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Dutra TP, Sacramento CM, Nagay BE, Magno MB, Marañón-Vásquez GA, Maia LC, Sallum EA, Ruiz KGS. Do smokers have a different gingival crevicular fluid cytokine/chemokine profile than nonsmokers in clinically healthy periodontal sites? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Oral Investig 2021; 26:1183-1197. [PMID: 34812957 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-021-04267-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Assessing the evidence and comparing the levels of cytokines in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of periodontal healthy sites of smokers and nonsmokers. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seven databases were surveyed for observational studies up to April 8, 2021. Studies comparing cytokine levels on GCF in periodontally healthy sites of smokers vs. nonsmokers were included in the study. The risk of bias was evaluated using NIH (2014) tool. For meta-analyses, levels in GCF were analyzed, followed by evidence certainty assessment using the GRADE approach. RESULTS Eighteen studies were included for qualitative evaluation, and eight were included in meta-analysis. Qualitatively, despite high heterogeneity and risk of bias observed among the studies, most of them presented no significant difference in the gingival crevicular cytokine fluid levels between groups. Regarding meta-analyses, interleukin-8 (IL-8) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels in GCF were analyzed. The significant difference was observed only in SOD levels, where heavy smokers had lower levels compared to nonsmokers (MD - 30.06 [- 40.17, - 19.96], p = 0.07, 95%CI), as well as light smokers had lower levels compared to nonsmokers (MD - 15.22 [- 16.05, - 14.39], p < 0.00001, 95%CI). CONCLUSION No distinct GCF cytokine profiles were detected for smokers and non-smokers. However, despite the limitations observed in the included studies, lower levels of SOD were identified in smokers. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Indicating a distinct GCF profile of cytokines in periodontal healthy smokers may help to understand the mechanism whereby smoking may affect the host response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamires Pereira Dutra
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Division of Periodontics, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Av. Limeira, 901, Piracicaba, SP, 13414-903, Brazil.
| | - Catharina Marques Sacramento
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Division of Periodontics, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Av. Limeira, 901, Piracicaba, SP, 13414-903, Brazil
| | - Bruna Egumi Nagay
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Division of Prosthodontics, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Av. Limeira, 901, Piracicaba, SP, 13414-903, Brazil
| | - Marcela Baraúna Magno
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rua Prof. Rodolpho Paulo Rocco, 325, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-617, Brazil
| | - Guido Artemio Marañón-Vásquez
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rua Prof. Rodolpho Paulo Rocco, 325, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-617, Brazil
| | - Lucianne Cople Maia
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rua Prof. Rodolpho Paulo Rocco, 325, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-617, Brazil
| | - Enílson Antonio Sallum
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Division of Periodontics, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Av. Limeira, 901, Piracicaba, SP, 13414-903, Brazil
| | - Karina Gonzales Silverio Ruiz
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Division of Periodontics, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Av. Limeira, 901, Piracicaba, SP, 13414-903, Brazil
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Does puberty affect oxidative stress levels and antioxidant activity of saliva in patients with fixed orthodontic appliances? J Orofac Orthop 2021; 84:56-64. [PMID: 34463789 DOI: 10.1007/s00056-021-00346-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate and compare patients' oxidative stress parameters and antioxidant status with fixed orthodontic appliances during the pubertal and postpubertal growth periods. METHODS Saliva samples of 20 pubertal (mean age: 12.94 ± 0.34 years) and 20 postpubertal (mean age: 16.34 ± 0.45 years) patients were collected just before the application of fixed orthodontic appliances (T0), 4-5 h (T1), and 7 days (T2) after the initial orthodontic activation. Myeloperoxidase (MPO), nitric oxide (NO), 8‑hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the saliva were examined. Repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA), least significant difference (LSD) pairwise comparison, and independent sample t‑tests were used to analyze the differences between the time points and growth periods, respectively. RESULTS MPO levels in the saliva of patients in the pubertal period showed a significantly higher increase within the first days of treatment (T2-T1) than in patients in the postpubertal period (p < 0.05). The SOD antioxidant enzyme activity decreased in the samples from T0 to T1 in the patients in the pubertal and postpubertal groups and returned to baseline values (T0) at T2 (p < 0.01). No significant differences in the other biochemical parameters between groups were observed. CONCLUSIONS Comparing the pubertal and postpubertal groups, orthodontic force application with fixed orthodontic appliances did not change the final levels (on day 7) of antioxidant status or oxidative stress markers, except for MPO in saliva.
