90028. On the clinical strains (1MA and 3MA) the aqueous extract of Pteleopsis suberosa showed a better MIC on the 1MA strain. In vivo model, inoculation of 100 µL of the concentrated Candida albicans suspension 1.5 × 105 UFC/mL induced the candidiasis of the female Wistar rat. The treatment with the aqueous extract of Pteleopsis suberosa, like fluconazole (reference drug), significantly reduced Candida albicans infection at a dose of 100 mg/kg after 1, 7 and 13 days of treatment.
Conclusion
This study revealed the potential antifungal of the Ocimum gratissimum, Lantana camara and Pteleopsis suberosa. Pteleopsis suberosa has better antifungal activity in vitro and in vivo. These observations justify the use of their medicinal plant in the traditional treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis in Benin.
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Kamli MR, Malik MA, Lone SA, Sabir JSM, Mattar EH, Ahmad A. Beta vulgaris Assisted Fabrication of Novel Ag-Cu Bimetallic Nanoparticles for Growth Inhibition and Virulence in Candida albicans. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1957. [PMID: 34834372 PMCID: PMC8621205 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Beta vulgaris extract contains water-soluble red pigment betanin and is used as a food colorant. In this study, the biogenic Ag-Cu bimetallic nanoparticles were synthesized and characterized by different spectroscopic and microscopic techniques, including UV-Visible, FTIR, TEM. SEM-EDX, XRD, and TGA. Further, Ag-Cu bimetallic nanoparticles capped with Beta vulgaris biomolecules were evaluated for their antifungal activity against Candida albicans via targeting its major virulence factors, including adherence, yeast to hyphae transition, extracellular enzyme secretion, biofilm formation, and the expression of genes related to these pathogenic traits by using standard methods. C. albicans is an opportunistic human fungal pathogen that causes significant morbidity and mortality, mainly in immunocompromised patients. The current antifungal therapy is limited with various shortcomings such as host toxicity and developing multidrug resistance. Therefore, the development of novel antifungal agents is urgently required. Furthermore, NPs were screened for cell viability and cytotoxicity effect. Antifungal susceptibility testing showed potent antifungal activity of the Ag-Cu bimetallic NPs with a significant inhibitory effect on adherence, yeast to hyphae transition, extracellular enzymes secretion, and formation of biofilms in C. albicans at sub-inhibitory and inhibitory concentrations. The RT-qPCR results at an MIC value of the NPs exhibited a varying degree of downregulation in expression levels of virulence genes. Results also revealed the dose-dependent effect of NPs on cellular viability (up to 100%) using MUSE cell analyzer. Moreover, the low cytotoxicity effect of bimetallic NPs has been observed using haemolytic assay. The overall results indicated that the newly synthesized Ag-Cu bimetallic NPs capped with Beta vulgaris are proven to possess a potent anticandidal activity, by affecting the vital pathogenic factors of C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Rasool Kamli
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (J.S.M.S.); (E.H.M.)
- Center of Excellence in Bionanoscience Research, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maqsood Ahmad Malik
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shabir Ahmad Lone
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa; (S.A.L.); (A.A.)
| | - Jamal S. M. Sabir
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (J.S.M.S.); (E.H.M.)
- Center of Excellence in Bionanoscience Research, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ehab H. Mattar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (J.S.M.S.); (E.H.M.)
| | - Aijaz Ahmad
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa; (S.A.L.); (A.A.)
