Mental Healthcare Delivery in Rural Greece: A 10-year Account of a Mobile Mental Health Unit

First-contact patients with a community mental health service in rural Greece: A 3-year prospective study of treatment attendance and its co-relations

BACKGROUND

Treatment continuation is essential for the optimal management of patients with mental disorders in the community, but treatment and outcome are often undermined by the high rates of service disengagement and treatment non-adherence across all psychiatric diagnoses. The phenomenon may be even more relevant in rural settings.

AIMS

The aim of the present study was to explore attendance to treatment in first-contact patients in a community-based treatment setting in rural Greece and to explore the associations of treatment attendance with demographic and clinical factors.

METHOD

Data were collected prospectively over a 3-year period, with 1-year follow-up interval. All first-contact cases with the Mobile Mental Health Unit of the prefectures of Ioannina and Thesprotia (MMHU I-T), Northwest Greece were considered, but only clinical cases were processed.

RESULTS

The sample size consisted of 446 patients, with a mean age 65.4 ± 18.8 years. The rate of 12-month attendance to mental health treatment was 13.5% (60 out of 446 patients). Treatment attendance was found to be correlated with younger age, the diagnosis of schizophrenia-spectrum disorder, and patients' referral by other psychiatric services. First examination over the year 2019 had been significantly inversely associated with treatment engagement.

CONCLUSION

Rates of subsequent attendance after initial assessment in a rural community mental healthcare setting were rather low in the present study. Several variables that have been previously associated with service engagement were found to be related in this study too, whereas other were not. Research on treatment engagement in rural treatment settings should be ongoing to reveal all associated factors.

Use of Long-Acting Injectable Antipsychotics in a Clinical Sample of Community-Dwelling Patients with Schizophrenia-Spectrum Disorders in Rural Greece

Data on the use of long-acting injectable antipsychotics (LAIs) in rural community mental healthcare settings are scarce. This study aimed to investigate the prescription patterns of LAIs in a clinical sample of patients with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders in rural Greece. All patients with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders who regularly attend the Mobile Mental Health Unit of the prefectures of Ioannina and Thesprotia (MMHU I-T) in northwestern Greece were included in the study. The sample consists of 87 patients (59 males and 28 females) with a mean age of 54.4 years and a mean illness duration of 28 years. Most patients (72.4%) received antipsychotic monotherapy, and nearly 30% received an LAI formulation, mostly a second-generation LAI (20 of 26 patients, 76.9%). The treatment regimen comprised benzodiazepines in one-third of the patients and antidepressants in one-quarter. There was no statistically significant association between treatment regimen and the clinical and demographic variables studied, except for biological sex (female). The percentage of patients treated with LAIs in this study was almost three times higher than the rate previously reported in Greece and is higher than the rates reported in other countries. Patients with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders in rural Greece may have adequate access to innovative treatment with second-generation LAIs. Further research is needed to demonstrate the cost-effectiveness of LAI treatment in rural communities and to elucidate the factors associated with such treatment.

Vaccination rates against COVID-19 in patients with severe mental illness attending community mental health services in rural Greece

BACKGROUND

Patients with severe mental illness (SMI) may be at increased risk for COVID-19-related severe morbidity and mortality. There is limited research on the vaccination rates against COVID-19 in patients with SMI.

AIMS

The objective of the present study is to explore vaccination rates and co-relations in patients with SMI, attending community mental health services, namely the Mobile Mental Health Units (MMHUs) in rural Greece.

METHOD

All treatment engaged patients with SMI (schizophrenia-spectrum or bipolar disorder) with two MMHUs (MMHU of Kefalonia, Zakynthos and Ithaca, [MMHU KZI] and MMHU of the prefectures of Ioannina and Thesprotia [MMHU I-T]) in rural Greece were enrolled prospectively over a six-month period. The MMHU I-T had adopted a more proactive approach to patients' vaccination, by informing patients and caregivers for its benefits.

