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Camel ( Camelus spp.) Urine Bioactivity and Metabolome: A Systematic Review of Knowledge Gaps, Advances, and Directions for Future Research. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315024. [PMID: 36499353 PMCID: PMC9740287 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Up to the present day, studies on the therapeutic properties of camel (Camelus spp.) urine and the detailed characterization of its metabolomic profile are scarce and often unrelated. Information on inter individual variability is noticeably limited, and there is a wide divergence across studies regarding the methods for sample storage, pre-processing, and extract derivatization for metabolomic analysis. Additionally, medium osmolarity is not experimentally adjusted prior to bioactivity assays. In this scenario, the methodological standardization and interdisciplinary approach of such processes will strengthen the interpretation, repeatability, and replicability of the empirical results on the compounds with bioactive properties present in camel urine. Furthermore, sample enlargement would also permit the evaluation of camel urine's intra- and interindividual variability in terms of chemical composition, bioactive effects, and efficacy, while it may also permit researchers to discriminate potential animal-intrinsic and extrinsic conditioning factors. Altogether, the results would help to evaluate the role of camel urine as a natural source for the identification and extraction of specific novel bioactive substances that may deserve isolated chemical and pharmacognostic investigations through preclinical tests to determine their biological activity and the suitability of their safety profile for their potential inclusion in therapeutic formulas for improving human and animal health.
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Salamt N, Idrus RBH, Kashim MIAM, Mokhtar MH. Anticancer, antiplatelet, gastroprotective and hepatoprotective effects of camel urine: A scoping review. Saudi Pharm J 2021; 29:740-750. [PMID: 34400869 PMCID: PMC8347850 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2021.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Camel urine has traditionally been used to treat multiple human diseases and possesses the most beneficial effects amongst the urine of other animals. However, scientific review evaluating the anticancer, antiplatelet, gastroprotective and hepatoprotective effects of camel urine is still scarce. Thus, this scoping review aimed to provide scientific evidence on the therapeutic potentials of camel urine. Three databases were searched to identify relevant articles (Web of Science, PubMed and Scopus) up to September 2020. Original articles published in English that investigated the effects of camel urine in various diseases were included. The literature search identified six potential articles that met all the inclusion criteria. Three articles showed that camel urine possesses cytotoxic activities against different types of cancer cells. Two studies revealed camel urine's protective effects against liver toxicity and gastric ulcers, whilst another study showed the role of camel urine as an antiplatelet agent. All studies demonstrated significant positive effects with different effective dosages. Thus, camel urine shows promising therapeutic potential in treating human diseases, especially cancer. However, the standardised dosage and potential side effects should be determined before camel urine could be offered as an alternative treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norizam Salamt
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Ruszymah Binti Haji Idrus
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Izhar Ariff Mohd Kashim
- Centre of Shariah, Faculty of Islamic Studies, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia
- Institute of Islam Hadhari, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Helmy Mokhtar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
- Corresponding author.
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Anwar S, Ansari SA, Alamri A, Alamri A, Alqarni A, Alghamdi S, Wagih ME, Ahmad A, Rengasamy KR. Clastogenic, anti-clastogenic profile and safety assessment of Camel urine towards the development of new drug target. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 151:112131. [PMID: 33737110 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Camel Urine (CU) is composed of components that have antitumor properties and other therapeutic benefits. Regardless of short-term preliminary CU genotoxicity is reported, comprehensive genotoxic studies are limited. In this study, sensitive in vitro and in vivo genotoxic bioassays such as mitotic index (MI), chromosomal aberrations (CA), micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MPE), and analysis of primary spermatocytes were employed. The adventitious roots of Allium cepa L. and mice (Mus musculus), as an experimental mammalian system, were employed to assess the MI and CA of CU induced by sodium nitrate and cyclophosphamide respectively. In contrast, other clastogenic assays were studied in mice (Mus musculus). Twenty-eight days of four repeated doses (2.5, 5, 25, and 50 mL/kg BW) of CU were tested and compared with three doses (10, 25, and 50 mg/kg BW) cyclophosphamide as a positive control and deionized water as the negative control. The results proved that cytological examination of CU was cytotoxic since a decrease in mitotic activity (16.8-1.1) was observed, since the significant reduction in cell proliferation in A. cepa L. and also in mice bone marrow cells. On the other hand, CU did not induce a clastogenic effect since no significant stickiness, fragment, multinucleoli were observed compared to the control group. Additionally, the data showed that CU decreased the CA when mice had received cyclophosphamide (25 mg BW) followed by CU doses. CU was found to be cytotoxic but no clastogenic effect. Furthermore, it possesses anticlastogenic properties. The observed results suggest that CU in whole or the metabolites present in CU could be a potent drug target. Further research is warranted to study the complete metabolites profiling and to study the molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirajudheen Anwar
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail, 81451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Siddique Akber Ansari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, PO Box 2457, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulwahab Alamri
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail, 81451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulhakeem Alamri
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Science, Taif University, P. O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aali Alqarni
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Clinical Pharmacy, Albaha University, Albaha, 65431, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh Alghamdi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Clinical Pharmacy, Albaha University, Albaha, 65431, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed E Wagih
- Canadian Academy of Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, M5S1Z6, Canada
| | - Akbar Ahmad
- Genetic and Invitro Toxicology, Charles River Laboratories, Greater Chicago Area, IL, USA
| | - Kannan Rr Rengasamy
- Green Biotechnologies Research Centre of Excellence, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Polokwane, Sovenga, 0727, South Africa.