- Infection Control Unit, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
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12
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Jothi R, Sangavi R, Kumar P, Pandian SK, Gowrishankar S. Catechol thwarts virulent dimorphism in Candida albicans and potentiates the antifungal efficacy of azoles and polyenes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21049. [PMID: 34702898 PMCID: PMC8548306 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00485-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was deliberately focused to explore the antivirulence efficacy of a plant allelochemical-catechol against Candida albicans, and attempts were made to elucidate the underlying mechanisms as well. Catechol at its sub-MIC concentrations (2-256 μg/mL) exhibited a dose dependent biofilm as well as hyphal inhibitory efficacies, which were ascertained through both light and fluorescence microscopic analyses. Further, sub-MICs of catechol displayed remarkable antivirulence efficacy, as it substantially inhibited C. albicans' virulence enzymes i.e. secreted hydrolases. Notably, FTIR analysis divulged the potency of catechol in effective loosening of C. albicans' exopolymeric matrix, which was further reinforced using EPS quantification assay. Although, catechol at BIC (256 μg/mL) did not disrupt the mature biofilms of C. albicans, their initial adherence was significantly impeded by reducing their hydrophobic nature. Besides, FTIR analysis also unveiled the ability of catechol in enhancing the production of farnesol-a metabolite of C. albicans, whose accumulation naturally blocks yeast-hyphal transition. The qPCR data showed significant down-regulation of candidate genes viz., RAS1, HWP1 and ALS3 which are the key targets of Ras-cAMP-PKA pathway -the pathway that contribute for C. albicans' pathogenesis. Interestingly, the up-regulation of TUP1 (a gene responsible for farnesol-mediated hyphal inhibition) during catechol exposure strengthen the speculation of catechol triggered farnesol-mediated hyphal inhibition. Furthermore, catechol profusely enhanced the fungicidal efficacy of certain known antifungal agent's viz., azoles (ketoconazole and miconazole) and polyenes (amphotericin-B and nystatin).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Jothi
- Department of Biotechnology, Science Campus, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, 630 003, India
| | - Ravichellam Sangavi
- Department of Biotechnology, Science Campus, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, 630 003, India
| | - Ponnuchamy Kumar
- Food Chemistry and Molecular Cancer Biology Lab, Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, India
| | | | - Shanmugaraj Gowrishankar
- Department of Biotechnology, Science Campus, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, 630 003, India.
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13
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Lim SJ, Ali MSM, Sabri S, Noor NDM, Salleh AB, Oslan SN. Opportunistic yeast pathogen Candida spp.: Secreted and membrane-bound virulence factors. Med Mycol 2021; 59:1127-1144. [PMID: 34506621 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myab053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Candidiasis is a fungal infection caused by Candida spp. especially Candida albicans, C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis and C. tropicalis. Although the medicinal therapeutic strategies have rapidly improved, the mortality rate due to candidiasis has continuously increased. The secreted and membrane-bound virulence factors (VFs) are responsible for fungal invasion, damage and translocation through the host enterocytes besides the evasion from host immune system. VFs such as agglutinin-like sequences (Als), heat shock protein 70, phospholipases, secreted aspartyl proteinases (Sap), lipases, enolases and phytases are mostly hydrolases which degrade the enterocyte membrane components except for candidalysin, the VF acts as a peptide toxin to induce necrotic cell lysis. To date, structural studies of the VFs remain underexplored, hindering their functional analyses. Among the VFs, only secreted aspartyl proteinases and agglutinin-like sequences have their structures deposited in Protein Data Bank (PDB). Therefore, this review scrutinizes the mechanisms of these VFs by discussing the VF-deficient studies of several Candida spp. and their abilities to produce these VFs. Nonetheless, their latest reported sequential and structural analyses are discussed to impart a wider perception of the host-pathogen interactions and potential vaccine or antifungal drug targets. This review signifies that more VFs structural investigations and mining in the emerging Candida spp. are required to decipher their pathogenicity and virulence mechanisms compared to the prominent C. albicans. LAY ABSTRACT Candida virulence factors (VFs) including mainly enzymes and proteins play vital roles in breaching the human intestinal barrier and causing deadly candidiasis. Limited VFs' structural studies hinder deeper comprehension of their mechanisms and thus the design of vaccines and antifungal drugs against fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Jie Lim
- Enzyme Technology and X-ray Crystallography Laboratory, VacBio 5, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Enzyme and Microbial Technology (EMTech) Research Centre, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Shukuri Mohamad Ali