RESULTS

Data were analyzed for 197 patients with SMI. The overall vaccination rate was 68.5% and did not differ from the respective rates in the general population. There were no differences in vaccination rates among patients attending the two MMHUs, nor among patients with different diagnoses (schizophrenia spectrum disorders or bipolar disorder). Vaccination was not associated with gender, educational level, history of alcohol and substance abuse, illness duration, or number of previous hospitalizations, whereas the effect size of age was moderate. In more than half non-vaccinated patients the refusal to get vaccinated was associated with fears and concerns as well as false beliefs that are encountered in the general population.

CONCLUSION

In the present sample of treatment-engaged rural patients vaccination rates against COVID-19 appear to be satisfactory. There were no differences in vaccination rates with regard to the interventions that were applied to enhance vaccination. It seems that other forms of intervention should be applied to reluctant patients to modify their attitudes toward vaccination.

Community Psychiatry in Rural Greece: The Role of the Mobile Mental Health Units

Almost a decade ago, an article published in the official journal of the Hellenic Psychiatric Association, concerning the state of Greek mental health reform, referred to the significant shortages of mental health staff and services in rural areas of the country [...]

A comparative study of two Mobile Mental Health Units in different catchment rural areas in Greece

BACKGROUND

Mental healthcare service delivery in rural and remote areas in Greece is challenging due to socioeconomic and geographical reasons, and distant facilities. To address the needs of the underserved areas, the Greek state has launched a number of Mobile Mental Health Units (MMHUs).

AIM

The objective of the present study was to explore the differences among two MMHUs, one being run by a university general hospital (MMHU UHA) and the other being run by a nongovernmental organization (MMHU I-T).

METHODS

The two MMHUs deliver services in rural areas of northeast and northwest Greece, respectively. Both MMHUs use the infrastructures of the primary healthcare system and have the potential for domiciliary visits.

RESULTS

Medical and nursing staff is much more in the MMHU UHA, whereas MMHU I-T has more psychologists, social workers and health visitors. Patients attended the MMHU I-T were significantly older than the patients attended the MMHU UHA (mean age 64.5 vs. 55.3 years) and the percentage of the elderly patients in treatment with the MMHU I-T (56.5%) is significantly higher than the corresponding percentage of the MMHU UHA (20%). The proportion of patients that received home-based care by the two MMHUs was almost identical. The percentage of patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders that attended the MMHU UHA was significantly higher. Patients with affective disorders, anxiety disorders and organic brain disorders that attended the MMHU I-T were significantly more.

CONCLUSIONS

Despite the similarities among the MMHUs in rural Greece, this study recorded some important differences. The differences in staffing may be accounted for by the availability of resources. The differences in the patients' population may be explained by the fact that the MMHU UHA was designed from its beginning to treat patients with severe mental illnesses, mainly psychoses, and it accepts loss of referrals within the general hospital's network of psychiatric services. The MMHU I-T is an independent, locally based service that may be better perceived as an expansion of the primary care system. The results of the study could inform service practice and mental health policy.

Τhe Contribution of Mobile Mental Health Units to Community Psychiatric Care in Greece

The implementation of Mobile Mental Health Units (MMHUs) was a decisive step in the psychiatric reform and the development of community psychiatric care in Greece [...]

The Greek Hybrid Version of the Assertive Community Treatment Model: A Perspective View between Challenges and Limitations

The Assertive Community Treatment (ACT) model of care has been long considered to be effective in the management of patients with severe mental illness (SMI) in most Western countries. The implementation of the original ACT model may be particularly challenging in rural and remote communities with small and dispersed populations and lack of adequate mental health services. Rural programs may have to adapt the model and modify the ACT fidelity standards to accommodate these limitations, and this is the rationale for the introduction of more flexible, hybrid ACT models. In rural Greece, the so called Mobile Mental Health Units (MMHUs) are well-established community mental health services. For patients with SMI that have difficulties engaging with treatment services, the new hybrid ACT model has been recently launched. The objective of this manuscript is to present the recently launched hybrid ACT model in rural areas in Greece and to explore the challenges and limitations in its implementation from the experience of a team of mental health professionals with ACT experience. Referral criteria have not been strictly set, but the number of previous relapses and hospitalizations is taken under consideration, as well as the history of poor treatment adherence and disengagement from mental health services. The main limitation in the implementation of the hybrid ACT service is that it has been introduced in several areas in the absence of a pre-existing community mental health service. This may impact referrals and limit focus on the difficult cases of patients with SMI, thus making the evaluation of the model inapplicable.