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Abstract
Gastrointestinal disease is a major global threat to public health. In the past few decades, numerous studies have focuses on the application of small molecule gases in the disease treatment. Increasing evidence has shown that hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects, and can regulate gastric mucosal blood flow in the gastric mucosa. After gastric mucosa damage, the level of H2S in the stomach decreases. Administration of H2S can protect and repair the damaged gastric mucosa. Therefore, H2S is a new target for the repair and treatment of gastric mucosa damage. In this review, we introduce the roles of H2S in the treatment of gastric mucosa damage and provide the potential strategies for further clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chong-Shun Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Mei-Fen Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
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Che X, Xue J, Zhang J, Yang X, Wang L. One-step preparation of ibuprofen fast- and sustained-release formulation by electrospinning with improved efficacy and reduced side effect. Pharm Dev Technol 2020; 25:659-665. [PMID: 32067550 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2020.1728773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we developed a one-step method to prepare ibuprofen fast- and sustained-release complex preparation. It was based on a double jets electrospinning process. Ibuprofen, a poorly water-soluble drug, was electrospun into fibers with polyvinyl pyrrolidone and hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose by two jets, respectively. The complex preparation had an enough initial dose come from fast-release part and a maintenance dose come from sustained-release part. Through the study of X-ray diffraction, differential scanning colorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), it was confirmed that ibuprofen was highly dispersed in nanofibers (NFs) in amorphous state. Because one line of NFs was very thin and could only extend along two directions, it was difficult for ibuprofen to transform from amorphous to crystal in this kind of approximate one-dimensional structure. Additionally, it was confirmed by animal experiment that the complex preparation also had a benefit to reduce gastric irritation that usually caused by traditional oral ibuprofen preparation. Therefore, the method developed in this study was a convenient and good-quality approach for ibuprofen pain-alleviating preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Che
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Juan Xue
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Jianfeng Zhang
- TongjiTang Pharmaceutical Company, China National Pharmaceutical Group Corporation, Guiyang, China
| | - Xiangbo Yang
- TongjiTang Pharmaceutical Company, China National Pharmaceutical Group Corporation, Guiyang, China
| | - Lihong Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
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Ali A, Baby B, Vijayan R. From Desert to Medicine: A Review of Camel Genomics and Therapeutic Products. Front Genet 2019; 10:17. [PMID: 30838017 PMCID: PMC6389616 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Camels have an important role in the lives of human beings, especially in arid regions, due to their multipurpose role and unique ability to adapt to harsh conditions. In spite of its enormous economic, cultural, and biological importance, the camel genome has not been widely studied. The size of camel genome is roughly 2.38 GB, containing over 20,000 genes. The unusual genetic makeup of the camel is the main reason behind its ability to survive under extreme environmental conditions. The camel genome harbors several unique variations which are being investigated for the treatment of several disorders. Various natural products from camels have also been tested and prescribed as adjunct therapy to control the progression of ailments. Interestingly, the camel employs unique immunological and molecular mechanisms against pathogenic agents and pathological conditions. Here, we broadly review camel classification, distribution and breed as well as recent progress in the determination of the camel genome, its size, genetic distribution, response to various physiological conditions, immunogenetics and the medicinal potential of camel gene products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ranjit Vijayan
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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