- Enzyme Technology and X-ray Crystallography Laboratory, VacBio 5, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Enzyme and Microbial Technology (EMTech) Research Centre, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Suriana Sabri
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology (EMTech) Research Centre, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Noor Dina Muhd Noor
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology (EMTech) Research Centre, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abu Bakar Salleh
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology (EMTech) Research Centre, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Siti Nurbaya Oslan
- Enzyme Technology and X-ray Crystallography Laboratory, VacBio 5, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Enzyme and Microbial Technology (EMTech) Research Centre, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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14
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Gharaghani M, Rezaei-Matehkolaei A, Hardani AK, Zarei Mahmoudabadi A. Pediatric candiduria, epidemiology, genotype distribution and virulence factors of Candida albicans. Microb Pathog 2021; 160:105173. [PMID: 34487818 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The presence of Candida species in urine may be due to colonization of this species in the bladder, urinary catheter, and perineum. Candida albicans has been the most commonly isolated from urine samples in patients with candiduria. Several virulence factors include adhesion to host cells, secreted extracellular enzymes, phenotype switching, and biofilm formation are contributing to the pathogenicity of C. albicans. ABC genotyping is the method based on the determination of 25s rDNA and C. albicans is divided into four genotypes include A, B, C, and E. We aimed to identify Candida species from pediatrics and evaluate extracellular enzyme activities, phenotype switching, biofilm formation, and genotyping in isolates. Urine samples collected, cultured, and yielded yeasts were identified. Phenotype switching, biofilm formation, enzymatic patterns, and genotyping of 50 isolates of C. albicans were evaluated. The Genotyping pattern was compared with extracellular enzymes, biofilm formation, and phenotype switching pattern. 16.2% of urine cultures were positive for the different Candida species. The most common species was C. albicans, followed by C. glabrata. Out of 50 isolates of C. albicans, 72% and 28% isolates were recognized as genotypes A and C. All isolates were produced extracellular enzymes and biofilm formation. In conclusion, candiduria with high colony counts is still a challenge in Iranian pediatrics. Genotype A was the predominant genotype among C. albicans strains. There is a statistical difference between esterase and genotypes of C and A C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maral Gharaghani
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ali Rezaei-Matehkolaei
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Amir Kamal Hardani
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Abuzar Children's Hospital, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ali Zarei Mahmoudabadi
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
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15
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Tefiani I, Lahbib Seddiki SM, Yassine Mahdad M. In vitro activities of Traganum nudatum and Mentha pulegium extracts combined with amphotericin B against Candida albicans in production of hydrolytic enzymes. Curr Med Mycol 2021; 6:27-32. [PMID: 33834140 PMCID: PMC8018827 DOI: 10.18502/cmm.6.3.4499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose : Candida albicans is an important microorganism in the normal flora of a healthy subject; however, it has an expedient pathogenic character that induces hydrolytic virulence. Regarding this, the present study aimed to find an in vitro alternative that could reduce the virulence of this yeast. Materials and Methods: For the purpose of the study, the effect of amphotericin B (AmB) combined with the extract of Traganum nudatum (E1) or Mentha pulegium (E2) was evaluated against the hydrolytic activities of esterase, protease, and phospholipase. This effect was determined by calculating the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), used to adjust the extract/AmB mixtures in culture media. Results: The evaluated Pz values, which corresponded to the different enzymatic activities, showed a decrease in the hydrolytic activities of C. albicans strains after the addition of E1/AmB and E2/AmB combinations at descending concentrations (lower than the obtained MICs). Conclusion: Based on the findings, it would be possible to reduce the pathogenesis of this species without destabilizing the balance of the flora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikram Tefiani
- Department of Antifungal Antibiotic, Physico-Chemical Synthesis, and Biological Activity, University of Tlemcen, Tlemcen, Algeria
| | - Sidi Mohammed Lahbib Seddiki
- Department of Antifungal Antibiotic, Physico-Chemical Synthesis, and Biological Activity, University of Tlemcen, Tlemcen, Algeria.,University Center of Naâma, Naâma, Algeria
| | - Moustafa Yassine Mahdad
- University Center of Naâma, Naâma, Algeria.,Department of Physiology, Physiopathology, and Biochemistry of Nutrition, University of Tlemcen, Tlemcen, Algeria
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16