Decrease of Hospitalizations and Length of Hospital Stay in Patients with Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders or Bipolar Disorder Treated in a Mobile Mental Health Service in Insular Greece

In recent years serious mental health issues, such as schizophrenia spectrum disorders and bipolar disorder, have been treated in the community by community-based mental health services. In the present study our goal was to estimate the modification in the number of hospitalizations and duration of admissions in either psychotic patients or patients with bipolar disorder, treated by a Mobile Mental Health Unit in the islands of Kefalonia, Zakynthos and Ithaca (MMHU-KZI). Data were collected from a total of 108 patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders and bipolar disorder. For each patient comparison was made for the same time interval prior and after engagement to treatment with the MMHU-KZI and not for the total hospitalizations that patients had in their history. There was a statistically significant reduction (45.9%) in hospitalizations after treatment engagement with the MMHU-KZI, as the Wilcoxon signed ranks test indicated. Furthermore, a major decrease (54.5%) of hospitalization days was noted after treatment engagement with the unit. This pattern of mental health provision may be beneficial for the reduction of the number and duration of psychiatric hospitalizations. Despite the beneficial contribution of community-based mental health units, hospital based treatment should always be available, since severe relapses are better treated in inpatient setting.

Decrease of hospitalizations and length of hospital stay in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders treated in a community mental health service in rural Greece

BACKGROUND

The treatment of severe and chronic mental disorders, such as schizophrenia and related syndromes, is largely based on community mental health services.

AIMS

The objective of the present study was to assess hospital admissions and length of hospital stay in patients with schizophrenia and related disorders, who are engaged to treatment with a Mobile Mental Health Unit (MMHU I-T) in a defined rural catchment area in Greece.

METHOD

Data were retrieved retrospectively for 76 patients with schizophrenia and related disorders. For each patient, comparison was made for the same interval prior and after engagement to treatment with the MMHU I-T.

RESULTS

The average age of patients was 56 years and the mean illness duration was 28 years. The mean follow-up duration was 5.3 years. There was a statistically significant decrease in the annual average of the number of voluntary and involuntary hospitalizations and on days of hospital stay after treatment engagement with the MMHU I-T.

CONCLUSIONS

Treatment of schizophrenia spectrum disorders in rural residents by the MMHUs may contribute to the reduction of patients' admissions and length of hospital stay. Future research should address the cost-effectiveness of such interventions.

Lived experiences: a focus group pilot study within the MentALLY project of mental healthcare among European users

BACKGROUND

Mental healthcare is an important component in societies' response to mental health problems. Although the World Health Organization highlights availability, accessibility, acceptability and quality of healthcare as important cornerstones, many Europeans lack access to mental healthcare of high quality. Qualitative studies exploring mental healthcare from the perspective of people with lived experiences would add to previous research and knowledge by enabling in-depth understanding of mental healthcare users, which may be of significance for the development of mental healthcare. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to describe experiences of mental healthcare among adult Europeans with mental health problems.

METHOD

In total, 50 participants with experiences of various mental health problems were recruited for separate focus group interviews in each country. They had experiences from both the private and public sectors, and with in- and outpatient mental healthcare. The focus group interviews (N = 7) were audio recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed through thematic analysis. The analysis yielded five themes and 13 subthemes.

