Association between autocrine motility factor receptor gene polymorphism (rs2440472, rs373191257) and glioblastoma multiform in a representative Iranian population

Clinical Applications of PRP: Musculoskeletal Applications, Current Practices and Update

Musculoskeletal tissues are often subjected to deleterious effects stemming from traumatic injuries or degenerative pathologies, which can impede the body's natural repair response. The advent of regenerative medicine has emerged as a promising therapeutic approach in modern patient care. Among the interventions in this cutting-edge field, platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and cell-based therapies, such as mesenchymal stem cells, have garnered significant attention. In this article, we endeavor to provide an overview of the current practices and recent developments in PRP therapy, with a particular emphasis on the clinical applications for musculoskeletal pathologies.

Induction via Functional Protein Stabilization of Hepatic Cytochromes P450 upon gp78/Autocrine Motility Factor Receptor (AMFR) Ubiquitin E3-Ligase Genetic Ablation in Mice: Therapeutic and Toxicological Relevance

The hepatic endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-anchored monotopic proteins, cytochromes P450 (P450s), are enzymes that metabolize endobiotics (physiologically active steroids and fatty acids), as well as xenobiotics including therapeutic/chemotherapeutic drugs, nutrients, carcinogens, and toxins. Alterations of hepatic P450 content through synthesis, inactivation, or proteolytic turnover influence their metabolic function. P450 proteolytic turnover occurs via ER-associated degradation (ERAD) involving ubiquitin (Ub)-dependent proteasomal degradation (UPD) as a major pathway. UPD critically involves P450 protein ubiquitination by E2/E3 Ub-ligase complexes. We have previously identified the ER-polytopic gp78/AMFR (autocrine motility factor receptor) as a relevant E3 in CYP3A4, CYP3A23, and CYP2E1 UPD. We now document that liver-conditional genetic ablation of gp78/AMFR in male mice disrupts P450 ERAD, resulting in statistically significant stabilization of Cyp2a5 and Cyp2c, in addition to that of Cyp3a and Cyp2e1. More importantly, we establish that such stabilization is of the functionally active P450 proteins, leading to corresponding statistically significant enhancement of their drug-metabolizing capacities. Our findings, with clinically relevant therapeutic drugs (nicotine, coumarin, chlorzoxazone, and acetaminophen) and the prodrug (tamoxifen) as P450 substrates, reveal that P450 ERAD disruption could influence therapeutic drug response and/or toxicity, warranting serious consideration as a potential source of clinically relevant drug-drug interactions (DDIs). Because gp78/AMFR is not only an E3 Ub-ligase, but also a cell-surface prometastatic oncogene that is upregulated in various malignant cancers, our finding that hepatic gp78/AMFR knockout can enhance P450-dependent bioactivation of relevant cancer chemotherapeutic prodrugs is of therapeutic relevance and noteworthy in prospective drug design and development. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The cell-surface and ER transmembrane protein gp78/AMFR, a receptor for the prometastatic autocrine motility factor (AMF), as well as an E3 ubiquitin-ligase involved in the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) of not only the tumor metastatic suppressor KAI1 but also of hepatic cytochromes P450, is upregulated in various human cancers, enhancing their invasiveness, metastatic potential, and poor prognosis. Liver-specific gp78/AMFR genetic ablation results in functional protein stabilization of several hepatic P450s and consequently enhanced drug and prodrug metabolism, a feature that could be therapeutically exploited in the bioactivation of chemotherapeutic prodrugs through design and development of novel short-term gp78/AMFR chemical inhibitors.