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Effect of Non-Surgical Periodontal Treatment on Oxidative Stress Markers in Leukocytes and Their Interaction with the Endothelium in Obese Subjects with Periodontitis: A Pilot Study. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9072117. [PMID: 32635585 PMCID: PMC7408850 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9072117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The primary objective of this pilot study was to evaluate the effect of non-surgical periodontal treatment. The secondary aim was to evaluate the effect of dietary therapy on both parameters of oxidative stress in leukocytes and leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions in an obese population. Methods: This was a pilot study with a before-and-after design. Forty-nine obese subjects with periodontitis were randomized by means of the minimization method and assigned to one of two groups, one of which underwent dietary therapy while the other did not. All the subjects underwent non-surgical periodontal treatment. We determined periodontal, inflammatory and oxidative stress parameters—total reactive oxygen species (ROS), superoxide production, intracellular Ca2+, mitochondrial membrane potential and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. We also evaluated interactions between leukocytes and endothelium cells—velocity, rolling flux and adhesion—at baseline and 12 weeks after intervention. Results: Periodontal treatment improved the periodontal health of all the patients, with a reduction in serum retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4), total superoxide production and cytosolic Ca2+ in leukocytes. In the patients undergoing dietary therapy, there were less leukocyte adhesion to the endothelium, an effect that was accompanied by a decrease in TNFα, P-selectin and total ROS and an increase in SOD activity. Conclusions: Whereas non-surgical periodontal treatment induces an improvement in leukocyte homeostasis, dietary therapy as an adjuvant reduces systemic inflammation and increases antioxidant status which, in turn, modulates leukocyte-endothelium dynamics.
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Patil AS, Ranganath V, Kumar CN, Naik R, John AA, Pharande SB. Evaluation of salivary biomarkers of periodontitis among smokers and nonsmokers: A novel study. J Family Med Prim Care 2020; 9:1136-1142. [PMID: 32318481 PMCID: PMC7113967 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_937_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The analysis of salivary enzymes contributes to the clarification of pathogenesis and improvement in the diagnosis of periodontal disease. The present study aimed to examine the prospective association between smoking and periodontal disease progression and the effects of smoking on the following salivary biomarkers related to periodontitis: Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), acid phosphatase (ACP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatinine (CRE), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), urea (UA), free-hemoglobin (f-Hb), and neopterin. Materials and Methods: A total of 64 male patients aged 21–60 years were recruited and grouped as Group 1: 16 healthy nonsmokers, who had never smoked. Group 2: 16 smokers with gingivitis. Group 3: 16 smokers with moderate periodontitis. Group 4: 16 smokers with severe periodontitis. Stimulated saliva was collected for at least 5 min and clinical measurements; salivary biomarkers were assessed in automated analyzer. Results: Data showed significant correlation among salivary ACP, AST, LDH, CRE, BUN, UA, and f-Hb and neopterin levels showed higher in group 4 compared with other groups. Conclusion: This study indicated that smoking has several detrimental effects on periodontal tissues. A higher level of salivary biomarkers was seen in smokers with severe periodontitis. Hence, these biomarkers are helpful in future for the earlier detection of periodontal diseases progression and can also be used as potential salivary biomarkers for assessing smoking status and severity in chronic periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - V Ranganath
- Department of Periodontology, AECS Maaruti Dental College and Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - C Naresh Kumar
- Department of Periodontology, Vishnu Dental College, Bhimavaram, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Rajesh Naik
- Periodontist at Fresh Breath Dental Clinic, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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