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Erum R, Samad F, Khan A, Kazmi SU. A comparative study on production of extracellular hydrolytic enzymes of Candida species isolated from patients with surgical site infection and from healthy individuals and their co-relation with antifungal drug resistance. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:368. [PMID: 33272216 PMCID: PMC7713141 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-02045-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surgical site infection (SSI) is a crucial dilemma of surgery. Patients with SSIs not only face difficulty in treatment but also bear extra cost with high mortality rate. Resistant strains of Candida have emerged as an important nosocomial pathogen. Proteinase and phospholipase are exo- enzymes of Candida species, have importance with respect to their contribution in diseases. This study focused on prevalence of Candida species in surgical wound, their resistance to antifungal drugs, co-relation of these resistance with virulence potential of Candida species and comparison of production level of exo-enzymes of Candida species isolated from patients with SSIs and healthy individuals to highlights their role in SSIs. RESULTS A total of (n = 555) swab samples were investigated. (n = 450) samples were collected from patients with SSIs and (n = 105) were collected from healthy individuals. Samples were subjected for the identification of Candida species which were subsequently investigated for antifungal susceptibility, MICs and enzymatic activity of Candida species. Out of 128 strains of Candida spp. isolated from SSIs, 54(42.18%) were identified as C. albicans followed by C. glabrata 32(25%), C. parapsilosis 17(13.28%), C. krusei 13(10.16%) and C. tropicalis 12(9.38%). C. albicans isolates showed 100% susceptibility to voriconazole and amphotericin B followed by itraconazole 98% and fluconazole 89%. Out of 6 fluconazole resistant C. albicans 5(83.33%) were able to produce phospholipase while out of 48 fluconazole-susceptible strains 17(35.42%) were found to be phospholipase producer. Out of 54 C. albicans isolated from surgical wound 46(85.18%) and 49(90.74%) were found to be phospholipase and proteinase producer respectively, whereas out of 20 C. albicans isolates from healthy subjects 14(70%) produce proteinase and 12(60%) produce phospholipase. There were significant statistical differences found between the level of enzyme production by C. albicans, in relation to both sites (P = 0.014). CONCLUSION Study revealed that prevalence of Candida species is high in SSIs. Phospholipase and proteinase activity were more pronounced in Candida Species from surgical wound in contrast to species from healthy individuals suggests these enzymes may have been responsible for the severity of infection in surgical wound patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakhshanda Erum
- Department of Microbiology, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan.
| | - Farkhunda Samad
- Department of Microbiology, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Adnan Khan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
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17
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Gómez-Gaviria M, Mora-Montes HM. Current Aspects in the Biology, Pathogeny, and Treatment of Candida krusei, a Neglected Fungal Pathogen. Infect Drug Resist 2020; 13:1673-1689. [PMID: 32606818 PMCID: PMC7293913 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s247944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections represent a constant and growing menace to human health, because of the emergence of new species as causative agents of diseases and the increment of antifungal drug resistance. Candidiasis is one of the most common fungal infections in humans and is associated with a high mortality rate when the fungi infect deep-seated organs. Candida krusei belongs to the group of candidiasis etiological agents, and although it is not isolated as frequently as other Candida species, the infections caused by this organism are of special relevance in the clinical setting because of its intrinsic resistance to fluconazole. Here, we offer a thorough revision of the current literature dealing with this organism and the caused disease, focusing on its biological aspects, the host-fungus interaction, the diagnosis, and the infection treatment. Of particular relevance, we provide the most recent genomic information, including the gene prediction of some putative virulence factors, like proteases, adhesins, regulators of biofilm formation and dimorphism. Moreover, C. krusei veterinary aspects and the exploration of natural products with anti-C. krusei activity are also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Gómez-Gaviria
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Gto, México
| | - Héctor M Mora-Montes
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Gto, México
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18