RESULTS

The theme Seeking and trying to find help contained three subthemes describing personal thresholds for seeking professional help, not knowing where to get help, and the importance of receiving help promptly. The theme Awaiting assessment and treatment contained two subthemes including feelings of being prioritized or not and feelings of being abandoned during the often-lengthy referral process. The theme Treatment: a plan with individual parts contained three subthemes consisting of demands for tailored treatment plans in combination with medications and human resources and agreement on treatment. The theme Continuous and respectful care relationship contained two subthemes describing the importance of continuous care relationships characterised by empathy and respect. The theme Suggestions for improvements contained three subthemes highlighting an urge to facilitate care contacts and to increase awareness of mental health problems and a wish to be seen as an individual with potential.

CONCLUSION

Facilitating contacts with mental healthcare, a steady contact during the referral process, tailored treatment and empathy and respect are important aspects in efforts to improve mental healthcare. Recommendations included development of collaborative practices between stakeholders in order to increase general societal awareness of mental health problems.

Gambling Problems in Patients with Psychotic Disorders in Rural Greece

There is a dearth of studies on gambling problems in patients with psychotic disorders. A retrospective chart review of treatment-engaged rural patients was performed. From a total of 79 patients that were included in the study, 6 had a history of gambling problems, whereas the 1-year prevalence was 5%. Most were male and they underreported their problems. The results of the study correspond to other studies that used more rigorous methodology. Gambling problems in psychotic patients in rural Greece are not uncommon. Such problems can be traced by gathering information from all those who are involved in patients' care.

Functioning in community-dwelling patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders in rural Greece

BACKGROUND

There is a dearth of studies on functioning in patients with psychotic disorders in rural areas.

AIM

The objective of this study was to assess functioning in a population-based sample of patients with psychotic disorders who live in rural, remote and deprived areas in Greece, and to explore the differences in functioning across ages.

METHODS

The sample consisted of 61 patients with psychotic disorders that were engaged to treatment with a community mental health service. The mean age of patients was 54.2 years, and the mean illness duration was 26.5 years.

RESULTS

A total of 23 patients (37.7%) had score in the Global Assessment of Functioning scale >60, and were rated as adequately functioning, and 18 patients (29.5%) had score in Clinical Global Impression scale-Schizophrenia ⩽3 and could be rated as mildly or minimally ill. Functioning was found to be inversely related to the patients' symptomatology. No correlation with age was found.

CONCLUSION

This study suggests that a large proportion of patients with psychotic disorders in rural Greece may achieve a satisfactory level of functioning in the long-term, across the whole age range despite the not completely remitted symptomatology. More research is needed to clarify the factors associated with rural residency that may account for patients' functioning.

Mental Health Care Delivery for Older Adults in Rural Greece: Unmet Needs

Mental disorders may go unrecognized and undertreated in older adults. This is the rationale for the launch of specialized mental health services for the elderly in high resourced settings. Rural areas, however, do not receive adequate mental health care owing to socioeconomic and geographical reasons, and this is the case of rural Greece, where research on mental health of the elderly is scarce. This article discusses the challenges of providing mental health care for older adults in rural Greece and the available options. Care can be delivered through the existing rural mental health services that are the mobile mental health units and through the primary care physicians. Training in psychogeriatrics for the personnel of the former and in mental health for the latter is warranted.

Very Long-Term Outcome of Community-Dwelling Patients With Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders in Rural Greece

The objective of the present study was to measure the very long-term outcome in community-dwelling patients with a diagnosis of psychosis and to search for possible correlations of outcome with clinical factors. The sample included 55 psychotic patients with at least 15 years of disease duration (M = 32.1 years). For the estimation of the outcome, the Health of the Nations Outcome Scale and the Clinical Global Impression Scale were used. A total of 34.5% of the patients had a good outcome, whereas 27.3% had poor outcome. Outcome was found to be correlated to symptoms, and it was significantly worse in patients living with other severely mentally ill family members. In our study, outcome was good in more than a third of patients. Both symptoms and social functioning were associated with outcome. This study may have some implications for mental healthcare delivery.