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Pandey N, Gupta MK, Paul P, Tilak R. Necessity to identify candida species accurately with minimum inhibitory concentration determination in each case of bloodstream infections. J Infect Public Health 2019; 13:753-758. [PMID: 31899133 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2019.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Revised: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bloodstream Candida infection is a life-threatening event among ICU admitted patients. This infection is caused by a diverse range of Candida species having varied minimum inhibitory concentrations. OBJECTIVES To identify Candida species causing bloodstream infections with their antifungal susceptibility determination. METHODS Candida species isolated from the blood of ICU admitted patients were identified by phenotypic as well as by molecular methods including PCR-RFLP using MspI restriction enzyme and MALDI TOF MS. The minimum inhibitory concentration of fluconazole, voriconazole, amphotericin B and caspofungin was determined against isolated Candida species by CLSI M27A3 guidelines. RESULTS A total of 119 Candida species were isolated. Among them, C. tropicalis(n=29) was the predominant isolate followed by C. parapsilosis(n=18), C. glabrata (n=12), C. krusei (n=11) and C. albicans(n=11). Uncommon Candida species isolated were; Wickerhamomyces anomalus(n=15), Kodaemia ohmeri(n=8), C. lusitaniae (n=5) and C. auris (n=2). A varied antifungal MIC values were observed. Caspofungin had the lowest MIC among the tested antifungals. Increased fluconazole MIC was observed against the isolated Candida species including C. tropicalis. All the isolated C. lusitaniae and C. auris strains have ≥1mcg/ml amphotericin B MIC. In comparison to fluconazole, voriconazole was more effective when tested in vitro. CONCLUSION Emergence of uncommon Candida species having varied antifungal MIC warns the physicians to have a prompt, accurate identification with antifungal MIC determination in each case of bloodstream Candida infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Pandey
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.
| | - Munesh K Gupta
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.
| | - Pradeep Paul
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.
| | - Ragini Tilak
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.
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19
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Ghorbel D, Hadrich I, Neji S, Trabelsi H, Belaaj H, Sellami H, Cheikhrouhou F, Makni F, Ayadi A. Detection of virulence factors and antifungal susceptibility of human and avian Aspergillusflavus isolates. J Mycol Med 2019; 29:292-302. [PMID: 31570304 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2019.100900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Aspergillusflavus is the second leading cause of invasive and non-invasive aspergillosis. Secretion of hydrolytic enzymes is considered as a virulence factor in this species. Our work aimed to study in vitro production of some virulence factors, to evaluate the biofilm production against human and avian A. flavus isolates and to investigate the antifungal susceptibility agents. Hydrolytic enzymes, biofilm production and molecular typing were studied for 62 human and 36 avian A. flavus isolates by specific solid media and six microsatellite markers. The susceptibility to antifungal agents was evaluated for 37 human isolates. All human and avian A. flavus isolates showed positive activities of extracellular hydrolase: phospholipase, protease and hemolysin. A positive elastase activity was seen in 64.51% of human A. flavus isolates and 86.1% of avian A. flavus isolates. All A. flavus in these two populations formed biofilms. Statistical significant difference was observed for the mean phospholipase activities (P=0.025) and biofilm quantification (P=0.0001) between human and avian A. flavus isolates. The in vitro susceptibility results showed a resistance in 83.7%, 81.08% and 16.21% of A. flavus isolates respectively to amphotericin B, itraconazole and posaconazole. No association was noted between all virulence factors and the genotypes of human and avian isolates. Our study allowed us to show that human strains have a higher production of extracellular hydrolases and biofilm then avian strains. These virulence factors appear to act synergistically to contribute to the virulence of A. flavus strains. Moreover, significant correlation between virulence patterns and antifungal susceptibility profiles was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ghorbel
- Laboratory of Fungal and Parasitic Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, university of Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - I Hadrich
- Laboratory of Fungal and Parasitic Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, university of Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - S Neji
- Laboratory of Fungal and Parasitic Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, university of Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - H Trabelsi
- Laboratory of Fungal and Parasitic Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, university of Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - H Belaaj
- Hematology department, UH Hedi Chaker, Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - H Sellami
- Laboratory of Fungal and Parasitic Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, university of Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - F Cheikhrouhou
- Laboratory of Fungal and Parasitic Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, university of Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - F Makni
- Laboratory of Fungal and Parasitic Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, university of Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - A Ayadi
- Laboratory of Fungal and Parasitic Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, university of Sfax, Tunisia.
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20
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Jalal M, Ansari MA, Alzohairy MA, Ali SG, Khan HM, Almatroudi A, Siddiqui MI. Anticandidal activity of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles: effect on growth, cell morphology, and key virulence attributes of Candida species. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:4667-4679. [PMID: 31308652 PMCID: PMC6612830 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s210449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The pathogenicity in Candida spp was attributed by several virulence factors such as production of tissue damaging extracellular enzymes, germ tube formation, hyphal morphogenesis and establishment of drug resistant biofilm. The objective of present study was to investigate the effects of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on growth, cell morphology and key virulence attributes of Candida species. Methods: AgNPs were synthesized by the using seed extract of Syzygium cumini (Sc), and were characterized by UV-Vis spectrophotometer, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). ScAgNPs were used to evaluate their antifungal and antibacterial activity as well as their potent inhibitory effects on germ tube and biofilm formation and extracellular enzymes viz. phospholipases, proteinases, lipases and hemolysin secreted by Candida spp. Results: The MICs values of ScAgNPs were ranged from 0.125-0.250 mg/ml, whereas the MBCs and MFCs were 0.250 and 0.500 mg/ml, respectively. ScAgNPs significantly inhibit the production of phospholipases by 82.2, 75.7, 78.7, 62.5, and 65.8%; proteinases by 82.0, 72.0, 77.5, 67.0, and 83.7%; lipase by 69.4, 58.8, 60.0, 42.9, and 65.0%; and hemolysin by 62.8, 69.7, 67.2, 73.1, and 70.2% in C. albicans, C. tropicalis, C. dubliniensis, C. parapsilosis and C. krusei, respectively, at 500 μg/ml. ScAgNPs inhibit germ tube formation in C. albicans up to 97.1% at 0.25 mg/ml. LIVE/DEAD staining results showed that ScAgNPs almost completely inhibit biofilm formation in C. albicans. TEM analysis shows that ScAgNPs not only anchored onto the cell surface but also penetrated and accumulated in the cytoplasm that causes severe damage to the cell wall and cytoplasmic membrane. Conclusion: To summarize, the biosynthesized ScAgNPs strongly suppressed the multiplication, germ tube and biofilm formation and most importantly secretion of hydrolytic enzymes (viz. phospholipases, proteinases, lipases and hemolysin) by Candia spp. The present research work open several avenues of further study, such as to explore the molecular mechanism of inhibition of germ tubes and biofilm formation and suppression of production of various hydrolytic enzymes by Candida spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Jalal
- Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College and Hospital, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh202002, India
| | - Mohammad Azam Ansari
- Department of Epidemic Disease Research, Institutes for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad A Alzohairy
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Qassim51431, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Ghazanfar Ali
- Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College and Hospital, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh202002, India
| | - Haris M Khan
- Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College and Hospital, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh202002, India
| | - Ahmad Almatroudi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Qassim51431, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Imran Siddiqui
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zakir Husain College of Engineering and Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh202202, India
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Galocha M, Pais P, Cavalheiro M, Pereira D, Viana R, Teixeira MC. Divergent Approaches to Virulence in C. albicans and C. glabrata: Two Sides of the Same Coin. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092345. [PMID: 31083555 PMCID: PMC6539081 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans and Candida glabrata are the two most prevalent etiologic agents of candidiasis worldwide. Although both are recognized as pathogenic, their choice of virulence traits is highly divergent. Indeed, it appears that these different approaches to fungal virulence may be equally successful in causing human candidiasis. In this review, the virulence mechanisms employed by C. albicans and C. glabrata are analyzed, with emphasis on the differences between the two systems. Pathogenesis features considered in this paper include dimorphic growth, secreted enzymes and signaling molecules, and stress resistance mechanisms. The consequences of these traits in tissue invasion, biofilm formation, immune system evasion, and macrophage escape, in a species dependent manner, are discussed. This review highlights the observation that C. albicans and C. glabrata follow different paths leading to a similar outcome. It also highlights the lack of knowledge on some of the specific mechanisms underlying C. glabrata pathogenesis, which deserve future scrutiny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Galocha
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Pedro Pais
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Mafalda Cavalheiro
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Diana Pereira
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Romeu Viana
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Miguel C Teixeira
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
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